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DRAFT EA SUMMARY

Changjiang and Pearl River Watershed Rehabilitation Project

Environmental Assessment (Draft) E1238 V. 4

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DRAFT EA SUMMARY

Summary

CHAPTER 1: PREFACE

Chapter 1 includes the following components:

(1) Purpose and Background of Environmental Assessment (EA): To satisfy the requirements of both the Chinese Government and the World Bank (the Bank), the EA report is to be prepared in both Chinese and English languages and the English version is to be a compulsory part of the Loan Agreement between the Bank and the Chinese Government. It is the Bank’s policy that the EA must cover the entire project that is partly financed by the Bank. This report is prepared by Changjiang Water Resources Planning Institute (CWRPI) with assistance from various departments involved, and with assistance from consultants. Now CWRPI has prepared the draft EA Report for the Proposed Bank-financed Changjiang and Pearl River Watershed Rehabilitation Project in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and Chongqing based on investigations on status quo environment, public consultation and data collection. This edition has been revised according to the recommendations of Bank specialists.

(2) Project Background: The upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and the Pearl River lie in the west of China. It is one of the regions with most serious soil erosion. For a long time, due to the natural elements and human activities, water and soil erosion has been accelerating, resulting in environmental degradation. This has severely constrained local socio-economic sustainable development and affected stabilization of the regions in the mid and lower reaches of the rivers. Since the 1980’s, the Chinese Government has paid great attention to soil and water conservation and ecological construction in the upper reaches of both the Changjiang and Pearl Rivers. Remarkable results have been achieved in the KPWSCC implemented since 1989 and the Comprehensive Watershed Rehabilitation Project in the Northern and Southern Panjiang River since 1992. As SWCD was boosted, the public has paid great attention to ecological and environmental protection. The project meets the needs for the implementation of China’s western development strategy.

(3) Bank involvement in the Project: In June 2001, November 2002, April and October 2004, officers of MWR and the Bank visited the project areas. As a result, the intention for cooperation between the two was reached and preparation work started.

(4) Project Description: This project involves 37 counties of 3 provinces and 1 municipality, i.e. Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, and Chongqing (Municipality). It comprises three components of public-good water and soil conservation, individual-benefiting water and soil conservation and livelihood improvement, as well as project management and support services. The total area of water and soil conservation being managed is 1,871.94 km2 and the total investment for the project is 1,660 million Yuan ($200 million), of which $100 million will be provided by the Bank and 10 million euro by the EU. The proposed project will be implemented from 2005 and construction will last for 5 years.

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(5) EA Procedures and Methodology: The EA of this project has been conducted in five stages: desk review, preparation, formal work, report preparation and final report preparation. Through general investigation, key investigation, spot investigation, etc., the base data has been collected. With the exception of some socio-environmental problems, the EA report considers all the potential impacts caused by the project and emphasizes the analysis of environmental benefits and important environmental problems. It addresses the assessment of potential, longtime, accumulative environmental impacts (EIs) and proposing mitigation measures for negative EIs during project design, implementation and operation.

(6) Relation with Feasibility Study (FS): The EA report is considered to be an integral part and not an attachment of the Project FS. The EA Team is also one part of the overall FS Team.

(7) EA Team: This section describes the members of the EA team, their regular positions, professional skills and tasks. The various disciplines involved include environmental engineering, environmental economics, environmental sociology and environmental ecology.

(8) Report Organization: It describes the table of contents of the EA report, which is prepared to meet the requirements of the Bank.

(9) Acknowledgment: extending thanks to those agencies and individuals that provided assistance to the EA team.

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTIONThis chapter briefly introduces project background, components, layout and construction schemes, economic analysis, project management as well as experiences of completed and on-going projects. The figures of the project areas have been prepared (shown in Figure 1.1-1 and Figure 1.2-1).

(1) Project Components

The project includes three components: water and soil conservation, livelihood improvement, and project management and support.

(2) Project Layout

According to the features of water and soil erosion, the project could be devided into 5 soil erosion zones. Priority measures for each of the zones are decided according to the features of soil, climate and soil erosion (shown in Table 2-5). In addition, the EA report introduces main construction methods of the project (shown in Table 2-6).

(3) Project Economic Analysis

Total static investment for the project is 1.66 billion yuan, of which Bank loan is 8.3 billionyuan and domestic investment 8.3 billoin yuan.

(4) Experiences of Completed and On-going Projects

Now 33 counties in the Changjiang River watershed have been included in the areas of KPWSC. KPWSC had been also implemented in Xingyi, Xingren, Anlong and Pan Counties of the Pearl River watershed. There are comprehensive institutions of soil and water conservation with rich experiences of soil erosion control and management in the project areas. The public has got skills and awareness of participation. Except for KPWSC, some other projects related to to the project have been implemented, including Eco-farming Project implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Program of Ecological Rehabilitation

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Through Water and Soil Conservation by MWR and Natural Forest Protection Project, CFFP and Chang-fang Project by State Forestry Administration, etc.

At the same time, the Bank-financed Loess Plateau Projects have achieved remarkable economic, social, ecological benefits. A series of sample projects with high quality and effectiveness for soil and water conservation have been established. Some advanced techniques and management experience have been introduced and many excellent managers have been trained. These have provided a lot of management models that can be a reference to the the Project.

CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONSChapter 3 includes following parts:

(1) Relations with domestic systems and policies, briefly addressing how feasibility studies of the project and this report comply with laws and regulations and standards issued by the Chinese Government, analyzing the affected or related policies and management framework in the project area, involving environmental protection, sustainable development strategy, forestry, returning farmland for forests, management of land and grassland, desertification control, poverty reduction, urbanization and integrated basin management, etc., and explaining how they constrain or contribute to the implementation of project activities.

(2) Relations with relevant planning, explaining the adaptability of project implementation to comprehensive and professional plans, involving ecological construction, water and soil conservation, land use, forestry ecological construction, ecological construction and environmental protection, and animal husbandry, etc.

(3) Review of Bank’s safeguard policies, explaining the status of the project EA work’s compliance with the Bank's safeguard policies.

CHAPTER 4: CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATIONThis chapter defines the areas for environmental study and describes environmental background of the project-affected areas by province, including natural environment, socio-economic environment and main environment problems.

Environmental Study Area

According to the characters of the project EIs, the study areas affected by the project can be sub-divided into the project region, the project county and the lower reach.

Natural Environment

Natural environment of the project study areas include geology and landform, climate, hydrology, soil, vegetation, wildlife, etc.

There are various physiognomic types in the project areas, comprising of plateaus, basins, mountains, hills and so on. The relief could be divided into several classes: Yungui Plateau, mountains in Eastern Sichuan, Sanxia Gorge, and low hills in Dabieshan. The geological cells is mainly Yangzihuai Platform with complete strata, which mostly are of Carboniferous, Devonian, Permian, Trias, and Quaternary system, and primary lithology are carbonate rock and classtic rock.

The regions are located in subtropical monsoon climate zones with following features: moderate climate and abundant rainfall which coincides with hot weather.

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Major regional differences: In Yunnan and Guizhou, there is no frost during winter. The vertical climate distribution is obvious, with typical plateau climate. In Chongqing and Hubei, there are enormous temperature changes, plentiful rainfall and hot summer.

Uneven seasonal distributions of precipitation: Rainfall concentrates between May to October, which accounts for 70-80% of the annual figure. In addition, most of rainfall events occur in the form of storm.

The project areas fall separately under the Changjiang and Pear River systems. Changjiang mainly includes the Jinsha River, the Wu River, the Chishui River, the Jialing River, the Dao River, the Ju River and its tributaries. The Pearl River comprises the Southern and Northern Pan Rivers.

There are 10 soil categories, nearly 20 subcategories, and more than 60 soil varieties in the project areas. Soil varieties include red earth, yellow earth, yellow brown earth, brown earth, limestone soil, purple earth, mountain meadow soil, paddy soil, among which the distribution of red earth, yellow brown earth, purple earth, limestone soil, and paddy soil is most extensive.

Vegetation types in the regions are subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest with evergreens and deciduous mixed forest. However, original vegetation has been destroyed and most of the existing vegetation is secondary. There are various types of primeval forests. Masson pine and Yunnan pine occupy the largest area, followed by armond pine, robur, oak, poplar, willow, cypress, manchurian catalpa, beautiful sweetgum, birch, toon, white gourd in dryland, etc. The forest area is 1,293.6km2 with a coverage of 18.73%. Natural grassland is less and dispersive consisting of catnip, cynodon dactyulon, green bristlegrass and common eulaliopsis. Planted grass includes knotgrass ft. thompsongrass, whit clover, ryegrass, etc.

Wildlife in the region mainly distribute orderly in high mountains and original vegetation jungles. While because most vegetation of the project areas is secondary community, shrubbery and sparse arbor with frequent human activities, it has not found protected wildlife appearing.

Socio-economic Environment

In 2004, total population of the region reached 1,985,810. Ethnic minorities mainly include Yi, Miao, Buyi and Tujia, followed by Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Lisu, Hui, Man, and Naxi. Plantation is the key sector for rural economy, as well as breeding by families and a few individual possessing. Outdated agricultural production methods have resulted in slow development of rural economy and poverty in most of the project areas.

The total land area is 6,905.05km2, with 0.29hm2 per capita of agricultural population. Cultivated land covers 2,778.32 km2, 40.2% of the total land. Among arable land, there is 1,618.37 km2 of slope land (231.74 km2 with slope over 25°), 58.2% of the total arable land.

