Inaam Ahamad Khan

The Water Chemistry Presentation

For

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY

…Water You Can Count ON…

On xx/xx/xx

References & AcknowledgementThe Inter-Islamic Network On Water Resources

Development and Management Workshop in Egypt, &

Water Chemistry & Treatment Presentation By Inaam Ahamad Khan

Several International Organisation like WHO, EPA, AWWA, NSF, ASTM, SM etc.

Information from Books & Cyberspace

My sons Iftekhar & Ahfaz for getting an idea of animation

If I speak slow or fast!

Important

This presentation is for non technical peoples

Please Tell me when I need to clarify a point

Max graphics and photos are used for better explanation

Goal of PresentationThe importance of water in our planet

The chemistry involve in water

Importance of water chemistry

Importance of water analysis

The danger of pollution in our life

Selection of water treatment processes

This presentation is in two parts

What is Chemistry ?

What is Water ?

What is Water Chemistry ?

Only For You

What Is Water• Foundation of Our Beautiful Planet

• Foundation of Things Around Us

• Essence Of Life

• Pure in Nature is Rare and Not Good For Life

• Our Planet Water Is Billions of Years Old

RAINBOWS

Beauty of Water Drop

RAINBOWSYou See

RAIN DROP

Reflection

WHITE LIGHT

Primary Bow

Secondary Bow

RAINBOWS

Color of Sea?

• White light is the full spectrum of rainbow colors

• Red is absorbed first by seawater

• Violet Blue or Green does not penetrate as other color

• Due to some reasons you see different colors of the sea

Salt water In Oceans

2.14 % - glaciers

0.61 % - ground water

0.009 %- surface water (lakes and rivers)

0.005 % - soil moisture

0.001 %- water vapor in the atmosphere

97.23 %

Distribution of Our Planet Water

Distribution of Our Planet Water

Distribution of Our Planet Water

Oceans (97 %)

Salt water

Ice Caps, Glaciers & Ground

Water (2.9%)

Lakes, Rivers,Atmosphere

& Soil Moisture Water

(0.014%)

Fresh water

End users**30.3

Rest of Industry10.3

Rest of Manufacturing6.1

Services16.4

Metal products2.5

Industrial machinery1.9

Office machines0.700000000000001

Electrical goods3.9

Agriculture6.4

Textile & clothing6.3

Construction5.4 Automotive

5.3

Paper & printing products

4.5

Use of Our 1% Water

Some Interesting Facts About DevelopmentComputer Chips 300 Steps 7570 Liter

Tire 7850 LiterCar 14800 Liter

These Consumption is from 1% of Fresh Water available easily for us

One Egg 50 LiterOne Chicken to Process 440 Liter

One barrel of Crude oil refining 7010 Liter

One person food to grow 6440 Liter

20

40 billion

The number of hours spent each year in Africa due to the need to collect and haul water

Please Do Remember ?

Source: Blue Planet Run, Smolan, Erwitt

5.3 billion

The number of people - two-thirds of the world's population - who will suffer from water shortages by 2025

1.1 billion

The number of people worldwide - 1 in every 6 - without access to clean water

1.8 million

The number of children who die each year from waterborne diseases - one every 15 seconds

Please Do Remember ?

Water Scarcity is a global problem today…Please Do Remember ?

Please Do Remember ?

Inorganic substance – 1%

Carbohydrate– 5%Fat– 10%

Protein– 18%

Water– 66%

Importance of water

Importance of water

60% of your body

Importance of water

Importance of water

The hydrologic cycle

The hydrologic cycle

The amount of water in the hydrologic cycle never change

Its Quality Changes

How Water Balance Earth Energy

6%4%

100 70%

51%

26%

38%

6%20%

19%

What Is ChemistryChemistry is The Central Science

• Foundation of All Other sciences,

• Embraces All Other Sciences,

• Simplify the Understanding of Universe

• The Study of Properties and Changes in Matter

What Is ChemistryCentral Science

Chemistry changes the way you look at the world.

