water and body fluid 2012
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1. Carrier nutrient & waste product
2. Maintain the structure of large molecules (protein &
glycogen)
3. Participates in metabolic reaction4. Regulator of normal body temperature
5. Maintains blood volume
6. Act as lubricant & cushion (joint, eye, spinal cord, amnion)
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1. Every cells exact intracellular fluids & bathed extracellular
fluids
2. These fluids continually lose & replace composition in
each compartment remarkably constant under normal
condition
3. Imbalance (normal condition) quick response by
adjusting water intake & excretion
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4. Thirst & satiety influence water intake blood becomes
concentrate, mouth become dry, hypothalamus initiates
drinking behavior stomach & heart (blood monitor) send
signal to stop drinking
5. To much water loss & not replaced dehydration
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Body Weight Lost
(%)
Symptoms
1-2 Thirst, fatigue, weakness, vague discomfort, loss of appetite
3-4 Impaired physical performance, dry mouth, reduction in urine,
flushed skin, impatience, apathy
5-6 Difficulty in concentration, headache, irritability, sleepiness,
impaired temperature regulation , increase respiratory rate
7-10 Dizziness, spastic muscle, loss of balance, delirium, exhaustion,
collapse
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6. Water intoxication rare excessive intake & kidney
disease
7. Water losses normal : 500 ml urine, lung, skin
8. Water recommendation: 1 -1,5 ml/kcal (adults), and 1,5ml/kcal (infant & athlete)
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Central to regulation of blood volume & blood pressure are
kidney
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First Regulator
1. ADH & water retention blood volume & blood pressure
falls/extracellular become too concentrate pituitary gland
ADH (anti diuretic hormone) = water conserving hormone
kidney reabsorb water
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Second Regulator
2. Renin & sodium retention kidney cells response low
blood pressure renin reabsorb sodium = restore blood
volume & blood pressure
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Third Regulator
3. Angiotensin & blood vessel constriction renin activate
protein angiotensinogen angiotensin = powerful
vasoconstriction narrows the diameters blood vessel
raising blood pressure
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Fourth Regulation
4. Aldosterone & sodium retention angiotensin mediates
the hormone aldosterone adrenal gland kidney retain
more sodium & water more water needed, less is
excreted
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Maintaining a balance 2/3 body fluid inside cells & 1/3
outside = vital too more : rapture, too less : collapse
major mineral to control
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1. Dissociation of salt in water salt (ex. NaCl) + water
dissociates ions (Na+ & Cl-) cation & anion electrical
current electrolyte = electrolyte solution balance
concentration
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2. Electrolyte attract water water charge zero (slightly O- &
slightly H+) electrolyte solution attract water molecules
around them dissolve salt in water & enables the body to
move fluids into appropriate compartment
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3. Water follows electrolyte outside cells (Na & Cl), inside
cells (K, Mg, Phosphate, Sulfur) when move across
membrane, water follows water across membrane
process called = osmosis
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4. Protein regulate flow of fluids & ions regulate the passage
of positive ions & other substance regulator protein
sodium-potassium pump actively exchange sodium for
potassium across membrane using ATP
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5. Regulation of fluid & electrolyte balance regulation in two
sites : GI tract & the kidneys
GI tractdigestive juice (contain minerals) these
mineral & those from food reabsorbed in large intestine
as needed 8 ltr/day recycled this way opportunity for
regulation
The kidneys to regulate the electrolyte content depend
on adrenal gland aldosterone reabs sodium-excr potassium
to regulate water depend on ADH
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1. Sodium & chloride most easily lost because they are the
bodys principal extracellular cation & anion first loss when
sweating, bleeding/excrt
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2. Different solutes lost by different routes vomiting &
diarrhea = sodium, kidney tumors = potassium, diabetes un-
control = solute (glucose) & fluids dehydration water
alone cannot restore
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3. Replacing lost fluids & electrolyte in normal drink water
& eat food, in abnormal simple formula (ORT = oral
rehydration therapy)
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The Body must maintain the pH within narrow range life-
threatening consequences slight deviation damage protein
= metabolic mayhem enzymes couldnt catalyzed reaction,
hemoglobin cannot carry oxygen
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The acidity concentration of hydrogen (H+), hydrogen =
acid
Normal metabolism generate hydrogen
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Three systems defend ph-buffer blood, respiration lungs
& excretion kidney
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1. By buffer bicarbonate (a base) & carbonic acid (an acid) ~
body fluids against changes in acidity
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2. By the lungs carbon dioxide (from metab) ~ carbonic acid
in blood dissociated hydrogen & bicarbonate ~ can
balancing pH by reaction with carbonic acid carbonic
acid produce ~ respiration rate speed up bicarbonate ~
respiration rate slow down
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3. By kidneys primary role in maintaining long- term control
of acid-base balance ~ by which ions to retain & which to
excrete their work is complex total acid burden
remains nearly constant ~ urines acidity fluctuates to
accommodate that balance
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THANK YOU