The total area affected by soil erosion is 3, 616.68 km2, accounting for 52.4% of the total land in the project areas. Divided by watershed, the area of land affected by soil erosion is 3, 293.53 km2, 52.0% of the Changjiang watershed. The area affected by soil erosion is 323.15 km2, 56.4% of the Pearl watershed.

Main Environmental Problems

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Soil erosion is one of the most serious environment problems in the project areas. Intense soil erosion directly washes soil away, which makes soil depth thin, reduces soil fertility and crop productivity, and even causes desertification. Soil eroded from land enters rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and channels in the downstream regions, resulting in higher riverbed and building up sediment. The result is a decrease in the carrying capacity of rivers and flood discharge capacity of natural waterway, which worsens the environment in the project and downstream areas. All these have seriously constrained the sustainable development of the national economy in these regions.

Due to vegetation destruction, thinner soil depth and lower water storage capacity, the streams and rivers dry up during winter and spring. Consequently, there are not enough water supplies for irrigation, even for domestic uses, especially in areas with carbonate rock distribution.

Because of steep topography, sparse vegetation, thin soil depth and low capacity of water storage, the project areas are prone to soil erosion, which results in flood once it rains. And due to the special geological structures and human destruction, flood, mud-rock flow and landslide are frequent, endangering the safety of the project areas.

Extensive use of agrochemicals like pesticides, fertilizers and plastic films has produce adverse impacts on rural environment, while increasing the crop yield and the agricultural productivity. Non-point source pollution is also one of the most important factors leading to water quality pollution in the project areas.

CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The main tasks of Chapter 5 are to 1) Identify SEIs related to the project by means of matrix method on the basis of the project analysis, and grade them; 2) Propose the overall objective of environmental protection of the project and one of the sub-projects.

The importance of environmental factor is assessed on the basis of matrix method from perspectives of characteristic, scope and period of potential EI. The results of assessment are divided two categories, i.e. SEIs and other environmental problem. The result shows, SEI of the project has 8 items, including land resource (soil, land use), eco-environment (including forestry ecology, agricultural ecology and pests), water resource (hydrological regime, water quality), soil erosion, regional economy, living standard, natural disasters, habitat (forest park), etc.; Other environmental problems include the impact on downstream areas, impact of the project construction on environment (water quality, environmental air quality, acoustic environment, etc.), environmental risk, and global environmental problems (climate , biodiversity), etc.

The environmental objectives of the project construction are to: set up comprehensive rural sustainable development pattern in poor project areas with serious soil erosion, make use of land and water resources in a efficient and sustainable manner, and increase forest vegetation coverage and wildlife diversity; basically control the trend of worsening ecological environment, such as serious regional soil erosion and water environmental pollution, etc. towards a virtuous-circle development; significantly improve infrastructure conditions in the project areas and farmers' living standards; ensure coordinated and sustainable socio-economic development in the project areas. The environmental protection objectives include land resource protection, biodiversity protection and water environment protection.

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CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSAccording to the Terms of Reference, there should be a special social assessment report and its outcome will not be incorporated into the EA. To make the EA report having integrality and objectivity, partial results are quoted directly in Section 6.2.4. Also it has written a separate report for pest management. The results of pest management are quoted directly in Section 6.3.1.

The important environment problems as identified in chapter 5 are discussed in detail in this chapter. Based on the features of the project feasibility studies and construction such as project scope, amount of watersheds, complicated environmental background, etc., the EA carries out an overall analysis on the EIs from the perspective of planning, integrating with potential impacts from the design and various activities under typical watersheds. The selection of watersheds considers the representativeness of different provinces, basins, soil erosion types, environmental background and existing environmental problems.

Water and Soil Resources ProtectionWater and soil are the basic indispensable natural resources both for human survival and development and to realize sustainable socio-economic development. The implementation of the project will help to retain water and keep soil from erosion, reverse the worsening trend of soil erosion, mitigate natural disasters, reduce sediment inflow to lakes and reservoirs, maintain the service life of water projects and achieve sustainable socio-economic development in the project areas.

The benefits of water and soil resources protection of the project mainly include: 1) significant improvement of vegetation coverage and effective control of soil erosion; 2) enhancing soil and water conservation, regulating runoff, decreasing frequency of landslides and floods, reducing sources of solid debris, and mitigating damage of mud-rock flow; 3) protecting land resources, lowering losses of soil nutrients, enhancing soil conservation, mitigating farmland drought, improving irrigation and cultivation conditions and increasing crop yield; 4) reducing sediment in lakes and reservoirs and extending the life of water facilities.

Improvement of Eco-environmentThe area is located in subtropical monsoon climate zone. Vegetation types in the regions are subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest plus evergreen and deciduous mixed forest. However, original vegetation has been destroyed, and only secondary vegetation remains at present. The existing forest area is only 129360hm2 with a coverage degree of 18.73%. Benefits of the project on ecological environment improvement are as following:

(1) Significant increase of vegetation coverage

Forestland area would reach 211606 hm2 with forest coverage of 30.64%, up 11.91% through afforestation on waste and slope land suited for forest and construction of orchard. Also grassland areain the project areas will reach 35616hm2 with vegetation coverage of 35.8%, up 5.03%.

(2) Enrich bio-diversity

There have two aspects of vegetation succession after finishing afforestation and forming stable communities: 1) Because of the function of pioneer species, the micro environment would be improved and develop suitable growth condition for evergreen plants gradually, resulting in succession from secondary vegetation to typical zone vegetation. 2) The area of

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every watershed is not large with a range from more than ten to less than one hundred square kilometers, existing long boundaries. As the boundary effect, it provides conditions for outside species to invade the environment when eco-environment of the watersheds are enhanced.

Ecosystem in the project areas would also change from only coniferous forest to several types of forests like coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest, evergreen and deciduous mixed forests, etc. At the same time, the improvement of animal's habitats and gradual setting-up of the habitat corridors will attract outside animals which breed on plant to settle in the watersheds.

(3) Ecosystem structure improving

The forest ecosystem will be improved under the converse succession direction. That is: coniferous forest- coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest- evergreen and deciduous mixed forest- evergreen and broad- leaved forest at present.

The benefits of the farmland ecological system structure include: 1) Increase variety of the farmland ecological system by planting more abundant varieties; 2) Transforming farmland on slope hill into forests would benefit forest vegetation and consequently to help improving the farmland ecological system; 3) Transfer gradually to harmless and green ecological agriculture. In addition, the implementation of the project will obviously improve the ecological environment and have a deep influence on gathering ecological environment in countryside.

Land use structures optimized

Land use structures in the project areas exists several problems: 1) Large proportion of farmland and high percentage of slope land; 2) Large proportion of sparse forest, young forest and shrubbery; 3) Large area of waste land and unused land.

Land use structure in the project areas would be optimized in several aspects after the project implementation: 1) Decrease slope land which is an unreasonable land use manner by changing slope land with an slope under 25°to terrace and matching irrigation facilities; 2) Plant soil and water conservation forest and economic fruits in waste and slope land suited for forest, resulting in improving vegetation coverage degree and environment; 3) Increase the proportion of grassland and animal husbandry; 4) Increase the proportion of water area and fishery.

Compared with land use structures before control, farmland and wasteland would decrease11.3% and 94.0% respectively, while woodland, grassland and water would increase 31.2%, 160.4% and 0.1% respectively through the above measures. The types of ecological degradation such as slope land, wasteland and unsuitable land would reduce largely. That is the indication of improving environment and optimizing land use structures in the project areas.

Living condition improving

The implementation of this project will improve living condition of the farmers, including more net income, better infrastructure, fairer rights/equity, etc.

The farmers in the project areas will not only earn temporary income by participating in the project construction, but also get more money for developing production and more opportunities for changing slope land to terrace, planting economic forest, developing domestic breeding, building irrigation facilities and mash gas generating pits, etc. All that will ensure the long time, permanent and stable improvement of farmers’ economic income.

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The rural infrastructure construction will greatly improve the productive and living condition in countryside and provide sustainable developing condition for agriculture. In addition, Changing of kitchen, toilet and pens combined with mash gas generating pits construction in country will obviously enhance the living and sanitation environment of the farmers. That will protect the farmers’ health.

The social vulnerable groups such as poor people, minority, etc. have been given special attention in the project design and implementation. Kinds of measures will guarantee their rights to get benefits from the project and their fairness of land use.

Crop diseases and pests

The Basin Rehabilitation Project covers 38 counties where 2.21 million populations lived, in which 89.65% population is involved in agriculture or forest with 559863 farmer households. Land acreage for agriculture is 261067.5 hectares. According to the information availability in the related provinces/Municipality and counties, the annual yield losses caused by pest and crop diseases are 365.21 thousand tons for grain crops, 95.75 thousand tons for cash crops, 64.43 thousand tons for fruit threes. From surveying and interviewing, farmers feel most difficult to control pests in vegetable and fruit production due to they did not have experiences, and local agriculture technical extension workers are almost not familiar to the pests on vegetables and fruit trees.

According to the targets of water and soil conservation project in the four provinces, the soil erosion will be decreased 80%; High quality farm land will increase 14897.7 hm2; fruit orchard area will increase 2254.8 hm2; pasture and forest will cover 29149.1 hm2, increasing 100683.5 hm2; 276 small reservoirs or pool will be built. Those tremendous environment improvements and diversifications will result in re-structuring of agriculture and forest pest and crop diseases. Some pests and crop diseases will turn as secondary ones, and even harmless in paddy rice, while some exotic pests and crop diseases will invade into the project area companying new varieties and species introduction.

