water and sanitation aspects of tsunami recovery
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Water and Sanitation Aspects of Tsunami Recovery. Mark Toy May 1, 2008. ICRC. National Societies. Federation. International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement. Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement. International Services Mission. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Water and Sanitation Aspects of Tsunami Recovery
Mark Toy
May 1, 2008
ICRCNationalSocieties
Federation
International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement
Fundamental Principles of the International
Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement
International Services Mission
International Services helps vulnerable people & communities around the world prevent, prepare for & respond to disasters, complex humanitarian emergencies & life-threatening health conditions.
“Core” International Services
Humanitarian Humanitarian EmergenciesEmergencies
Humanitarian Humanitarian EmergenciesEmergencies
DisasterDisasterDisasterDisaster
HealthHealthHealthHealth
Maternal & Maternal & Child HealthChild Health
Maternal & Maternal & Child HealthChild Health
ResponseResponseResponseResponse
PreparednessPreparednessPreparednessPreparedness
Infectious Infectious DiseasesDiseases
Infectious Infectious DiseasesDiseases
Promoting the Fundamental Principles & International Humanitarian Law throughout
Restoring Restoring
Family LinksFamily Links
Restoring Restoring
Family LinksFamily Links ArmedArmedConflictConflict
ArmedArmedConflictConflict
FoodFoodFoodFood
Water &Water &SanitationSanitation
Water &Water &SanitationSanitation
PsychosocialPsychosocialSupportSupport
PsychosocialPsychosocialSupportSupport
International Services Finances International Services 4 Year Expenditure History by Funding Source
$0.00
$50.00
$100.00
$150.00
$200.00
$250.00
FY2003 - Actuals FY2004 - Actuals FY2005 - Actuals FY2006 - Forecast
To
tal E
xpen
dit
ure
s $s
in M
illio
ns
Gen Ops - ISD Services * Gen Ops- Bareme (De-escrowed Program Exp & Est FY06 Fees)
US Government Grants Private Foundations/Corporate Grants
Public Contributions - Tsunami Public Contributions - Non Tsunami
IRF Unrestricted - ISD & Other Department Support *
Note: All costs except those covered by restricted donations are covered by tsunami interest in FY 2006.
“Fog” of International Disaster Response
NGOs
WFP
NGOs
MIL
OCHAGeneva
HumanitarianCoordinator
AffectedAffectedPopulationPopulation
Affected
Government
CMOC
NGOsNationalSocieties NGOs
UNDACMEDIA
NationalSocieties
HumanitarianCoordinator
HumanitarianCoordinator
DonorGovt’s
Ambassadors
DART
Host National Society
IFRC
UNICEF
UNDP
OSSOC
HCR
ICRC
International Disaster Response
Vulnerability & Capacity
Disaster Planning &
Preparedness
Disaster Response
DisasterStrikes!
Cash
Relief Supplies
International Response
Teams
Linking Relief to Development
International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
183 National Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies
ARC International
Disaster
Response
American Red Cross Tsunami Emergency Response
Emergency food assistance to over 1.6 M people Vaccinations to 1.1 M children Relief items: tents, sleeping mats, cooking sets & hygiene kits >400,000 people Psycho-social support >100,000 people Water & sanitation
During the first 6 months:
Goal: Expedite community recovery & reduce chronic vulnerabilities Goal: Expedite community recovery & reduce chronic vulnerabilities
Community Health & Disease Control
Community Health & Disease Control
Restoration & Rebuilding
Restoration & Rebuilding
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Preparedness
Water & sanitation
Psycho-social support
Community & school-based health & nutrition
Disease control
In partnership with US non-governmental organizations (NGOs) & UN agencies, expand recovery & development in affected communities.
Enhancing disaster preparedness & response capabilities
Developing community disaster preparedness plans
Restoring Family Links
American Red CrossTsunami Recovery Program
Total received
1
FY 20052 FY 2006 - FY 2010
EmergencyResponse
Community Health & Disease Control
CommunityRestoration & Rebuilding
Disaster Preparedness
Direct Support Costs3
Remaining funds to be
programmed
$569 M $110 M19%
$205 M36%
$122 M21%
$15 M3%
$27 M5%
$90 M16%
FY05 emergency response expenditures & projections for Tsunami Recovery FY06-10
1 as of 11/30/05; all totals are approximate. 2Fiscal years (FY), July 1 - June 303Per a Jan. 13, 2005 press release, direct support may represent up to 6% of total costs .