When you know chemistry, there’s a new level of looking at the world around you.

WHY THE SKY BLUE ?

Our Atmosphere is Primarily Nitrogen

N2

WHY THE SKY BLUE ?

INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION

NITROGEN MOLECULE

INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION

NITROGEN MOLECULE

Sunlight consists of all the colors of the

rainbow. Of all these colors, the blue light

interacts with nitrogen,

The blue light is scattered by the

Nitrogen,

WHY THE SKY BLUE ?

What actually happens is that the outer electrons of the Nitrogen molecule absorb just the blue light,

WHY IS THE SKY BLUE ?

WHY SUNRISES ARE RED?

Dust Particles

WHY SUNRISES ARE RED?

Dust Particles in the atmosphere selectively absorb the short wavelength radiation and allow the longer

wavelength red, orange and yellow wave to pass through,

WHY SUNRISES ARE RED?

First part is finished

Question Please?

Thank You

After tea break II parts will start

Total Discovered Elements

EniG-pse.exe

25 of 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life on Earth

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

Four of the above make up 96%

Elements Building Blocks

Hydrogen Nitrogen-7

Oxygen-8Carbon-6

Electron shell

NucleusHydrogen (H) Helium (He)

Orbit

The Atom

Proton Neutron Electron

Nucleus

Electron shell / Electron cloud

The Atom

Electron Spin in an Atom

Electron Spin Clouds in an Atom

Molecules Building Blocks

Hydrogen

Element

H

Hydrogen

Element

H

Hydrogen Molecule

H2

Molecules & Compound Building Blocks

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Carbon-6

Hydrogen

HydrogenCompounds are two or more elements that share electrons or

have taken or given electrons away.

Molecules & Compound Building Blocks

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Carbon-6

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Molecules & Compound Building Blocks

H +

Fe +++

Fe ++

Al +++

Ca ++

Na +

HCO3 -

Cl -

OH -

CO3 - -

PO4 - - -

NO3 -

SO4 - -

Forms water with hydroxide and acids with anions

Forms bases with hydroxides and salts with anions

Forms hardness compound, bases with hydroxides and salts

with anionsForms acid with hydrogen

and salts with metals

Forms water with hydrogen and base with cations

Sulphuric Acid

CATIONS ANIONS

H + SO4 - -

Na + Cl -

Mg ++

Forms base with hydroxide and soluble salts with anions

Ions & Compound

H +

Sodium Chloride

Water Molecule

H2O

An Abundant Liquid

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.

Water Molecules Building Blocks

Specific heat– Resists changes in temperatureLatent heat of fusion– Heat required to change liquid stateLatent heat of vaporization– Heat released when Its evaporates

Some Important PropertiesABNORMAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Heat capacity highest of all liquids,Latent heat of fusion highest except ammonia,Thermal conductivity highest of all liquids,Thermal expansion max. at 40 C( increases with salinity)Surface tension highest of all liquids,

Comparison to other compounds of similar structures ( H2Te, H2Se, H2S etc.)

Should freeze at – 1000C but it freezes at 00C

Should boil at - 900C but it boils at 1000C

Should have a density of 1.84 g/cm3 but the density is 1.0 g/cm3

The maximum density at 40C (which is ice) is less then liquid water,

Some Important PropertiesABNORMAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Comparison to other compounds of similar structures ( H2Te, H2Se, H2S etc.)