PMP of the project suggests providing some bio-rational agricultural material inputs to abate the habits of technical extension and farmer in the project areas merely rely on high toxic pesticide, building up Farmer Filed School to show successful IPM model of agricultural technology, etc. After implementation of PMP, the consumption of high toxic or conventional pesticide will decrease 20 to 30 percent, especially organophosphorus pesticides, organochlorine pesticides and carbamate chemicals. The insect pests/crop diseases will also be largely mitigated.

In order to more effectively control the insect pests/crop diseases in the project region, several suggestions are shown as following:

Building strong trainer team through Training of Trainers

Training farmers through FFS approach

Expanding the usage of farmhouse fertilizer, etc.

Water quality

The project areas are located in the west of China with underdeveloped economy. Agricultural population accounts for 96.2% of the total population. Plantation is the key sector for rural economy, as well as breeding by families and a few individual possessing. Non-point source pollution from fertilizer, pesticide and domestic manure is the main pollution source in rural.

According to the usage investigation of fertilizer and pesticide in the typical counties,

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fertilizer is mainly carbamide, phosphorate fertilizer and compound fertilizer with 482.4~1,298.8kg per hectare, and pesticide is mainly insecticide, bactericide and weed killer with 1.2~11.9kg per hectare. The usage level of fertilizer and pesticide has the positive correlation with the economic development, which is higher in developing regions.

The constructions of the project which have large influence on non-point source pollution include changing slope land to terrace, planting shrubbery, vegetation and economic fruit, enclosing facilitating afforestation, building marsh gas generating pits, etc. According to the analyzed data, the usage and entering into water amount of fertilizer and pesticide will both decrease greatly after the project implementation. For fertilizer, its usage amount will decrease 5,443t with entering into water amount decreasing 5,736t; for pesticide, both amounts will also decrease a little with 14t and 26t respectively. The projects like changing slope land to terrace, planting artificial forest and economic fruit have more obvious impacts on the usage amount of fertilizer, while only the behind two projects have more obvious impacts on the usage amount of pesticide. As the constructions of changing slope land to terrace and planting artificial forest change the soil erosion situation of original cultivation slope, both their usage and entering into water amount of fertilizer will decrease. At the same time, the usage amount of fertilizer for panting economic fruit will increase a lot because the fertilizer usage amount per hectare increases.

Because of the reduction of fertilizer and pesticide in water, N, P, pesticide and other organic or inorganic pollutants will decrease. That will benefit the water quality protection in the project areas and the down reaches. Also the construction of mash gas generating pits will change the inadequate management situation of manure. Domestic manure in country will be under effective control and utilized. As the result, the non-point source pollution in country will be controlled in effectiveness.

In order to control non-point source pollution in the project areas, the following measure are suggested to carry out:

Strengthen the training on farmers and extend ecological agriculture technology;

(2) Popularize the use of household manure as organic fertilizer;

(3) Strengthen the management of fertilizer and pesticide use and use them in a proper way.

Forest Park

Only a little part of Laoyan and Wanhe villages in the Liujiagou basin regions lie in Tiefengshan State Forest Park, involved an area of 386.2 hm2. Among the regions, the area of medium-intensity soil erosion is 48.8 hm2, accounting for 12.6% of the total land. The main measures include planting economic forest and vegetation, construction of orchard, water tanks and closure protection in slight soil erosion regions.

Planting economic forest and vegetation would change the regional land use types with perennial plants substituting annual plants. It will improve the forest landscape in regions. The construction of tea gardens will form new sights in the forest park. And the constructions of small-size water conservancy projects will not have adverse impacts on the park. As a whole, the control of Liujiagou Watershed will provide positive benefits to the state forest park without adverse impacts. But it is needed to notice water and soil conservation and avoid soil erosion caused by the demolishment of surface vegetation during the construction period. Environmental supervising should be carried out.

Impacts on downstream

The implementation of the project will bring remarkable benefits for the downstream of the

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Changjiang and Pearl River basins: 1) Mitigate sediment, keep the effective storage and prolong the usage life of the reservoirs in down reaches; 2) Mitigate sediment building up in downstream riverbed to decrease or suspend the investment of dike rehabilitation; 3) Reduce the flow variety in down reaches to increase flood risk; 4) Block or store precipitation and runoff by amounts of small engineering projects like terrace, paddy workshops, reservoirs and water tanks, resulting in decreasing flood peak flow in down reaches, reducing flood control pressure and harm of flood disaster, saving expenses of constructing flood control projects.

EIs during construction

Some constructions like farmland construction, woodland construction and small-size water conservancy structures will destroy surface vegetation during the project construction period. That will temporarily increase soil erosion in partial regions. But as the construction regions will be located in field and wasteland with human work in extensive area, the impacts of the project on water quality, air quality and noise will be very small. The excavation of earth and stone will expose the ground surface and have adverse impacts on landscape.

To mitigate the adverse impacts, some protection measures could be used as following:

The EA aiming at large individual sub-projects should be carried out in the next stage to prevent EIs of the sub-projects construction.

According to the features of less precipitation in winter, the construction schedule should be arranged in winter to decrease soil erosion caused by rain-washing.

Vegetation with better functions of water and soil conservation should be planted outside in time after finishing soil ridges construction.

During farmland construction, it should keep the surface soil, then backfill after finishing soil arrangement. If the waste and surface soil collect together to stack, the surface should be covered steadfastly.

The construction of economic and artificial forest should be planted in time after finishing soil arrangement. And the surface should be covered steadfastly by soil.

Burning sundries like crop straw, weeds, etc. is forbidden in the project areas.

Environmental risk

The section analyzes the environmental risk of the project. The ecological risk mainly comes from invasion of alien species and usage of pesticide. The safety risk comes from forest fire. According to the risk factors analysis, human activities are the main causes of environmental risk. So the mitigation measures of preventing and decreasing environmental risk of the project are put forward based on the risk inducements, shown as following:

(1) Strengthen the quarantine of alien species: Local seeds should be chosen for the ecological commonweal forest construction in the project areas of Yunnan Province. Eucalypt could be planted in the economic forest construction project combined with local farmers’ desire. At the same time, farmers in the regions are encouraged to choose other economic forest.

(2) Strengthen the anaphase management of the afforestation project and training on the farmers.

(3) Strengthen prevention of the forest insect pests/crop diseases and protection of their natural enemy.

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(4) Rationally plan economic fruits in the typical watersheds design; avoid planting a single type of forest in large area; implement different types of economic fruits planting alternately in zones.

(5) Enhance propagation to improve the ecological protection consciousness; Rationally use pesticide of low toxicity and low residue.

(6) Set up corresponding mechanism assisted by propagating, checking, predicting, management, etc. that could make peasant household benefit from protecting forest resources to improve their consciousness of forest protection and participate in preventing fire disaster.

Global environmental problemsAfter implementation of the project, the biomass in the project region will increase substantially, more carbon dioxide will be assimilated by plants, resulting reducing content of carbon dioxide in the air. Popularizing biogas pits, which changes rural energy structure will not only reduce deforestation but also reduce the use of the coal, thus can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. The project would ease global warming in some extent and have positive and favorable effects.

CHAPTER 7: SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVESThe main contents of this chapter include:

(1) It presents the environmental features of the project areas, objectives of the project and the whole scheme of the project. According to the types of soil erosion, seven typical watersheds in the 4 provinces/municipality are chosen to carry out comparison of alternatives for water and soil conservation schemes of the project. (2) The change of ecologic environment is analyzed under the scenario without scheme for the selected 7 watersheds. There have abundant water and heat resources in these watersheds. But crop land productivity is obviously restricted by water supply and quality of crop land such as slope land, thin soil layer, etc. because of the poor soil. At the same time, the future economy could only depend on mountains regions to complement for the restriction of cropland and productivity. Hence, if no attention on the utilization of mountain regions and cropland quality improving, the productivity and economic development will be hardly enhanced. Soil erosion will be aggravated by slope land cultivation and herd, which is resulting in gradually thinning soil layer and reducing land productivity. If this trend is continuing, the eco- environment will degrade under the restriction of low productivity. (3) It is analyzed and compared for the controlling schemes of soil and water conservation of the selected 7 watersheds. The comparing indexes include vegetation coverage, effects of water and soil conservation, productivity level, sustainability of environment improving, etc. Integrated with the above-mentioned indexes, most projects of water and soil conservation for the selected 7 watersheds are rational and feasible on the whole. The project implementation could reduce or even remove the sources of soil erosion like wasteland and slope land. Through planting economic fruit and forests for water and soil conservation on the wasteland and slope land, and protecting forest for young forest and shrub, vegetation coverage would be greatly improved, resulting in strengthening the ecologic functions of vegetation on the basins. That will play an important role in accelerating succession of forest vegetation and improving ecologic quality. Furthermore, productivity and living level could be improved in a certain extent through changing slope land to terraces, planting economic

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forestry and constructing biogas tanks.

