water framework directive kari nygaard, niva. 2 main goal document the environmental status for all...
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Water framework directive
Kari Nygaard, NIVA
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Main goal
• Document the environmental status for all
European waters – freshwater and coastal
• Stop degradation of the environment
• Identify environmental goals for all water bodies
that fails to achive good environmental status
• Produce action plans for all water bodies
• Implement measures, monitor and document the
effects
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Time scale
• Preoperational phase – water districts, national and regional laws to be adapted to the WFD 2000-2003
• Characterisation (Analysis of pressure and impacts for water districts) 2003-2004
• Develop classifications system 2003-2006• Intercalibration and establish environmental goals 2005-2006• Develop monitoring programs 2004-2006• Monitoring programmes to be operational 2006• Action and management plan (monitoring) 2005-2009• River Basin Management plans presented to the public 2008• Publishing first River Basin Management Plans 2009• Plan of measures 2009-2012• ”lag phase for measures to work” 2013-2015• Waters to meet ”good status” 2015
6-y RBWMP
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Challenges
• Typology – what is a body of marine nature that can be given an uniform reference value?
• Characterisation – how do we classify the status of this waterbody?
• Monitoring – how do we handle, choose and follow up a representative area for the waterbodies?
• Abatement strategies – where, when and how?
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TYPOLOGYWhy is it so important?
• Basic in the WFD is the theory that: – Physical and chemical (salinity) factors set the
limits for biological production in a waterbody– Similar physio-chemical conditions within a
biogeographic region will, in principle, contain the same species and similar communities
– if not any disturbing, pollution factors affect the environment
– The reference conditions can be set independent of country borders
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Marine characterization
Obligatory typology factors
Ecoregions Barents Sea - Norwegian Sea - North Sea - Skagerrak
Tidal range Macro tidal >5m - meso tidal 1-5m - micro tidal <1m
Sal in surf water Euhalin (>30ppt) -poly (30-18) -meso (18-5) -oligo (5-0,5) -fresh (<0,5)
Recommended optional factors
Wave exposure Extremely exposed - exposed - sheltered (the scale may be divided into 6)
Depth Deep (>50m) - intermediate (30-50m) - shallow (<30m)
Mixing of water column Fully mixed - partially stratified - permanently stratified
Residence time Short (days) - moderate (weeks) - long (months-years (~100 years)
Current velocity Weak (<1 knot) -moderate (1-3) - strong (>3 knots)
Substratum Hard bottom - Sand/gravel - Mud-silt
Intertidal area Small <50% - Large >50%
Duration of ice cover Irregular - short (<90days) - mean (90-150d) - long (>150d)
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Barents Sea
NorthSea
21°30'E
70°15'N
5°10'E
62°10'N
7°05'E
58°00'N
NorwegianSea
11°05'E
59°00'N
31°E
69°45'N
Skagerrak
North Sea (6 types)Euhaline, Micro tidal
V-exposed Open coast Exposed Archipelago Sheltered fjordsSheltered, Long Residence time Sheltered, PolyhalineSheltered, Mesohaline
Norwegian Sea
(7 types)Euhaline, Mesotidal X-exposed Open coastExposed ArchipelagoSheltered fjordSheltered, Long Residence time Sheltered, Polyhaline (<30)Sheltered, Mesohaline (<18)Strong Current Straits
Barents Sea
(5 types) Euhaline, Meso tidalX-exposed Open coast Exposed Archipelago Sheltered fjordSheltered, Polyhaline (<30)Strong Current Straits
Skagerrak (6 types) Polyhaline (<30), Micro tidal
Exposed open coast Mod.exp. archipelagoSheltered fjordsSheltered and Long Residence timeSheltered, Mesohaline (<18)Very sheltered meso/oligohaline
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Marine characterization – is the basic for classification
• Classification gives the status for any given waterbody• The status given, rules what kind of monitoring is
needed• Which again should lead to abatement strategies if the
status is less than Good
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Classification in WFD is based on the biological elements:
• Phytoplankton – species composition, biomass,
frequency of the blooming• Macroalgae and flowering water plants – species
composition, covering degree, sensitive spp.• Benthic animals – species comp., biomass,
individual number
Characterization of quality elements
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To support the biological elements, physical and chemical elements should be used to support the given status class:
General variables:• Nutrients (tot-N, NO3, NH4, tot P, PO4)• Oxygen concentrations (deep water)• Secchi depth• Thermal pollution
Specific pollution compounds:• Pollution class with toxic compounds of high priority• Pollution class with indicated toxic compounds
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WFD - the normative classification for the biological elements can be summarized as:
• high ≈ no or only minor deviations;
• good ≈ low levels of disturbance, but deviate only slightly;
• moderate ≈ moderate deviations and significant effects; • poor ≈ major biological alterations and substantial deviation;• bad ≈ severe biological alterations and large deviation.
