water community media ppt
DESCRIPTION
Water crisis in many urban areas in India is result of mismangement and misuse said CSE's RK Sriniasan an expert on Urban water in a seminar organised by Chandigarh Chapter of Indian Media Centre on June 14, 2009TRANSCRIPT
Urban water management: A primer on the crisis
R K Srinivasan Centre for Science & Environment, New Delhi
Dainik Bhaskar launches 'Jal Hai to Kal Hai' initiative in Bhopal
• Demand-supply gap (cases, etc.)• Urban bias: Water supply from rural areas• Water-waste connection (cost; reuse, etc.)• Managing groundwater (govt. & community
initiatives)• From sewerage to sanitation: Understanding
the paradigm shift for India
Problem in management not availability
• City receives 87 mgd (397 mld)• City requires 115 mgd (525 mld)• CPHEEO norm for metro city 172.5 lpcd (150 + 15 % leakage loss)• 2006 population - 1.09 million• 2011 population - 1.33 million• 2006 demand - 188 mld (1.09 x 172.5)• 2011 demand - 229 mld ( 1.33 x 172.5)
• 2006 per capita supply - 364 lpcd• 2011 per capita supply - 298 lpcd
In the case of Delhi
3976
3336.9
2553
3139
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
official demand supply 2006 demand 2011 demand
in m
ld
Demand, Supply, and increasing investment
Source: City Development plan of Chandigarh
49
3
51
9 55
3 62
1
80
1
31
5
31
5
31
5
31
5
31
5
17
8
20
4 23
8 30
6
48
6
16
2
13
5
16
3 24
3
14
6
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2006 2011 2016 2021 2031
in m
ld
Demand Supply Gap Investment in crore
Actual demand and shortage
18
8 22
9 27
9
34
1
50
7
31
5
31
5
31
5
31
5
31
5
-12
7 -86 -3
6
26
19
2
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2006 2011 2016 2021 2031
Demand (150 LPCD) Supply Gap
Source: City Development plan of Chandigarh
How is water supply need calculated ?
Sno
Classification of towns/cities Recommended maximum water supply levels (lpcd)
1 Towns provided with piped water supply but without sewerage system
70
2 Cities provided with piped water supply where sewerage system is exists
135
3 Metropolitan and Mega cities provided with piped water supply where sewerage systems existing
150
Source: Ministry of Urban Development, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, Third Edition -Revised and Updated (May 1999), New Delhi.
City Own Norms of cities (lpcd)
Ahmedabad 170
Bangalore 140
Bhopal 150
Kolkata 227
Chennai 110
Coimbatore 150
Delhi 225
Greater Mumbai 240
Lucknow 250
Ludhinana 200
Nagpur 175
Pune 140
Official water demand, supply, leakage loss and supply after leakage loss
210
160
140
190
150
130125
115110
0
50
100
150
200
250
Million plus cities Class I Class II & III
Per
cap
ita
wat
er (
lpcd
)
Official per capita demand
Official per capita supply
Official per capita supply after leakage loss
34%
23%
15%
Water dem and and supply in m illion plus cities2
60
30
0
17
5
17
5
17
5
20
0
22
5 24
0
22
5
25
0
32
0
12
0
90
14
5
12
1
18
0
27
0
13
5
10
0
21
5
27
5
37
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
17
0
34
0
15
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Delhi Mum bai Bangalore Kolkata Channai Pune Am rits ar
Pe
r ca
pita
de
ma
nd
/ su
pp
ly (
lpcd
)
Official per capita water demand Official per capita water supply in 2005
Official per capita water supply after leakage loss in 2005 Per capita supply to non-slum population after leakage loss in 2005
CPHEEO Norm
7890.4
115.6
96.2
77.1
9588.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Exploding water demand> percapita consumption less
Source: Household survey of consumption in select cities as of March 2005, TISS
LPCD
Remember, the national average per capita consumption (supply) is 135 LPCD!
Alarming > Chennai only 56.7 LPCDRich extract more groundwater
Case > Delhi• Availability 211 lpcd
• 2011 Master plan targets 363 lpcd
All Indian cities want more. But why increase supply? Why not manage our water better?
Relentless search for water
Vaitarna cum Tansa
90 km
105 km
Mumbai
Bhatsa
Manjira dam
Hyderabad
Nagurjuna
105 km
100 km
Ajai 3
Ajai 2
Ajai 1
Nyari dam 1
Nyari dam 2
Bhadar dam – 75 km
Bisalpur dam
120 km – 1088 cr
Kajauli water works (BML)- 28 km Phase 5 and 6 will bring additional 123 mld)
Ganguwal - 70 km -402 crore - 2026
Surface water 71%
Groundwater 29%
City Source Distance Per kl cost to
supply
Aizwal Tlwang river 1000 metres down the valley, 18 km away
Rs 53.93
Bangalore Cauvery 95 km from the city
12.00
Chennai Lakes, Groundwater and Veeranam lake.