Cohesion and Adhesion– Keeps liquid molecules close

Surface Tension– A thin skin forms on liquid upper layer

(The inward force, or pull that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid)

Diffusion– When solute is added it diffuses in liquid

Osmosis– Diffusion of liquid across a permeable membrane from high concentration low concentration

waterUp-thrust– This upward force create Buoyancy

Some Important PropertiesABNORMAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Example of Some Properties

Water-conductingcells

Adhesion

Cohesion150 µm

Directionof water

movement

Water Evaporate

Some Important Properties

Some Important Properties

Cohesion and Adhesion– Keeps liquid molecules close

Some Important Properties

Dilute Solution

MoreConcentrated

Solution

Diffusion & Osmotic Pressure

Diffusion & Osmosis is also very important for controlling the movement of materials into and out of

the cell in our body and for interacting with the environment surrounding the body

What Makes Water So Special?Its five important properties

• Physical Properties

• Solvent Properties

• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

• Density

• Viscosity

A – Liquid

Property 1 – Physical states

B – Solid

C – Gas

Hydrogen Bond

Five important properties

• Physical Properties

• Solvent Properties

• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

• Density

• Viscosity

+ -

+ + + -

- -

- -

-

- +

-

+ -

104.5°

+ -

+ + + -

- -

- -

-

-

+ -

+ -

109°

A – Liquid

B – Solid

C – Gas

How Water Change It’s State

Property 2 – Solvent Property

The Universal Solvent

Its five important properties

• Physical Properties

• Solvent Properties

• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

• Density

• Viscosity

The water molecule is a polar molecule

Negative end

Positive ends

The water molecule is a polar molecule

Hydrogen Bond

The Universal Solvent

OO

Na+ Cl-O

OOO

Wax does not repel water

OO

Oildroplet

O

OO

Soaps & Detergents

OO

OildropletO

OO

SO4-

SO4-SO4

-

SO4-

SO4- SO4

-

O

Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

Water resist change in temperature,Thus water must gain or lose more heat for temperature to change

High heat capacity makes water a good insulator to heat changes

Latent heat of fusion is very high and latent heat of vaporization much greater than latent heat of fusion

Five important properties

• Physical Properties

• Solvent Properties

• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

• Density

• Viscosity

Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

SignificanceDissolved oxygen content in waterPhysiological processes in bodiesBio-organism SafetyDensity implicationsThis prevents blood of animals & water in plant tissue to stay as liquid and not freeze in winter

This means water does not freeze and does not evaporates easily

Five important properties

A never reachable scenario – salt water nevercompletely freezes.

Hence has no freezing point.

Freshwater does though.

This would mean that as more ice forms in the ocean,the ocean gets more concentrated with salt.

Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

Five important properties

Ice

Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

Five important properties

Water

Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

Five important properties

Water Hot Water

Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

Five important properties

Steam

Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

Five important properties

Some Example of Heat Capacity

How Water Balance Earth Energy

64

10070

51

26

38

620

19

Some Example of Heat Capacity

The Temperature cycle

Property 4– Density ?

Five important properties

Density changes with temperature and Purity of substance

mass (g)Density (ρ) = ---------------------

volume (cm3)

density of substanceRelative Density = ----------------------------

density of water

• Physical Properties

• Solvent Properties

• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

• Density

• Viscosity

Substance Mass (g) Volume (cm3)

Density (g/cm3)

Wood 10 20.00 0.50

Ice 10 10.90 0.92

Water 10 10.00 1.00

Aluminum 10 3.70 2.70

Lead 10 0.88 11.00

Property 4– Density ?

Some Example of Density

Some Example of Density

• The sea has greater depths than the highest peaks on land.

• The Marianas Trench is 11.04 km deep!

• Mt Everest is about 9 km high

Property 5– Viscosity

Five important properties

Water is more viscous than air

Mango juice and syrup is more viscous than water

Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid and water is 800 times more viscous than air

Again hydrogen bonds plays an important role in viscosity of water

Physical Properties

Solvent Properties

Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

Density

Viscosity

Some Example of ViscosityBulky animals Having difficulty in swimming

through colder, more viscous waters

Migration of whales seasonally

A 200C Decrease in temperature doubles the viscosity

Shape of animals & plants

Beauty of Water & Chemistry

First session finished

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Beauty of Water Chemistry