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A major challenge is to link the normative definitions to physical and chemical elements – how does it influence the biology
• Physical and chemical supporting elements such as nutrients, oxygen etc.
• - and also decide level and effect of physical changes to the waterbody
HIGHHIGH
GOODGOOD
MODERATEMODERATE
POORPOOR
BADBAD
Ecological statusEcological statusNo or
minimal {
Slight {
Moderate{
Major {
Severe {
No
n-d
ete
rio
rati
on
Re
sto
rati
on
Intercalibration of biological monitoring results
Courtesy Peter Pollard, Scottish Environment Protection Agency
ImpactImpact
Intercalibration
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GIGs - KYSTGIGs - KYST
• Fremskaffe egnete grenseverdier vannkvalitet for hvert av de biologiske elementene.
• Benytte normative definisjoner • IC skal foretas innen GIGs• IC skal utføres for alle vedtatte
vanntyper (må ha felles vanntype med minst en annen nasjon)
• IC kan utføres på 3 måter.
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Interkalibrering - i NEA-GIG (CW)
ID Type B DK F D IR NL N P E S UK
NEA1 Eksponert
NEA26 Beskyttet
NEA34 Modifisert
NEA7 Dyp - Fjord
NEA8 Skagerrak Beskyttet indre
NEA9 Skagerrak Eksponert midtre, grunne
NEA10 Skagerrak dyp Eksponert ytre
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”One out – all out”
• If EQR-value for one biological element in a water body falls in a lower cathegory than good status – the whole waterbody is classified as ”bad”
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Milford Haven
94 94 HighHigh33 33 ModMod
54 54 GoodGood
Increasing:Increasing:HighHigh
65 65 GoodGood
65 65 GooGoodd
54 54 GoodGood
Green Macro:Green Macro:GoodGood
S.TownsendiS.Townsendi
PoorPoor
Green Macro Absent:Green Macro Absent:HighHigh
Phytoplankton, nuts & turbidityPhytoplankton, nuts & turbidity::
HighHigh//GoodGood
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Water Framework Directive
State of implementation November 2006
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First analysis shows that a high number of water bodies are at risk:
1. Hydromorphological alterations (inter alia from navigation, pressures of land use in urban and rural areas, hydropower, flood defences) are a common concern across Europe.
2. In several parts of Europe non-delivery on tasks already due (waste water treatment, nitrates pollution from agriculture) plays a considerable role in shaping our waters ‘at risk’. It is unjustified to attribute costs to the WFD, if in fact they are related to old obligations not complied with …
3. Over-abstraction is a problem in some regions.
Full Commission report to be published March 2007.
First analysis of article 5 reportsThe analysis is demonstrating your achievements
as well as non-achievements …
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Transparency: all WFD environmental assessments available on the Internet
http://forum.europa.eu.int/Public/irc/env/wfd/homeContact address [email protected]
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Daughter Directive Priority Substances “Combined approach”
• set out in article 10 Water Framework Directive
• pollution control measures set in a range of EU legislation (emission and process controls; marketing and use restrictions; and waste treatment and disposal measures): inter alia on existing chemical substances, plant protection products, industrial and other waste water emissions and the proposed REACH legislation
• water quality standards detailing “good chemical status” to be set for substances / parameters of EU-wide relevance by EU legislation (WFD Daughter Directives)
• for other substances / parameters at national / river basin level (within the river basin management plans) - under criteria set out in the WFD and taking into account local and regional characteristics
environmentalquality
standards
pollutioncontrol
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WFD – one coherent management frame; streamlining water legislation
Sampling and Analysis
Directive1979
Shellfish Water Directive 1979
Groundwater Directive 1980 Surface Water
Directive 1975
DangerousSubstances
Directive 1976
NitratesDirective
1991Urban Waste Water Directive 1991
Exchange of Information
Decision 1977
Fishwater Directive 1978
Drinking Water
Directive 1998
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
DS DaughterDirectives1981-1986X
X repealed by 2007; X repealed by 2013; X repealed together with adoption of WFD Daughter Directive on Priority Substances
IPPC Directive 1996
WFD
Priority Substances
Directive2007
GroundwaterDirective
2006
FloodsDirective
2007
Bathing Water Directive
1976 / 2006
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Usefull guidelines available
• Typology
• Classification
• Monitoring
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That’s it!