water environment issues in indonesia: challenges and ... · water environment issues in indonesia:...

Water Environment Issues in

Indonesia: Challenges and

Opportunities

Prof. Tjandra Setiadi

Centre for Environmental Studies

Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)

Bandung, Indonesia

[email protected]

1

Presentation Outline

Water Environment In

Indonesia

Case Studies

Water Challenges

and Opportunities

in Indonesia

Examples of Colalboration

2

Water Environment in Indonesia

3

Introduction

Indonesia water resource:

6 % of world water

resource

21% of asia pasific water

resource

4

Four Water Classes (Quality)(Government Regulation No 82 Year 2001

• Class I : Best Quality designated for raw water for water supply; and include Class II till IV (BOD < 2 mg/L)

• Class II : designated for water sport activities (not a direct contact) and include Class III and IV (BOD <3 mg/L)

• Class III: designated for fishery (aquaculture) and include Class IV (BOD < 6 mg/L)

• Class IV : designated for irrigation (BOD < 12 mg/L)

• For most of the rivers in Indonesia: intended to be Class II.

7

River Quality Monitoring 2009(based on class II designated, MoE lab. data)

Light pollution

Light to medium pollution

Medium pollution

Medium to heavy pollution

Heavy pollution

Light to heavy pollution

Province River Name

NAD Krueng Aceh

SumutDeli

Percut

Riau Kampar

Sumbar Batang Agam

Jambi Batang Hari

Bengkulu A. Bengkulu

Sumsel Musi

Lampung W.Sekampung

Babel Rangkui

Province River Name

Banten Kali Angke

Jakarta Ciliwung

Jabar Citarum

Jateng Progo

DIY Progo

Jatim Brantas

Province River Name

Bali T. Badung

NTT Dendeng

NTB Jangkok

Province River Name

Kalbar Kapuas

Kalteng Kahayan

Kalsel Martapura

Kaltim Mahakam

Province River Name

Sulut Tondano

Gorontalo Bone

Sulteng Palu

SulselTallo

Jeneberang

Sultra Konaweha

Province River Name

MalukuBatu Gajah

Batu Merah

Mal-Utara Tabobo

Papua Anafre

8

Light pollution


Medium pollution


Heavy pollution


Sumatera

Java

KalimantanSulawesi

Papua

Bali & Nusa Tenggara

Maluku


9

Light pollution


Medium pollution


Heavy pollution


Sumatera

Java

KalimantanSulawesi

Papua

Bali & Nusa Tenggara

Maluku


10

River Quality Monitoring (percentage of heavy-polluted river in Indonesia

2009 - 2013)

11

Water Resources Degradation

Domestic activites

Industry activities either small and big scale

Agriculture and mining

Deforestration in the upper part of the river

stream

12

Banten Province

Case Study

13

Map of Banten Province

Tanggerang

City

Tanggerang

RegencySerang

City

Cilegon City

Serang Regency

Pandeglang RegencyLebak Regency

14

CIUJUNG

CIBANTEN

CID

UR

IAN

DAS BAYAH

CIDANAU

CIBALIUNG

Banten Province

BANTEN HAS 13 WATERSHEDS

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CIDURIAN

Domestic & industrial waste

Agricultural waste

Problems on

Watershed

in Banten

CIBANTEN


Agricultural waste

Fluctuation of river flowrate

Erosion & sedimentation

CIDANAU


Agricultural waste

Mining activities

CILEMER/CIBUNGUR


Agricultural waste



CISADANE


Agricultural waste



CIUJUNG


Agricultural waste



Mining activities

CILIMAN


Agricultural waste



16

Citarum River – West Java Province

Case Study

17

18

BOD Load from Industry: source : Data Team Leader ICWRMIP Sub.Comp..1

• Discharge Load of TN and TP

Discharge LoadTN TP

Pollution level

source : Data Team Leader ICWRMIP Sub.Comp..1

Source: ISTAT, C. Costantino, F. Falcitelli, A. Femia, A. Tuolini, OECD-Workshop, Paris, May 14–16, 2003)

What has happened can be explained by the following diagram:

Water Risks or Challanges:

In Indonesia

• Decreasing Water Availability and Reliability of Supply.

