water and carbon fluxes in forested and crop areas in brazil humberto rocha chicago, illinois/us,...
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Water and carbon fluxes in forested and crop areas
in Brazil
Humberto Rocha
Chicago, Illinois/US, 12-13 Jun 2012
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1.Description of climate and croplands
2.Measurements of ET, GEP and albedo
3.Deforestation feedback in rainfall
4.Peak flows and load discharge in cropland streams
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3
1. Climate
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Critical patterns of water availability
Fonte: ANA – Conjuntura Recursos Hídricos do Brasil
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Sugar cane
Soybean
Corn
Rice
2. Main crops – area,
productivity
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The forest protection code legislation (1965) statements:
Legal reserve (RL)Permanent Protected Areas (APP)
Law enforcement (2005)
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3. Flux tower sites in forested areas
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Flux tower over sugar cane, cerrado and eucaliptus plantation (MogiGuaçu watershed – state of São Paulo)
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ET and GEP across a forest-cerrado biome transition
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 3600
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Pc P
cm
ax-1
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 3600
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
No. days since dry season starts
GEP
GEP
max
-1
Gross Ecosystem Productivity (fraction of max) with days since start of dry season
Equatorial forests
Tropical seasonal forests
Savanna & Pasture
Evapotranspiration (fraction of max) Equatorial forests
Tropical seasonal forests
Savanna & Pasture
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CO2 fluxes: annual sum is prone to uncertainties Miller 2004, Ecol Appl; Goulden 2004 Ecol Appl, 2006 JGRSaleska 2003, Science; Hutyra 2007 JGR
Reco
GPP
Reco ~ nighttime flux
GPP ~ daytime flux – Reco
•High numbers are observed in the
tropics• Miller 2004, Ecol Appl
... but leads to a reasonable interpretation of seasonality
Reco u*filtered
Dry season
sink
Wet season
loss
CO2 flux – tropical forest Santarem (k83 site)
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Wet season 68%at 3m
Dry season 84%at 7m
Soil moisture pumped from trees at different depths (% of daily totals)
Soil moisture measurement
with Time Domain
Reflectometry
The ability of forest vegetation to reach soil moisture and depend on its variability is a key step
to understand the ecosystem resilience
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Previous modelling sudies suggested that large scale deforestation in Amazonia may lead to a reduction in rainfall and impact the ecosystem, but the investigation over small areas is still a less known matter.
This numerical experiment used:BRAMS atmospheric model w/3 nested grids (64,32,08 km of horizontal resolution)
Rainfall inhibition
Rainfall enhancement
Changes varied from 10 to 30
%
Deforestation strip
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Global Solar Albedo over sugar cane plantation – measurements in 3 different harvest types (Cabral et al 2011, and unpublished data)
1997-1999 – harvest in Apr/May, dry leaves burning, manual harvest (unpublished)
2001-2002 harvest in Sep/Out, green harvest w/ mulching (unpublished)
2005-2007 harvest in Apr/May, burning dry leaves, mechanical harvest (Cabral et al 2011)
Harvest
(bars)
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0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24hora do dia
1 8
2 0
2 2
2 4
2 6
2 8
3 0
Tem
pe
ratu
ra d
o a
r ac
ima
da
cop
a (
oC
)
M é d ia no pe ríod o ch uvoso
cana-de-açúcar
Cerrado
eucalipto
Measured mean ET and above canopy temperature (Source: Tatsch, J. (2012) PhD thesis USP and unpublished data)
ET simulatied w/ modified-SiB2 model)
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Rainfall runoff modelling (DBHM/SiB2) at MogiGuaçu watershed. Source: Tatsch, J. (2012) PhD thesis USP
Current Land Cover APP_reforest (Permanent Protected areas)
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Eucaliptusintermediate
Cerradolower
sugar canehigher
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Final statements
Brazil ranks 8th in global economy - Agrobusiness ~ 1/3 GDP and ½ jobsVery competitive ethanol (10 units of energy/1 unit of
fossil fuel used)Large potential crop expansion with strong concern on
environmental sustainability
University of São Paulo seeks for partnerships which helps to quantify the ecosystem services and identify ways for their economical internalization with regional and global benefits
Thanks – contact [email protected]