60 to 245 km 14.00
Delhi Yamuna river, Bhakra storage and groundwater
Across the city 9.90
Indore Narmada river 70 km 11.00
Jodhpur Rajiv Gandhi Lift Canal 240 km 8.70
Mussorrie Springwater Bhilaru, Jinsi, Khandighat, Murray rose and Dhobighat
6 to 7 km down 18.13
Mumbai Bhatsa, Vihar, Tulsi, Tansa, Upper Vaitarna
100 to 120 km 8.40
Hyderabad Nagarjuna sagar and Majira dam 116 km 5.30
Hubli-Dharwad Neersagar and Malaprabha reservoir 20 and 55 km 6.70
6.7
3.57
2.14
5.63
1.281.6
84
35.89
104.42
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Metro cities Class I cities Class II & III
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Per Kl expense ( in Rs) Per kl revenue ( in Rs) Revenue ( in %)
468.54
194.03
104.42
393.58
69.6377.9
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Metro cities Class I cities Class II & III
Per capita expense ( in Rs) Per capita revenue ( in Rs)
Expense vs Revenue in Chandigarh
194 21
1
218 23
5
240
92
111 12
2
171
173
102
99 96
63 67
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Cost per MGD ( in crore) Revenue per MGD ( in crore) Gap ( in crore)
Source: City Development plan of Chandigarh
Cities Monthly water consumption (per kl)
Production cost based on consumption
Bill amount in Rs % of subsidy
Lower slab Higher slab
Delhi (9.93)
1 6 60 120
6 20 199 40 80
20 30 298 210 30
31
Jaipur (6.18)
1 15 93 30 68
15 40 247 80 68
41
Faridabad (2.32)
1 15 35 19 46
15 30 70 75 -8
31
Bangalore (12.04)
1 25 301 88 71
25 50 602 350 42
50 75 903 1425 -58
75 100 1204 2600 -116
101 0 0
Hyderabad (5.3)
1 30 159 180 -13
30 200 1060 2000 -89
201 0 0
Chandigarh (3.93)
1 15 59 38 36
15 30 118 300 -154
30 60 236 1500 -536
61 0 0
Compounded by inefficiencies• Huge distribution losses in
water supply: 20 – 50%
• Increased pollution in source water adds to cost of treatment
• Cannot invest in efficiencies and clean water for all
• Cost recovery is difficult because of the huge distribution losses and inequities in supply
Only half the story > Groundwater the victim
• Most cities highly dependent on groundwater
• No estimate: Groundwater accounts for 50-90% of water needs
• Public utilities and private companies plunder groundwater
• Not accounted for. But show up in water-waste map
Sources of municipal water supply
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Milli
on p
lus c
ities
Delhi
Mum
bai
Kolkat
a
Banga
lore
Class I
citie
s
Srinag
ar
Ranch
i
Cutta
ck
Udaipu
r
Class I
I and
III c
ities
Baram
ati
Yamun
anag
ar
Pe
rce
nta
ge
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n
Contribution of surface water to the municipal water supply Contribution of groundwater to the municipal water supply
Dependence on private water sources in million plus cities
61
39
11
58
4346
25
21
66
26
35
56
51
44
36
55
10
50
71
45
55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Delhi
Mum
bai
Hyder
abad
Banga
lore
Kolkat
a
Kanpu
r
Pune
Surat
Jaipu
r
Luck
now
Nagpu
r
Indo
re
Bhopa
l
Patna
Vadod
ara
Agra
Than
e
Mee
rut
Dhanb
ad
Allaha
bad
Rajkot
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
wa
ter
co
ns
um
ed
fro
m p
riv
ate
so
urc
es
(%
)
Delhi’s alarming dip in water table
Dipping watertable
In the northern parts -sector 10 - fall of more than 16 meters fall in the last 15 years.
In sector 31, the fall is almost 10 meters whereas in the remaining part of the city it ranged between 5 and 8 meters.
In Kolkata, groundwater flow reversed
Mumbai’s > Salinity ingress & contamination
Study by SCOLEEN (NGO) > Study by SCOLEEN (NGO) > Mumbai’s piped water is contaminated by ColiformsColiforms
Colaba, Dharvi, Khar, Anderi, Chembur, Malad
In Chennai, sea water intrusion
CSE’s research on bottled water in Delhi and Mumbai shows dramatic correlation between source (mostly groundwater) and bottled water contaminants
With dipping water tables, quality getting worse
Wetlands to store & recharge rainwater…
1925 1994
Wet land Built up
Green cover
Mumbai > 0.3 ac per 1000 persons (should be 4 ac)
Sukhna lake reduced from 230 ha to 154 ha
Water level reduced from 5 m in 1958 to 2 m in 2004.
Traditional water management in Jodhpur
Indira Gandhi canal
204 km
Rajivgandhi lift canal
Jodhpur > unleash the potential of canals
Sewage status in India33212
6190
27022
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Sewage generation Installed capacity Untreated
in M
illio
n lit
res
per
day
Sewage generation vs treatment
238
137
46
0
50
100
150
200
250
Official sewagegeneration
Treatment capacity Tertiary treatment
in m
ld
Three immediate options to save our cities
• Urban rainwater harvesting
• Use different ‘types’ of water for various purposes (Conjunctive use, e.g. Dual pipe system in Dwarka, New Delhi)
• Recycle wastewater
Rainwater harvesting potential
• Total area : 114 sq km • Average annual rainfall : 1114 mm• Total rainwater available : 348 mld • Forest cover as per FSI report : 35 per cent • Even if we assume that rooftop rainwater is harvested
from the rest of 65 per cent of the built up area, which is about 74 sq km then the volume of rainwater that can be harvested works out to be around 226 mld.
Anaerobic baffled reactor >Secondary treatment > Planted filter
Planted filter
A paradigm that must change, urgently