(4) Problems and suggestions: In some watersheds, the cultivation index of farmland is too high and the ecological environment has been seriously degraded due to historical reasons; or average crop land per capita is decreasing greatly because it overemphasizes decreasing slope land and developing economic woodland, and slope lands with slope below 15°would be returned to forestry. So the schemes have several problems like un-obviously improving ecologic environment, unreasonable advisement. As there are abundant water-hot resources in watersheds, it is suggested to sufficiently protect and use water and thermal resources, then gradually popularize the usage of biogas tank to get new living energy sources. This will bring disafforestation decreasing. Then the strength of enclosing facilitating afforestation should be increased to improve vegetation coverage, resulting in succession from planted woodland to zone vegetation and enhancement of the ecological barrier for the project areas and lower reaches.

CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLANAn essential component of the overall project is its Environmental Monitoring Program, which is to cover the implementation stage of the project, from 2005 to 2009. The monitoring work should begin as soon as the provincial PMOs become operative. Individual monitoring programs have been developed in the Project EA including monitoring activities, monitoring parameters, number of persons and skills needed, monitoring frequency as well as input needed in terms of professional man-months. The individual monitoring programs are summarized in Table 8-1.

Each of the monitoring tasks is to be managed by a designated member of the professional provincial PMO staff. For the implementation stage, the PMO will invite specialists to supervise the monitoring participants and make training on EMIs.

The monitoring program is to be managed and supervised by the PMO, and much of the detailed fieldwork done by the PMO professional staff. However, other agencies, including monitoring organizations of water quality and pesticide residue and EMIs are to participate in the fieldwork in accordance with agreements with provincial PMOs. Costs for monitoring work by these other agencies, which is outside their normal scope of monitoring, are to be reimbursed by provincial PMOs.

Table 8-1: Summary Table of EMPs

No. Item Section

Monitoring participantsWorkload

(person·month)

PMO EMIOther

monitoring organizations

1 Pest 2171.1 Types of pests 8.2.1 * * EMI

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1.2 Usage of pesticide * * EMI1.3 Natural enemy * * EMI

1.4 Pesticide poisoning

* * EMI

1.5 Pesticide residue * * 2172 Water quality 8.2.3 * * 260

3 EMI 8.2.3 * * 80

CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANMain Contents

(1) To carry out EPMs specified in this EA report, including environmental monitoring, Professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs should be established to take charge of EPMs in the project areas (including the stages of final design, construction and operation).

(2) Professionals in environmental management should be set up under the Overall Project Coordination Office to coordinate activities of the provincial PMOs in the four Provinces/Municipality.

(3) Professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs and the Overall Project Coordination Office should be established immediately after the project becomes effective.

(4) Professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs and the Overall Project Coordination Office will take charge of arrangement of the visits by the Panel and the environmental members of the Bank missions. The Panel will be responsible for checking the environmental protection implementation of the Overall Project Coordination Office, the provincial PMO, ECIs, CCs and other agencies, providing the process reports of environmental protection and putting forward suggestions.

(5) EMPs include the following contents: (i) definite the schedule, responsible branches and relative outlay of EPMs mentioned in the EA report (Tab9-2); (ii) furnish training for staff in environmental management of provincial PMOs and provincial subcontractors; (iii) organize business visit to Europe or U.S.A. to visit Water and Soil Conservation Projects, for the purpose of studying and evaluating the lessons.

Illustrative Figures and Tables

Figure 9.3.2-1 shows the structure of the Provincial Environmental Management Organizations.

Figure 9.3.2-2 shows the main responsibility of the professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs.

Table 9-6 shows the overall Environmental Management Costs estimated for each province which, $386,625 for Yunnan, $547,250 for Guizhou, $381,250 for Hubei and $597,375 for Chongqing. The outlay of EMPs has been brought into the total cost of the project.

14

Table 9-1 Summary Table of Environmental Management Plans for China Changjiang/Pear River Watershed Rehabilitation Project (1)

Project Components

ImplementingAgency

Investments/ Activities

Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation1 Measures

MonitoringInstitutional

Arrangements Indicators Frequency Cost2

(dollars)1. Public Interest Soil and Water Conservation Works.a. Minimum Farmland Construction for Food Security.

PMO, Contractors

Construction of Terraces

Control of Loss of top soil;Sustainable development of soil and water resources

Result in the changing of farm pests’ category and quantity due to the varieties of cropper;Impact water quality due to the usage of pesticide and fertilizer

Adopt biological and physical measures to prevent pests and use pesticide of high-efficiency and low-toxicity;Expand vigorously ecological agriculture technology and farmhouse fertilizer;Strengthen the usage management of fertilizer and pesticide;Make use of fertilizer and pesticide in reason and science

PMOA, PMOWR, EMP (prefectural agricultural organizations), PEMO

Pests Monitoring (Section 8.2.1.1), Water Quality Monitoring (Section 8.2.2.2)


696250＊

b. Sediment retention structures

PMO, Contractors

Check dams, cornlofts, pools, canals, channel, riverbanks

Reduction of sediment flowing downstream

Destroy surface vegetation and worsen soil erosion in partial regions due to the construction activities;Have small impacts on water quality, air quality and noise

Carry out EAin the next stage to prevent environmental impacts on large individual projects by the construction activities;Construct in winter;Restore destroyed vegetation;Check dam safety

c. Afforestation and Vegetation Cover (forests and shrubs)

Protection/Closing Areas

PMO, Contractors, Farmers

Plantation of arbor trees e.g. pines, firs,Poplar, cypress;Grazing Ban for natural regeneration

Obvious increase of vegetation coverage;Abundant diversities of biology;Improvement of biological structures;Optimization of land use

Exist several problems such as potential impacts on foodstuff caused by returning farmland to forest excessively, biggish area of wasteland, obvious single structure of forest, etc.;Exist ecological hazards such as exotic pests and diseases, usage of pesticide, etc.;Exist safety hazards such as forest fire, etc.;Have small impacts on water quality, air quality and noise

Optimize the project design;Implement returning farmland to forest according to the different circumstances of the small watersheds;Strengthen the wasteland control;Plant alternately multi-species of forest in zones and tridimensional arbor-shrub;Strengthen the protection of forest and increase the protection area;Strengthen the quarantine of importing species;Recommend not to plant eucalypt in the ecological commonweal forest construction;Strengthen the forest insect pests/diseases preventing and their natural enemy protecting;Adopt assistant measures at the same time such as propagating, checking, predicting, management, etc.

PMOA, EMP (prefectural agricultural organizations), PEMO

Pests Monitoring (Section 8.2.1.1)

Pests Monitoring (Section 8.2.1.3),

696250＊

1

2

15


Project Components

ImplementingAgency

Investments/Activities Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation3 Measures


Arrangements Indicators Frequency Cost4

(dollars)

d. Village Infrastructure PMO, Contractors

Drinking water; Supply systems, small reservoirs, rehab of access roads, tractor roads and field tracks

Improvement of agricultural production condition

Destroy surface vegetation and worsen soil erosion in partial regions due to the construction activities

Construct in winter;Manage waste of construction;Restore destroyed vegetation

2. Private Interest Soil and Water Conservation and Livelihood Improvementa. Basic Farmland Improvement/Construction;Terracing of Slope land with deep soils;Riverbank Control

PMO, Contractors Construction of terraces

Control of Loss of top soil;Sustainable development of soil and water resources

Result in the changing of farm pests’ category and quantity due to the varieties of cropper;Impact water quality due to the usage of pesticide and fertilizer

Adopt biological and physical measures to prevent pests and use pesticide of high-efficiency and low-toxicity;Expand vigorously ecological agriculture technology and farmhouse fertilizer;Strengthen the usage management of fertilizer and pesticide;Make use of fertilizer and pesticide in reason and science

MOA, PMOWR, EMP(prefectural agricultural organizations), PEMO



696250＊

b. Economic Trees


Plantation of high value fruit and nut tree orchards

Increase of farmers’ income

Easily cause pests due to planting forest of single structure;Change varieties and distribution of pests due to introducing new ispecies of fruit forest;Impact water quality due to the usage of pesticide and fertilizer;Easily cause water and soil erosion due to slope plantation

Plant alternately multi-species of forest in zones;Adopt biological and physical measures to prevent pests and use pesticide of high-efficiency and low-toxicity;Expand vigorously farmhouse fertilizer;Strengthen the usage management of fertilizer and pesticide;Make use of fertilizer and pesticide in reason and science;Plant in the area with slope less than 5°;Construct terrances in the area with larger slope and then plant economic forest

MOA, PMOWR, EMP(prefectural agricultural organizations), PEMO



696250＊


3

4

16

Project Components

ImplementingAgency

Investments /Activities Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation5 Measures


ArrangementsIndicator

s Frequency Cost6

(dollars)

c. Livestock PMO, Farmers

Breeding+cattle,Breeding+pig,Breeding+sheep,Poultry

Increase of farmers’ income;Implementing guarantee of biological and protection forests

Aggravate grassland degradation and soil erosion due to developing breeding and browse excessively;Pollute water quality by livestock dejecta

Develop breeding industry in reason and implement enclosed breeding;Use manure applying and marsh gas generating pits to dispose livestock dejecta

d. Irrigation PMO, Contractors

Small scale facilities e.g. tanks and cisterns filled by run-off, pumping schemes, stream diversion etc.