Tsunami Recovery Update
Water and sanitation in Indonesia
• Over 100 million people in Indonesia lack access to safe water
• Only 2% access to sewerage in urban areas is one of the lowest in the world among middle-income countries.
• Women in Jakarta report spending US$ 11 per month on boiling water, implying a significant burden for the poor.
• Decentralized responsibility for WSS, but no funding.
• Annual investment in WSS US$2 per capita (2005 estimate)
Water and sanitation in Indonesia
• Diarrhea second leading killer of children under five in the country and accounts for about 20% of child deaths each year.
• Every year, at least 300 out of 1,000 Indonesians suffer from water-borne diseases
• The absence of an established sanitation network forces many households to rely upon private septic tanks or to dispose of their waste directly into rivers and canals.
• As of 2001, an estimated 90% of Jakarta's shallow wells were polluted by domestic waste.
Source: Wikipedia
Watsan Challenges in Aceh• One of least developed provinces because
of 30 year civil war – distrust of Javanese• Earthquake/tsunami further reduced
professional class by 1/3• High water table exacerbated by earthquake• Logistical difficulties (no road to Aceh Jaya,
islands)• Lack of local capacity – local standards
(cesspit, leaky septic tanks, shallow well)
Watsan Challenges in Aceh
• Competition for staff, materials • Housing construction not considering watsan• Delays in securing land titles, easements• Inconsistent approach by aid groups• Integrating ‘hardware’ with ‘software’• Pressure to build vs. ‘demand-driven’
approach (relief vs. sustainable development)• Sense of entitlement from emergency phase
(cash for work)
American Red Cross challenges
Risk averse culture• Program design, scope• Working through national societies• Construction contracts• Umbrella funding agency to UN, NGOs• Bureaucratic method of decision making
American Red Cross challenges
• Lack of capacity at time of Tsunami– Lack of human resources support– Stretched again after Katrina (9/05)
• Time, scope constraints of funding ‘intent’• Tsunami program separate from rest of
International Services– New staff– Lack of institutional memory– Little staff continuity from emergency phase
Water and Sanitation Program
• “Hardware”– Water supply – Sanitation
• “Software”– Hygiene promotion (PHAST)– Water and sanitation committees
Temporary Shelters
• Cited where land available
• Built quickly
• Short-term considerations
• Trucked water not sustainable
• Poor sanitation
• Lighting/security issues
Temporary Shelters
• Shelter needs – Indonesia - July 2005
Pulo Aceh
• British Red Cross shelter
• 4 villages
• About 250 houses
• Phased construction– Temporary shelters/watsan– Permanent facilities
• Spring supply – gravity fed, 4 km transmission
Aceh Jaya
• Major empasis for Red Cross Movement
• Most severe damage
• Difficult logistics
• District capital Calang – of pre-Tsunami population of 15,000, only 3,000 survived.
• In one neighborhood, only 18/2200 survived
High water table
• Normally high water table – coastal area
• Subsidence caused by earthquake– Drop of over one meter in some areas
• Poor draining soils in many areas• Saltwater intrusion
Competition for staff, materials
• High competition for construction materials– Shelter– Infrastructure– Inflation twice that of rest of Indonesia– Katrina happened Sept. 2005
• Plastic pipe prices increased by 50%
Competition for staff, materials
• Lack of professional staff
• Lack of national staff with English language skills
• Reverse “brain drain”
• Transmigration
• Economic migrants using services meant for Tsunami victims
Housing independent of watsan
• Little consideration of site conditions– Reverse of normal land development– Poor site selection increased costs, difficulties of
installing proper sanitation
• Agencies assigned areas• Shelter construction often not contiguous• Houses often built without provision of water,
sanitation, electricity• Needs of renters not addressed
Innovative techniques
• Shallow septic tanks• Constructed wetlands• Subsurface wetlands• Separate black, gray water disposal• Composting latrines• Biofilters• Rain Catchment• Household water treatment
‘Lessons Learned’
• Better continuity between emergency, recovery phases
• Shelter agencies must integrate water and sanitation when planning
• Coordination, not competition, between agencies• Standardize levels of service for immediate
response, recovery• Be realistic about timeframe – cannot go beyond
community capacity
Tsunami ‘Lessons Learned’
– Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (http://www.tsunami-evaluation.org/ )
– World Bank (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21164835~menuPK:50003484~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:226309,00.html )
– Aidwatch (http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2006/eoa-idn-28feb.pdf)
– American University Symposium May 2006 (http://www.cpbintl.org/Documents/TsunamiSymposiumSummaryMay06CPBI-AU.pdf