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MD. KHAIRUL BASHARStudent ID : 15595901Masters StudentThermal Energy Engineering MIYARA Lab.Department of Mechanical EngineeringGraduate School of Science & Engineering Saga University, Japan

Water and its issues in Bangladesh1khairul.me08@gmail.com

CONTENTSGeneral information about BangladeshSeasons of BangladeshRiver of BangladeshAmount monthly precipitation over the yearAverage humidity over the yearWater quality standards Hazards Bangladesh facesFlood and drought event in BangladeshWater pollution in BangladeshGovernments law and policy

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Today, my presentation will cover the following points. 2

Where is Bangladesh?Bangladeshofficially thePeople's Republic of Bangladeshis a country inSouth Asia. It is bordered byIndiato its west, north and east;Myanmar (Burma)to its southeast; and is separated fromNepal andBhutan by theChickens Neck corridor. [1]

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General information about Bangladesh

LocationIn South Asia; between 20 34' and 26 38' north latitude and between 88 01' and 92 41' east longitude; consists of flat fertile alluvial land.Climate: Sub tropical monsoonBoundariesNorth - India (West Bengal & Meghalaya), West - India (West Bengal), East - India (Tripura & Assam) and Myanmar, South - Bay of Bengal

AreaTotal:148,460 sq. km Land: 130,170 sq. kmWater: 18,290 sq. kmTotal land boundaries: 4,413 kmBorder countries(2): Burma 271km, India 4,142 kmCoastline: 580 km

Maritime claimsTerritorial sea: 12 nmContiguous zone: 18 nmExclusive economic zone: 200 nm

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Cont..Population Density 155 million [3] 1,033.5/km2 (12th) 2,676.8/sq. miGrowth rate1.6% ( July 2014 est.) [4] Birth rate21.61 births/1,000 population (2104 est.)Death rate 5.64 death/1, 000 population 2014 est.)Life expectancy70.65 years ( 2014 est.) [4]

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Seasons of BangladeshBangladesh has six seasons. They are summer, Rainy Season, Autumn, Late autumn, Winter and Spring. But all the seasons are not of the same duration, and often they do not come one after another . The spring in Bangladesh is very short and the summer is often rainy. However, each of them has its distinctive features.[5]6

Summer Season

The summer time in Bangladesh is pretty hot. The heat of the sun dries up the waterbodies including the rivers, canals and the wetlands. The summer days are longer than the nights . At this time the southerly or southwesterly monsoons flow over the country. When dry and cool streams of air flowing from the west and northwest come in contact with rain laden clouds, storms occur, which, at times, take a violent form.[5] [6]

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Picture of the Summer Season

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The Rainy Season

The rainy season begins from June till September. During the rainy season, the southwest monsoon winds bring plenty of rainfall (70 to 85 percent of the annual total) and occasionally lasting for days without end without any respite. Most of the floodplains of the country remain inundated during this period. Depending upon the local elevation, the depth and duration of rain varies in different parts of Bangladesh.[5]

Fig: Average monthly rainy days over the year in Dhaka, Bangladesh 2105 [7]9

Picture of the Rainy Season

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Winter Season

During this season, a center of high pressure lies over the northwestern part of India (Himalayan zone). A stream of cold air flows eastward from this high pressure and enters Bangladesh through its northwest corner. During this season, winds inside Bangladesh generally have a northerly component (flowing from north or northwest). The winter season is very dry, which accounts for less than 4 percent of the total annual rainfall. Average rainfall during the season varies from less than 2 cm in the west and south to slightly over 4 cm in the northeast.[5]

Fig : Average minimum and maximum temperature in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2015 [7]11

Picture of the winter Season

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Rivers of BangladeshBangladesh is a riverine country. About 700 rivers including tributaries flow through the country constituting a waterway of total length around 24,140 kilometers (15,000 mi). The principal rivers of Bangladesh are the Padma, the Meghna, the Jamuna, the Buriganga, the Karnaphuli, and the Tista. Most of these rivers rise from the Himalayas and fall into the Bay of Bengal. [8] Map showing the major lakes and rivers in Bangladesh.[9]

Fig: A typical river

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The Jumuna River

The Meghna RiverLand Of Rivers..14

The Tista River

The Karnafully RiverCont...15

Average monthly precipitation over the yearThis is the mean monthly precipitation, including rain, snow, hail etc.