Improvement of agricultural production condition to increse harvest

Destroy surface vegetation and worsen soil erosion in partial regions due to the construction activities

Construct in winter;Manage waste of construction;Restore destroyed vegetation

e. Renewable Energy


Small-scale bio-gas production facilities based on manure from livestock

Development of biological agriculture;Improvement of sanitation condition in country by providing high quality fertilizer;Decrease of disafforestation by providing clean energy sources

Expand marsh gas generating pits　 in the conditional area

f. Others PMO, Contractors, Farmers

Fruit vault, honeysuckle

Guarantee of agricultural production;Increase of farmers’ income

Easily cause pests, biological varieties decreasing, all-pervading usage of pesticide and impacts on water quality and human health due to planting large area of honeysuckle

Plant alternately multi-species of economic forest in zones

MOA, EMP(prefectural agricultural organizations), PEMO



696250＊

3. Project Support

It is the guarantee to implement the project and belongs to the non- engineering measures. The contents include technology introduction and demonstration extension, technical training and investing overseas or at home, monitoring and evaluation, investigating and designing etc. The implementation of these measures will not have any potential negative impacts on environment.

Remark: PMO - Project Management Office; POA - Provincial Monitoring Organizations of Agriculture; PMOWR - Provincial Monitoring Organizations of Water Resources; PEMO - Provincial Environmental Management Office; EMP - Environmental Monitoring Personnel;＊- Total monitoring expense of pests and water quality is about 696250 dollars.

5

6

17

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 10: PUBLIC INVOLVEMENTThe project proponent of the four provinces and the EA Team has conducted public consultation during the preparation stage of the project. Consultations are made to the 343 affected people and 53 unaffected people covering all ranges of different age, occupation and education, members of NGOs as well as representatives of pertinent government agencies. The investigation ways are including colloquia, questionnaire and random visiting.

All the surveyed 396 people support the project. Contents of public survey and opinions are collected and analyzed. Some of the suggestions have been considered in the EA and been delivered to the relevant authorities.

The EA report is an integral part of the EA process. In October 2005 the final EA report will be sent to the selected libraries in the four provinces that are located in the center of the cities. For three days prior to sending the EA report to the libraries, one notice will be made public through the provincial and local newspapers, TV stations and the Internet. People will be informed that they can visit the libraries and review the EA report. If people have comments, they could mail the suggestions to CWRPI. All the opinions and suggestions will be taken into consideration in the subsequent project planning and implementation.

CHAPTER 11: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary

Chapter 1 of the EA report has pointed out that the summary is to sum up investigation, conclusions and suggestions in this EIA. So the summary is compiled according to the summary and conclusions from Chapter 1 to Chapter10,

Conclusions

As an ecological construction project, the project would not only control water and soil erosion but also enhance the ecosystem rehabilitation with ameliorating agricultural production condition, developing agricultural economy and improving net income of farmers. After the project is implemented, it is expected that soil and water resources would be effectively protected and reasonably used, resulting in obvious enhancement of ecological environment and the sustainable development of regional economy and society. So the project has remarkable ecological, economic and social benefits.

The project will not produce serious adverse environmental impacts if the environmental mitigation measures can be carried out seriously To ensure that the Environmental Management Agencies will be set to implement the EPMs prescribed in the EA report and the outlay budget of the organization setting has been illuminated in the loan agreement. In addition, the International Environment Expert Panel should also be established and make period environmental checkups every six months during the construction period and the report should be submitted to the Government and the Bank.

18

SUMMARY OF FORESTRY GUIDELINES

Executive Summary of Forestry Guideline

1. OverviewForestry plays a very important role in the proposed project. Because the

vegetation cover and erosion control at the upper reaches of big rivers have significant impact on water resources and the whole environment, and the Forestry component is an effective, and sustainable way to increase vegetation cover and reduce soil and water erosion. Most project sites are located in the mountainous areas.

Traditionally there have been lots of farming practices on steep slope land which are seriously detrimental both environmentally and economically. Since 1999 the government has implemented a national program of “Returning slope farmland to forest and grassland”. As a result, farmers had to stop farming on steep slope land above 25 degree and have been looking for other options to create wealth. Given the disadvantageous local situations, including difficult access to information, poor transportation, severe poverty, and traditional living styles of ethnic minorities, it is relatively difficult for farmers to shift to other industries. Therefore, forestry has become an important alternative for income generation.

Since 2004 the Chinese government has carried out reform of forest rights, which has changed the traditional way of collective ownership of both forest land and forests and implemented the new policy of whoever undertakes plantations owns the forests. While the new policy provides good income generating opportunities for the farmers through logging and leasing, this guideline focuses on identifying existing and newly emerging issues and mitigation measures in the project context and new policy context, including how to carry out sound forestry management to achieve both income increase and improvement of environment (such as orchard, as an project activity welcomed by many farmers can be harmful to the environment if not properly managed); how to select appropriate plantation models and tree species, how to improve quality of seedlings and pest management, etc. to optimize project design and maximize project benefit.

2. Main content

(1) Preface: project description, role of forestry , project areas, reference documents, main content, purpose

(2) Defining land use rights and land management rights: status quo of ownership, existing problems and conflicts, new problems due to reform, procedures to acquire land ownership and concerns, contractual arrangements, disputes settlement, ownership, harvesting and trade of forestry products

(3) Selection of forest land management types: by contracting duration, by natural and social conditions, by field management, participatory design

(4) Selection of tree species and plantation models: conservation trees, conservation grass, economic trees and fruit trees

19

SUMMARY OF FORESTRY GUIDELINES

(5) Land preparation: instructions, timing, methods(6) Seedlings: quality control, transportation, nursery(7) Plantation and field management: plantation, field management(8) Pest management: legal basis, prevention measures, main diseases and pests(9) Forest fire prevention: institutional set up and staffing, facilities and equipment,

fire way and fire prevention forest belt.(10) Harvesting: laws and regulations, harvesting methods(11) Storage, processing, transportation and marketing of forestry products

Annex 1: Monitoring and Evaluation of implementation of forestry guideline Annex 2: Pesticides application requirements for production of green food

3. Purpose of the Forestry GuidelineThe forestry guideline serves two purposes. One is to provide guidance to PMO

staff at various levels for their work on forestry related project design and management. Secondly it will be used as an operational manual by the local farmers when they conduct forestry related farming and management. It will provide policy and technical guidance to them and help them solve potential issues.

20

DAM SAFETY GUIDELINES

Changjiang/Pearl River Watershed Rehabilitation Project

Dam Safety Review Guidelines

DRAFT

General

These guidelines have been prepared in accordance with the following documents:

(i) Regulation for Dam Safety Management promulgated by the China State Council in 1991;

(ii) Methods of Dam Safety Review issued by the Ministry of Water Resources in 1995; and

(iii) World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.37 on Dam Safety.

1. The guidelines are applicable to the following dams in the project area:

1-1 Dams 15 meters and above in height and also those below 15 meters in height which are included for review based on safety considerations;

1-2 Dams which have not been subject to a safety review and have not been given a safety clearance during the past 6-10 years;

1-3 Dams which were subject to a safety review during the past 6-10 years and rated as ‘third category dams7’, and which have not been strengthened and have not been given a safety clearance;

1-4 Dams 10 m and above but below 15 m in height and with storage capacity of one million cubic metes and above would be subject to the Small Dam Safety Review Guidelines as per Annex 2.

2. Organization of Safety Review

2-1 A dam safety review would be organized and presided over by the authority responsible for its adminstration. The authority concerned would appoint relevant specialists to form an expert panel for the safety review.of the dam.

2-2 An expert panel generally comprises 7-9 specialists, and should include: (i) the technical person in charge from the authority responsible for the administration of the dam; (2) the technical person in charge and relevant technical specialists from the organization responsible for the operation and maintenance of the dam; (3) relevant specialists from the organizations responsible for the design and construction of the dam; (4) relevant specialists from a research institute or institution of higher learning; (5) relevant specialists from the dam safety authority. The expert panel should include specialists in the fields of hydrology, geology, hydraulic structures, mechanical and electrical engineering, and metalwork. The qualifications of the participating experts should be reviewed and cleared by the higher level authority responsible for dam administration.

3. Report on Dam Safety Review – Review Procedure and Contents of the Report

7 See Appendix 1-1. Classification Criteria for Dam Safety.

1


3-1 The authority responsible for the adminsistration of the dam would prepare the terms of reference for dam safety review and the work program, and appoint the expert panel.

3-2 The organization responsible for the dam operation and maintenance should furnish the following documents and materials for the safety review: (i) report on the dam operation and maintenance; (ii) information and data pertaining to survey, investigations and design of the dam; (iii) information and data pertaining to the construction of the dam (including a list of construction materials used); (iv) records and drawings provided during handing-over of the dam for operation; (v) materials and records pertaining to yearly operation and maintenance of the dam; and (vi) materials and records pertaining to the dam safety monitoring, data compiled, analysis of the data and results.

3-3 The organization responsible for the operation and maintenance of the dam would appoint a Water Conservation design institute, research institute, or institution of higher learning to carry out an analysis and evaluation of the dam safety and prepare a report thereof. The report should cover the following aspects:

1) Review of design floods, including review of hydrological computations and and resevoir operation study for flood control;

2) Review of seismic design, including earthquake intensity and the dam resistance to earthquake shocks;

3) Analysis and evaluation of technical quality, including technical quality of the dam during construction and at present;

4) Analysis of structural and seepage stability, including deformation of the dam;

5) Analysis of dam operation conditions, including analysis of ageing of works;

6) Overall assessment of dam safety and preparartion of a report presenting the findings on dam safety;

7) Operation & maintenance program, covering organizational structure, staffing, technical experts, O&M procedures and safety inspection system (see Guidelines for Operation and Maintenance of Dams);

8) Emergency preparedness plan, specifying the roles of responsible parties when dam failure is considered imminent, or when expected flow release threatens downstream life, property, or economic operations that depend on river flow levels. It includes the following items: clear statements of the responsibility for dam operations decision making and for the related emergency communications; maps outlining inundation levels for various emergency conditions; flood warning system and its characteristics; and procedures for evacuating threatened areas and mobilizing emergency help and support and equipment (see Guidelines for Emergency Preparedness Plan)

3-4 During dam safety review, when it becomes necessary to carry out supplemental investigations and tests in order to obtain further information to facilitate study and judgment, the organization responisble for operation and maintenance should appoint competent parties to carry out the work. The latter should carry out the required investigations and study and report on the results.