• Declining Water Quality

• Failure to Meet Basic Water Needs.

21

Opportunities

• At the same time, these risks present possible opportunities for the water industries that produce technologies and provides services for meeting water needs.

• Careful analysis of opportunities and needs may prove valuable to corporations and investors who are seeking to capitalize on smart and effective solutions to water problems.

22

Example of Collaboration ITB with

Japanese Companies:

- Low Cost Membrane – Asahi Kasei

- MBR – Toray Membrane

-MBR – Industrial Scale

23

Low-cost water treatment system using submerged

membrane filtration in developing countries

Taro Miyoshia,*, Tjandra Setiadib, Agus Jatnika Effendic, Hiroyuki Maedad,

Takashi Tsukarahad, Hosang Yid, Hyoyong Jund, Masao Saitoe, Hideto

Matsuyamaa,**

a Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science

and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan b Centre for Environmental Studies, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB),

Bandung, Indonesia c Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB),

Bandung, Indonesiad Microza & Water Processing Division, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation,

Tokyo, Japan e Center for Collaborative Research and Technology Development, Kobe

University, Kobe, Japan

Journal: Desalination and Water Treatment, 1-8, 2015.

24

Pilot Study in Bandung

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Conclusions of the study

• The applicability of submerged membrane filtration without any chemical dosing to the treatment of river water containing high turbidity was investigated.

• The operation of the pilot-scale submerged membrane filtration unit was very stable and can be continued for three months without any irregular membrane cleanings.

• Increase in membrane flux and decrease in frequency of regular maintenance cleaning did not affect the rate of membrane fouling development.

• Owing to its higher membrane flux and less frequent maintenance cleaning, operating expenditure of the membrane based water treatment system was equal or even lower in comparison to the conventional water treatment system based on coagulation, sedimentation, and sand-filtration.

26

Application of MBR for treating

Produced Water from an oil and

gas company

27

Characteristics of the Produced Water• High TDS

• Fluctuated COD (300 – 4000 mg/l, including data from pilot test)

• High oil and grease

28

No. Parameter Unit Max. Value

1 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 4000

2 Temperature ° C 40

3 pH pH Units 6 - 9

4 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) mg/L 0.5

5 Ammonium (NH3-N) mg/L 5

6 COD mg/L 200

7 Phenol mg/L 2

8 Oil and Grease mg/L 25

Regulation

Pilot Test PerformanceSchematic Diagram: Flat-Sheet Toray membrane

29

Pilot Test PerformanceMLSS Profile (Until 1 July 2015)

30

Day

0 20 40 60 80

ML

SS

(p

pm

)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

MLSS

Acclimatization Finished

Level Control Break

• Acclimatized well• Remain stable until

level-control break

Pilot Test PerformanceCOD Profile

31

• Stable after acclimatization, although input was fluctuated

• Could reach below effluent standard

Day

80 100 120 140 160

CO

D (

mg

/L)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Feed

Effluent

COD standard

API Separator Feed

Pilot Test PerformanceOil Content Profile

32

• Oil is totally removed by membrane

• Could be a problem, therefore use DAF in real plant

• Not problem in this test if performs membrane cleaning

Pilot Test PerformanceFouling rate

33

• No fouling detected after daily cleaning

• Fouling in the first 5 days probably were caused of microorganism attachment to membrane surface

Days

25 30 35 40 45 50

Pre

ss

ure

(k

g/c

m2)

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

Before wash

After wash

Daily Cleaning Start

Application of MBR Treating 1

ton COD per day from an

Oleochemical Industry

34

MBR during construction

35

MBR after 6 months operation

36

West HallINSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

37

water environment issues in indonesia: challenges and ... · water environment issues in indonesia:...

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