Fig : Average precipitation(rain/ snow) in Dhaka , Bangladesh, 2015 [7]JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC9.025.552.4130.2277.3459.4523.0420.4318.2160.342.49.6

Table: Average Normal Rainfall over the country, 2015 in mm [11] 16

Average humidity over the year

Fig: Average relative humidity in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2015 [7]17

Surface runoff and evaporationIn Bangladesh rainfall and trans-boundary rivers flows are the main sources of surface water. Bangladesh has an average annual surface flow of about 1,073 million acre feet (MAF), of which about 870 MAF (93%) are received from India as inflow and rest 203 MAF (7%) as rainfall. This water is enough to cover the entire country to a depth of 9.14m. About 132 MAF (65% of rainfall and 12% of total) are lost in evaporation (114.30 cm) and the rest flows to the bay of bengal.

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Note: PH=Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentrationES= Electrical ConductivityDO= Dissolve OxygenBOD: Biological Oxygen DemandCOD: Chemical Oxygen Demand

General water quality of the three rivers around Dhaka city, Bangladesh

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The metal concentration during wet and dry seasons in three different rivers around Dhaka city, Bangladesh

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Water Quality Standard in Bangladesh [14]

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Note: For more details Please see ref. [14]Cont...22

Water loggingDrought

Flood

CycloneStorm surge, salinityBank erosion

Hazards Bangladesh faces

Bank Erosion23

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FloodImpact19981,100 deaths, inundated nearly 100,000 sq.-km, damaged 500,000 homes, heavy loss to infrastructure, estimated damage US$ 2.8 billion.2004 Inundation nearly 38% area of Bangladesh, deaths 700, affected people nearly 3.8 million, damage US$ 6.6 billion.

2007Inundated 32000 sq.-km , over 85,000 houses destroyed , 1.2 million acres of crops destroyed, 649 deaths , damage over $1 billion . 2010Landslides and floods triggered by heavy rain have killed at least 53 people in south-east Bangladesh. 2014More than 800,000 people have been affected and killed at least 9 people.2015The floods drowned hundreds of villages and killed at least 19 people.

Flood event in Bangladesh [12]24

cyclones cause coastal flooding.lots of low-lying land.melt water from the Himalayas.deforestation.heavy monsoon rains.increasing urban areas etc.Causes of flooding in Bangladesh25

Water shortage during dry periods More Drought

EXISTING DROUGHTDROUGHT CLASSES (RABI SEASON) Very Severe Drought

Severe Drought

Moderate Drought

Less Moderate Drought

Slight Drought

Very Slight to Nil

Severe & Moderate

Moderate & Less Moderate

Sunderbans

Forest26

Water pollution causes in Bangladesh 27

Numerous textile and tannery industries in BangladeshRequired to have ETPExpensive to treat effluentOwners reluctant to spend money on non-productive issues such as ETPEngineers tend to compromise with the ownersTechnology to treat textile dye may not always be economically viable

Enforcement of regulations inadequate in the past; at present more strictly enforced.Industrial effluent discharge28

Water pollution in Dhaka city[10]29

Some examples of water pollution

Industrial waste water discharge river

Sewage discharge in river30

Waste materials dumping in river

Sewage discharge in riverSome examples of water pollution31

Waste discharge in River

Waste

City Authorities Collecting

Methane EmissionExisting Practice: land filling of waste

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The Government of Bangladesh attaches highest importance to the necessity of enhance in national capacity to cope with the risks induced by climate change. To achieve this end, Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) 2009 was formulated with specific focus on the disaster management, research , mitigation and low-carbon development etc. areas. [13]Under Bangladesh water development board total 47 project are going on and they make 25 years vision. [15] Bangladesh Environment protection law (Amendment), 2010 [16] Climate Change Trust Act, 2010 [16]Environment Court ( Amendment) Act, 2010 [16]

Governments laws and policy

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Reference:[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh[2] Page 4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh[3] U.S. and World Population Clock[4] "The World Fact book". CIA. July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.[5] http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Season[6] http://www.dhaka.climatemps.com/march.php[7] https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Dhaka,Bangladesh[8] River and Drainage System". Banglapedia: National [9] http://www.mapsofworld.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-river-map.html[10] http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/2/3/280/htm[11] www.bmd.gov.bd/[12] National Plan for Disaster Management 2010-2015, Bangladesh Government and Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009. [13] http://www.bcct.gov.bd/index.php/83-home[14] DoE (Department of Environment). The Environment Conservation Rules; Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1997.[15] http://www.bwdb.gov.bd/index.php/site/ongoing_project[16] www.moef.gov.bd

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Thank you for your kind attention!35

Comments/ Questions?36