3-5 The authority responsible for the administration of the dam would organize a site inspection. The expert panel and the party responisble for preparing the dam safety analysis and evaluation report should participate in the site inspection. The organization responisble for the operation and maintenance of the dam should co-operate fully in this regard. Following the site inspection, a reported entitled ‘Dam Safety Site Inspection Report’ should be prepared.

3-6 The expert panel should review and hold discussions on the above-mentioned information, materials and reports, carry out a comprehensive overall evaluation of the dam safety, and determine the rating of the dam. Where a dam is rated as as a third category dam it is necessary

2


that the maximum storage volume and maximum water level allowable prior to dam strenthening and rectification works being carried out be specified. The safety review report should be prepared and submitted to the higher level authority responsible for dam administration for review and record.

4. The project would finance the costs for dam safety review. The contract for dam safety review shall be arranged in accordance with the Guideline for Selection and Employment of Consultants by the World Bank.

5. Where it is necessary to carry out dam strengthening and rectification work following a dam safety review, the works should be funded by the county government in which the dam is located. The county government concerned would use funds from the following sources for this purpose:

(a) Basic Construction Fund included in the budget of Finance Bureau (including special funds);

(b) Water Conservancy Construction Fund, used for the construction of water conservancy works, obtained from the following two sources:

Local government funds (from fees collection);

Variou funds levied for the construction of flood control works as approved by provicial government (fund, fees collection), consolidated as local water conservancy construction fund..

(c) Loan from domestic banks and non-bank financial institutions;

(d) Funds raised by the issue of governmental bond with approved of the national government;

(e) Funds raised from foreign governments or international financial institutions;

(f) Other funds as approved for the construction of water conservancy projects (such as Food for Work Fund, Agricultural Development Fund, etc)

3


Appendix

Classification Criteria for Dam Safety

First Category: Actual capacity to withstand design flood meets the standard and regulation as specified by the Ministry of Water Resources; the operation condition of dam is normal; no major technical problems exist and operation of the dam according to design is possible.

Second Category: Actual capacity to withstand a flood magnitude is not less than that requried for the flood magnitude specified by the Ministry of Water Resources, defined as the recent period extraordinary flood adopted for dams undergoing strengthening and rectifcation works; the operation condition of dam is normal; no major technical problems exist and operation of the dam according to design is possible.

Third Category: Actual capacity to withstand a flood magnitude is less than that required for the flood magniture specified by the Ministry of Water Resources, defined as the recent period extraordinary flood adopted for dams undergoing strengthening and rectifcation works; or there exist serious technical problems that will affect the dam safety and normal operation of the dam is not possible.

4



Small Dams Safety Review Guidelines

DRAFT

1. Dams Subject to Review

1.1 These guidelines are applicable to those dams in the project area as defined in 1.2 below. The guidelines do not conflict with dam safety review requirements prescribed by the Ministry of Water Resources of China;

1.2 Dams which are 10 meters and above but are below 15 meters in height and with storage capacity of one million cubic meters and above are defined as small dams subject to these guidelines;

1.3 Dams as defined in 1.2 above which have not been subject to a safety review and have not been given a safety clearance during the past 6-10 years shall be subject to safety review;

1.4 Dams as defined in 1.2 above which were subject to a safety review during the past 6-10 years and rated as ‘third category dams8’ and which have not been strengthened and have not been given a safety clearance shall be subject to safety review;

1.5 Irrigation sub-projects served by existing dams can be included for implementation in the annual work plan only if such dams have been subject to the safety review procedures and rated as ‘first category dams’ or ‘second category dams’.

2. Organization of Safety Review

2.1 A dam safety review would be organized and presided over by the county Water Conservancy Bureau (WCB) concerned. The WCB would appoint an expert panel for the safety review.of the dam.

2.2 An expert panel would generally comprise 7-9 specialists and should include:

(i) the technical person in charge from the authority responsible for the administration of the dam;

8 See Appendix 2-1: Classification Criteria for Dam Safety.

5


(ii) the technical person in charge and relevant technical specialists from the organization responsible for the operation and maintenance of the dam;

(iii) relevant specialists from the organizations responsible for the design and construction of the dam;

(iv) relevant specialists from a research institute or institution of higher learning;

(v) relevant specialists from the dam safety authority.

2.3 The expert panel should include specialists in the fields of hydrology, geology, hydraulic structures, mechanical and electrical engineering, and metalwork.

3. Review Procedure

3.1 Every dam shall be separately reviewed;

3.2 The basic procedure would be in accordance with the method of safety ranking, principally to understand the current status of a dam in respect of its relative safety so as to determine the extent of hazardousness.

3.3 Data collection

The county WCB concerned would provide the following information and data:

(a) Relevant engineering design reports/general engineering information and data (e.g., location, catchment area, dam height, total reservoir storage capacity, downstream population and irrigated area, etc.);

(b) Materials of the original dam design, geological investigations, engineering survey;

The organization/unit responsible for the operation and maintenance of the dam would provide the following information and data:

(a) Construction records (including records of dam strengthening) and drawings (as-built drawings included);

(b) Materials relating to operation and maintenance of the dam and reservoir, including changes which occurred during operation (observational data included), hazardous and abnormal situations that have taken place, water levels and flood discharges (including maximum water level and year of occurrence).

3.4 Supplemental Data Collection. The panel of experts should review the adequacy and quality of the materials, information and data collected. In the event that these are not sufficient for the purpose of assessing the stability and safety of the dam, they should prescribe the requisite hydrological, geotechnical and engineering survey data to be collected

6


for study and analysis. Supplemental data required should be provided by the county WCB concerned.

3.5 Field inspection. The panel of experts would carry out field inspection. The areas to be inspected are:

(a) Dam: year of construction; structure quality; seepage condition and trend; dam stability during operation;

(b) Spillway: year of construction; structure quality; structural stability;

(c) Outlet works: structure quality; operational conditions; structural stability;

(d) Metal works. period in service; operational conditions of lifting mechanism; conditions of gates;

(e) Dam monitoring facilities: operational conditions.

3.6 Safety evaluation and determination

(a) Scoring of safety ranking would be carried out during field inspection. Following field inspection and interviews, reconnaissance, notes and video records, review of information land data, members of the panel would evaluate and fill out the hazardous score sheet and provide their evaluation of the safety of the dam accordingly;

(b) The score would be computed according to the following formula:

g SR=∑(SR)i

i=1

where (SR)i is the value scored for the i-th hazardous factor. Each hazardous factor is graded at three levels of hazardousness: low, medium and high. Each level is assigned numerical values starting from low to high. The extent of hazardousness of a dam is made up of several hazardous factors as shown in the following tables:

7


Table 1: Hazardous Factors and Assigned Values for Dam

Hazardous

factor Age of dam (Number of years) Structure quality

Hazard

value

≥30

15 -29 5 -14≤4 very poor Poor Average Good

6 3 1 0 10 6 2 0

Hazardous

factorSeepage pattern Structural stability

Hazard

value

increasing;

seepage at

high level

increasing;

seepage at

low level

stable;

seepage

at high

level

stable;

seepage

at low

level

settlement

and

slip-circle

failure

settlement

and

cracks

settlement

but

has

stabilized

function-

ing

normal

16 10 4 0 20 10 5 0

Table 2: Hazardous Factors and Assigned Values for Spillway

Hazardous

factorAge of spillway (number of years) Structure quality

Hazard

value

≥20

10 -19

5 -9

≤4 very poor poor Average Good

6 3 1 0 10 6 2 0

Hazardous

factor Structural stability

Hazard

value

bank slope unstable

and

conditions of base slab poor

bank slope stable

and

conditions of base slab poor

bank slope stable

and

conditions of base slab good

15 5 0

Table 3: Hazardous Factors and Assigned Values for Outlet Works

Hazardous

factorStructure quality Operational condition

Hazard

value

very

poorpoor Average Good

cracks and

scouring

cracks and

no scouring

scouring and

no cracks

no cracks and

no scouring

8


12 8 2 0 10 6 2 0

Hazardous

factorStructural stability

Hazard

value

Unsatisfactory satisfactory

10 0

Table 4: Hazardous Factors and Assigned Values for Metal Works

Hazardous

factor

Period in service (number of

years)Operational condition of lifting mechanism

Hazard

value

≥20 10 -19 5 -9

≤4

malfunctioning

of lifting

mechanism

operation

fair;

electricity

supply

irregular

operation

normal;

maintenance

poor

Good

6 3 1 0 12 8 4 0

Hazardous

factorCondition of gate

Hazard

value

rusting badly and gate get stuck

easily.

rusting and leaking due to

faulty water stopGood

10 5 0

(c) Safety evaluation. The SR scores by individual panel members would be computed. The average of these scores would be the basis used for evaluating and determining the safety of the dam. An average SR score of 42 and above indicates the dam is highly hazardous.

