water facts
DESCRIPTION
Water Facts. Ocean water is about 3X as salty as human blood. brackish watersalt water. Why is the ocean salty?. water cycle , also known as the hydrologic cycle. Water is evaporated from the ocean surface but the salt is too heavy to be evaporated and remains in the sea. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Fresh Water, 3%
Salt Water, 97% Frozen at Poles, 75%
Available Fresh Water, 25%
Water Facts
Other Fresh water, 99%
Readily available:
rivers, steams groundwater,
1%
Fresh Water, 1000
Slightly Salty, 3000
Moderately Salty, 10000
Ocean Water, 35000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Salt (ppm)
Ocean water is about 3X as salty as human blood
brackish water salt water
Why is the ocean salty?
Water is evaporated from the ocean surface but the salt is too heavy to be evaporated and remains in the sea.
water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle
Why can’t humans drink salt water?
• Too much salt sends your metabolism into crisis.
• From every cell, water molecules rush off like so many voluntary firemen to try to dilute and carry off the sudden intake of salt.
• Cells become dehydrated (short of the water they need to
carry out their normal functions
• May lead to seizures, unconsciousness, and brain damage).
• Overworked blood cells carry the salt to the kidneys, which eventually become overwhelmed and shut down.
• Without functioning kidneys you die.
• Over 13,000 desalination plants worldwide
• Producing more than 12 billion gallons of water a day.
• Only 0.2 percent of global water consumption
• Desalination market is expected to expand 9.5% CPGR next 10 years.
Source: http://globalwarmingisreal.com/2011/03/23/are-desalination-technologies-the-answer-to-the-world-water-crisis/
Worldwide Desalination
Popular Desalination Methods
Multi-Stage Distillation
Reverse Osmosis
Ion ConcentrationPolarization
Multi-Stage Multi-Stage Flash Flash DistillationDistillation
Vapor Vapor Compression Compression DistillationDistillation
Reverse Reverse OsmosisOsmosis
Ion Ion ConcentratiConcentration on PolarizationPolarization
ProcessProcess Seawater heated; Seawater heated; flows thru flows thru successively lower successively lower pressure containers; pressure containers; vapor condensed on vapor condensed on tubes of heat tubes of heat exchanges into fresh exchanges into fresh waterwater
Mechanical Mechanical compressor or a compressor or a steam jet steam jet compressor compressor generates heat generates heat for evaporation. for evaporation. Feed water Feed water added and added and partially partially evaporates; evaporates; vapor condenses vapor condenses into freshwaterinto freshwater
High High pressure pressure forces forces water water molecules molecules through a through a membrane membrane leaving leaving larger larger molecules molecules of salts and of salts and minerals minerals behindbehind
Ion Ion concentration concentration polarization polarization zone (ion zone (ion depletion zone) depletion zone) generated in a generated in a microfluidic microfluidic channel channel
AdvantagAdvantageses
Can use lower Can use lower quality feedwater quality feedwater than ROthan RO
Economies of Economies of scale in capital scale in capital costscosts
Simple, reliableSimple, reliable Ideal for small Ideal for small
operations such operations such as resortsas resorts
Higher Higher recovery recovery raterate Less Less energy energy intensiveintensive
Microchip Microchip size; 8 inch size; 8 inch size can size can produce 15 L produce 15 L water per water per hour hour
Light bulb Light bulb energyenergy
Dis-Dis-
advantagadvantageses
Extremely energy Extremely energy intensiveintensive
Extremely Extremely energy energy intensiveintensive
Not efficient Not efficient for larger scalefor larger scale
Greater Greater sensitivity sensitivity to poor to poor quality quality feedwaterfeedwater
New New technology technology not yet not yet commercializcommercializeded
Traditional Water, $0.90 -
$2.50
Brackish Water, $1.50 - $3.00
Sea Water, $3.00 - $8.00
Traditional Water Brackish Water Sea Water
Water Treatment per 1000 gal
Source: American Membrane Technology Association http://globalwarmingisreal.com/2011/03/23/are-desalination-technologies-the-answer-to-the-world-
water-crisis/
Desalination Costs
Environmental Concerns About Desalination
1)Ecological effects resulting from the disposal of brine from the desalination process;
2)Entrainment of aquatic species in and around the desalination facility intake; and
3)Enormous energy requirements