(d) Review findings. Using the SR score as the basis, the panel of experts would take into account other factors not included in the above assessment and make an overall evaluation and findings of the safety of the dam, determine its category, and prepare a dam safety review report, to be reviewed and kept by the higher level authority responsible for the administration of the dam. There are 1 dam l needed to be further reviewed. The total cost of review amounts 4 thousand RMB and will be fully covered by the budget for safeguard activities according to the Feasibility Study report (for details see list of small dams.xls). For the other1 dams rated as the third category, it will cost around 33 thousand RBM for rehabilitation by estimation, the local authority responsible for dam administration will be reported and pool fund for rehabilitation. Thus the cost will not be included in the budget of this project.

9


Appendix

Classification Criteria for Dam Safety

First Category: Actual capacity to withstand design flood meets the standard and regulation as specified by the Ministry of Water Resources; the operation condition of dam is normal; no major technical problems exist and operation of the dam according to design is possible.

Second Category: Actual capacity to withstand a flood magnitude is not less than that requried for the flood magnitude specified by the Ministry of Water Resources, defined as the recent period extraordinary flood adopted for dams undergoing strengthening and rectifcation works; the operation condition of dam is normal; no major technical problems exist and operation of the dam according to design is possible.

Third Category: Actual capacity to withstand a flood magnitude is less than that required for the flood magniture specified by the Ministry of Water Resources, defined as the recent period extraordinary flood adopted for dams undergoing strengthening and rectifcation works; or there exist serious technical problems that will affect the dam safety and normal operation of the dam is not possible.

10



Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Dams

DRAFT

I. Organizations Responsible for Operation and Maintenance of Dams

These are existing organizations responsible for the operation and maintenance of dams in the project area, including county Water Conservancy Bureaus, Reservoir Management Bureaus, Township/Town Water Conservancy Stations.

II. Main Facilities for Operation and Maintenance of Dams

The facilities to be provided for operation and maintenance should be appropriate to meet practicable needs consistent with economy. Existing facilities should be made full use of, supplemented by the acquisition of other necessary items.

1. Instrumentation for monitoring water level and rainfall

Four water level stations should be established and equipped with staff gauges: one in front of the dam, one at the irrigation intake channel, and one each at upstream and downstream of the flood gate. A float-type water level recorder should be installed in the reservoir. In addition, one to three automatic rainfall recorders equipped with remote sensing device should be installed at the dam and in the reservoir area. In accordance with current requirements, dams must be included in the province-wide flood control network, and subject to unified reservoirs operation procedures during flood times. As such, an adequate set of automated water level and rainfall measurement equipment must be installed with the necessary authomated monitoring device.

2. Instrumentation for monitoring hydraulic structures

The structures to be monitored include principally dams, spillways, irrigation canals. The instrutmentation and equipment required are as follows:

(1) Settlement observation stations;

(2) Ground level bench mark stations;

(3) One set of high-precision theodolite and one set of high-precision level;

(4) Steel-string type pore-pressure measuring instrument a/ or standpipe piezometers installed in the dam body and foundation;

(5) Monitoring devices (various equipment such as MCU b/, ADAS c/, etc)

_________________________________________________________________________a/ Instrument used to measure seepage pressure in the dam. The membrane of the sensor head is acted upon by

the pore-pressure, which is converted into frequency of vibration to be transmitted.

b/ Data receiving system for monitoring equipment

c/ Water level measuring instrument.

11


3. Space for monitoring activities

Housing and office space for monitoring activities should be provided according to the need for reservoir operation and management.

4. Transport facilities

During floods vehicles, boats, etc. should be made available for emergency and rescue operations according to the dam location and operational requirements

5. Communication facilities

As telephone exchange facilities are susceptible to breakdown during floods (e.g., telephone lines may be destroyed by floods) resulting in communication disruptions, one transmitter-receiver set and one mobile telephone should be additionally provided for flood emergency operation work.

III. Dam Operation and Maintenance Procedures

Operation of dams should be based on hydrological forecast and to the extent possible operation for power generation should be combined with irrigation release. For dams with year-to-year carry-over storage, storing of water in the reservoir should be optimized provided flood control requirements are satisfied as a pre-condition..

All structures should be regularly inspected, maintained, and repaired. The operation,

inspection, maintenance and repair of these structures and facilities should be carried out strictly in accordance with technical regulations and specifications. In particular, observation and monitoring of the dam, spillway, and other important structures should conform to the technical requirements and data collected should be compiled and analyzed in a timely manner. When problems are encountered, the cause(s) should be identified and remedial measures taken in a timely manner. Sudden draw-down of water level in the reservoir should be strictly controlled to prevent slip circle failures.

For dams with hydropower function, power generation and irrigation release should be combined. Therefore, in addition to complying with relevant regulations of maintenance and management for hydropower generation, reservoir operation rules should be unified to satisfy irrigation requirements, to avoid the situation that the dam serves hydropower benefit at the expense of irrigation objective.

A duty shift system with proper accountability for work done should be established. Personnel on duty should make entry of events and activities occurring during the shift and a record of these entries should be maintained.

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In summary, effective procedures, rules and regulations should be established for the operation of dams. Optimum reservoir operation procedures under various situations should be established to maximize irrigation, power generation, flood control and aqua-culture benefits. Such procedures should take into considerations the requirements of the departments involved, forecast of rainfall situations in the reservoir area and overall requirement for flood control, as well as both short term and long term objectives. In particular, reservoir operation during flood times should strictly conform to the operational plan and operation regulation approved by the upper-level government authority, in compliance with reservoir operation requirements of the higher level authority responsible for flood control, and taking into account rainfall and water levels forecast, to ensure safe operation of the facilities.

IV. Operation and Maintenance of Monitoring System

The successful installation of dam safety monitoring system is merely the beginning of putting the system into operation. Its normal operation depends to a large extent on the maintenance of the system so that it can serve the purpose of dam safety monitoring.

1. Management of the system

(1) Define responsibility: County Water Conservancy and Hydro-electric Bureau should be directly responsible for the day-to-day operation and maintenance of the system.

(2) Establish full-time dam safety monitoring groups: monitoring groups should have

the full complement of staff, including not only operators of monitoring equipment, but also persons responsible for operation and maintenance of the computer system and data checking and analysis.

(3) Establish regular reporting system: monitoring groups should submit quarterly reports to county Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Bureaus on the operation of the dam safety system. Quarterly reports should comprise two parts: (i) the performance of the dam based on the information and data obtained in the monitoring process and (ii) the operational conditions of the monitoring system so that county Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Bureaus are informed of their status in a timely manner.

(4) Strengthen the accountability of the monitoring groups: data collected should be checked by the persons responsible. Where there appears to be abnormality, the data should be double-checked; and if the data is found to be abnormal, the cause for this should be studied immediately and the automatic measuring equipment checked if its functioning is normal or otherwise. If the erroneous data found cannot be corrected or eliminated, this should be recorded, and a report lodged

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immediately to the superior officer.

(5) Strengthen the recording and management of monitoring system operation: there should be a record of observations for all system operations. Proper data collection, compilation and analysis should be carried out. Where data abnormality occurs, a detailed record of the faulty equipment part, extent of faultiness, and results of rectification action should be made. Such records should be compiled at regular intervals.

(6) Strengthen data collation, analysis and compilation. Apart from day-to-day collation and quarterly summary, annual data compilation should be carried out and completed at year end or the beginning of the coming year. And a monitoring system operation annual report should be prepared and submitted to the authority in charge.

2. System maintenance

(1) Necessity for system maintenance: an automated monitoring system is an integrated system composed of various electronic parts and components and electric circuits. Damage of any of these will affect the operation of the whole system. As deterioration of electronic device is inevitable, the system cannot function well without proper maintenance.

(2) Arrangement of maintenance fund: maintenance fund should be allocated as a separate item in the annual budget of county Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Bureaus. The fund must not be used for other purposes. Spare parts should be provided as appropriate. Since the automated monitoring system serves directly dam safety purpose, system maintenance can be included as an item in the annual budget for dam repair and maintenance. The annual provision should be about 1% of the capital investment in the automated system.

(3) Training of maintenance personnel: during installation of the system, experts from the supplier should provide training. Training should cover the maintenance of instruments, computer, communication equipment, and the system and dam safety aspects, etc.

(4) Strengthen relationships with relevant organizations: request these organizations to carry out regular maintenance (every year or every two years). Also request relevant organizations to assist in resolving major technical problems in a timely manner.

V. Dam Safety Inspection

(1) County Hydroelectric Bureaus should maintain annual or semi-annual regular dam

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supervision and site inspection during flood times. (2) Areas of supervision: (i) dam safety situations and operational conditions of the

monitoring system; (ii) conditions of principal facilities for dam operation and maintenance; (iii) compliance with maintenance and monitoring procedures and the duty shift system and maintenance of shift record; (iv) preparedness for operation and provision of man power and materials during flood emergencies; (v) status of follow-up actions (including maintenance) and rectification of problems since the last dam inspection; (vi) use of funds and financial management;

(3) Supervision method: briefings, site inspection, review of data and records.

VI. Provision of operation fund

It is necessary to have adequate funding support for proper operation and management of the facilities. As such provision of fund to meet operation and management expenditure is very important. Major items of expenditure include:

(1) Salaries, insurance and welfare funds for O & M staff;(2) Maintenance and repair; (3) Materials used in maintenance and repair;(4) Energy; (5) Other costs.

The funds required for operation and management should be rationalized according to the magnitude of the tasks involved and obtained from various sources:

(i) Where a dam has a flood control function, the requirement should be partly met by the flood control fund (provided by finance bureau);

(ii) Where a dam is operated for irrigation, the requirement should be partly met by part of the water charge collected based on the amount of water allocated for irrigation (irrigated area);

(iii) Where a dam is operated for hydro-power and aquaculture benefits, the requirement should be partly met from the income derived from electricity and aquaculture;

(iv) Except for major repair cost, for which fund should be consolidated from annual provisions for periodic spending on maintenance and repair, all other items of expenditure should be met from the current year budget.

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Guidelines for Emergency Preparedness Plan

DRAFT

Background

1. The Changjiang/Pearl River Watershed Rehabilitation Project includes 37 project counties and about 270 sub-watersheds. The safety or otherwise of the dams in these areas or serving these areas will directly affect the safety of human lives and property downstream of these structures. It is therefore very essential that, in addition to dam safety review, an emergency preparedness plan is prepared for each dam.

2. Introduce to the areas of influence. Though there are plenty of rainfall in the project areas, parts of areas are very droughty seasonality, so irrigation facilities should be constructed. But most of the irrigation facilities are constructed in the 1970ies, quite a good deal of them cannot operate normally for insufficiency financing, absence of management. Especially some of the small irrigation facilities need repaired and constructed. Of these dams in or serving the project area, a number are 10 meters and above in height and with storage volume of one million cubic meters and above, and are subject to safety review. The remaining are subject to regular inspection with special reference to dam safety. Dams are key points for flood control in irrigation areas.

3. Rainfall and Flood Characteristics. The topography of project areas comprises principally tableland, basin, mountainous, and hilly regions, which account for 70% of its total land area. There is little difference in temporal distribution within the year, with about 70% to 80% of the rainfall occurring during the flood season from May through October.

Preparation of Flood Risk Maps

4. Flood maps showing the probable extent of area subject to flood disaster based on the present flood protection standard, actual capacity of flood protection, and records of flooding. Flood risk analysis should also be carried out.

5. A flood risk map is prepared using composite information on geography, social and economic conditions and flood characteristics, and through research into the information collected, flood computations and processing and compilation of the results obtained. It is a visual presentation of the probable extent and depth of inundation for a certain area due to flood, whereby it is possible to know in advance and analyze and with this as a basis it is possible to analyze and predict the probable risks and dangers resulting from floods of different magnitudes. Using flood frequency analysis and information obtained from investigations into historical flood events, the flood frequency-flood water level profiles are

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estimated. The extent of area that will be inundated is then drawn on a map with the corresponding flood frequency and depths of flooding at significant places shown.

6. Two situations should be considered when preparing a flood risk map. One situation is that the dam does not meet the flood control standard and has serious deficiency problems, which affect the dam safety and may cause a dam failure. In such a situation, the flood risk map should be prepared based on a dam break analysis due to the occurrence of the design flood. The other situation is that the dam meets the flood control standard and existing deficiency problems would not significantly affect the dam safety. For this situation, the flood risk map should be prepared based on a dam break analysis due to the occurrence of the checking flood. For either situation, the downstream flood inflow into the affected area with the same frequency of occurrence as the inflow into the reservoir should be taken into account when drawing the extent of flooding and showing the flood depths on the flood risk map.

Operational Strategies for Safety of Dam and Downstream Lives and Property

7. Identification of key protection targets. Survey and investigation of the basic conditions on both banks of the rivers downstream of the dam should be carried out. Key points for flood project should be determined by identifying areas which are susceptible to flood threats. Flood water level profiles at these points should be estimated.

8. Operational strategy to deal with floods equal or less than design flood magnitude. In the mountainous regions rainstorms can occur with high intensities, flood peaks are high, and flood levels rise rapidly and also recede rapidly. In view of this and the characteristics of typical floods of different frequencies of occurrence, and also the fact that most storage dams in the project area serve mainly irrigation purpose and only additionally for flood control, in general the flood control effect of these storages is not significant. Reservoir operation procedure during floods should therefore be in accord with the functions of the storage dam, and the principle of reservoir operation is to see it that, subject to the prerequisite of dam safety, flood discharge from the reservoir is less than flood inflow into the reservoir in order to avoid releasing large quantity of water from the reservoir due to error of judgment. For dams not meeting the designed flood standards as stipulated by the state and also having serious deficiency problems which will affect the dam safety, measures should be taken to ensure their safety to avoid a dam failure.

9. In general, where dams are in relatively good shape, and where forecasting capability exists, reservoir operation should be subject to the unified operation direction of the flood control authority. Subject to the prerequisites that dam safety is assured and that irrigation and hydro-power interests are safeguarded, and provided that reliable hydro-meteorological forecasts are available, the procedure for pre-emptying the reservoir for flood storage may be adopted with the aid of the forecasting capability. That is to say, at the start of a rainstorm and before the arrival of the flood peak, water is released in advance from the reservoir to increase its flood storage capacity so as to reduce the magnitude of peak spillway discharge,

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to delay as much as possible the release of peak spillway discharge in order to reduce at key flood protection points the magnitude of flood peaks, and also to separate the arrival of the flood peak due to reservoir discharge and that due to inflow of flood downstream of the dam.

10. For dams basically meeting the designed flood standards as stipulated by the state and also having some deficiency problems, the storage level in the reservoir should be controlled or other measures taken during flood periods.

11. Operational strategy to deal with floods exceeding design flood magnitude. The basic principles to observe are: to give full effect of the system of administrative head taking responsibility; to rely principally on flood control facilities and combine this with flood rescue operations; to have an overall strategy while ensuring key protection points are secured; to put overall, majority interests above others and to unite all parties to combat floods; to have unified flood control direction and unified procedures for reservoirs operation; to combine engineering and non-engineering measures; and to mobilize all positive elements of the society to the extent possible. To deal with floods exceeding design flood magnitude, the following tasks should be properly carried out:

(i) Improved heavy rain and flood forecast and warning. Existing meteorological and hydrological forecast systems and existing automated reservoir-based hydrologic monitoring and reporting systems should be fully made use of to improve on the forecasting and reporting of floods exceeding design flood magnitude. The length of lag time between the forecast made and the arrival of the flood is crucial in dealing with floods exceeding design flood magnitude. Once a flood warning is received, the flood control authority should immediately study how to deal with the situation, set out the measures to be taken, and direct unified operations.

(ii) Strict flood control supervision. Establish a responsibility system to accountable for the completing of the form of certification of flood control safety inspection.

(iii) Strengthening reservoir, river and dyke protection management and preparing operation plans for flood periods. Organizations responsible for reservoir management should comply with the Flood Control Regulations of the People’s Republic of China and Regulations on Management of Reservoirs and Dams Safety. To strengthen the management of dam safety, there should be staff designated to regularly carry out dam safety monitoring and inspection, analyze information and data collected in a timely manner, and at all times be fully aware of the performance and behavior of the dams. When an abnormal phenomenon or unsafe element has been discovered, a report should be lodged immediately with the superior authority and the flood control authority for timely measures to be taken.

v) Establishing and improving computerized flood control network systems to ensure smooth and rapid transmission of meteorological forecast, rainfall and water level information, information on storage dams and flood warning. The speed with which flood information is transmitted is very important for the protection of human lives and reduction of

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damage to property. In order to better deal with floods exceeding design flood magnitude and to reduce to the extent of damage, the establishment and improvement of regional hydrological forecasting and reporting systems should be accelerated. For important large and medium-sized reservoirs, hydrological monitoring and reporting systems should be established and improved progressively. Experience gained should be summarized continuously. Meteorological quantitative forecast of heavy rain should be combined with hydrological forecast of flood peaks so that flood warning can be issued as early as possible, especially in the case of floods exceeding design flood magnitude the lead time of flood warning ahead of the flood arrival should be increased as much as possible.

12. Flood warning. Trouble-free transmission of flood warning minimizes loss of lives and damage to property. Where there are likely zones of inundation along the transmission route, a prior warning system should be established. Liaison and communication between reservoirs and the flood control department should be strengthened. Before the onset of the flood season, all communication facilities and equipment should be checked, tested and serviced to forestall communication breakdowns during the flood. Flood warning signals should be standardized and made known to all. Besides issuing flood warnings through TV and radio, in day time a yellow flag may be raised and a warning shot fired and during the night a fire may be lit and a warning shot fired.

13. Evacuation. Once water in a reservoir reaches a high level, and there is a need to increase spillway discharge, residents downstream of the dam should be notified, especially those living in low-lying areas to ensure that they are moved safety to higher ground, and damage to property is minimized. Evacuation of residents downstream of a dam should be organized by the local flood control command headquarters. The personnel responsible for directing evacuation operations, the order and procedure of evacuation, the routes to be followed during an evacuation, and the places to which the evacuees are to be moved, etc. must be pre-determined in advance. All these should be documented and publicized.

14. Once a danger situation arises, the local flood-control command headquarters should mobilize emergency man-power such as the army and others and facilities through the provincial flood-control command system to assist in rescue work.

15. Increase of financial provision for flood control. Flood control funds should be established and flood insurance taken out. The provision for flood control should be included in the local fiscal budget in accordance with the Flood Control Regulations of the People’s Republic of China. This is the best economic guarantee of protection against floods exceeding design flood magnitude.

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