water…
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WATER…. Structure and processes within hydrosphere. Water. Earth is ¾ water Water breakdown Oceans - 97.3% Frozen - 2.1% Underground (aquifers ) – 0.6% Lakes and rivers – 0.01% Atmosphere – 0.001%. Distribution of Water on Earth. Properties of Water. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
WATER.
WATER.Structure and processes within hydrosphere
WaterEarth is waterWater breakdownOceans -97.3% Frozen -2.1%Underground (aquifers) 0.6%Lakes and rivers 0.01%Atmosphere 0.001%
Distribution of Water on Earth
Properties of WaterCohesive sticks to itself
Adhesive sticks to other materials
High specific heat takes lots of energy to increase/decrease temperature
Properties of WaterWater is polarPolar likes polarOil is not polar oil does not mix
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uHsvLxu3GUProperties of WaterDensity = 1 g/mLMass/volume (room temp)Density is effected by temperature and salinityMost dense at 4CLeast dense - solid
Only substance to EXPAND when solid
Why is this a good thing?
Properties of WaterDensity influences ocean currents
Warm water flows from equator to poles
Cold water flows from poles to equator
Water CycleMovement of water in, on, and above earths surface
Constantly changing forms; ice, water, vapor
Water CycleFlows over the landRuns offInfiltratesEvaporates
Water CycleEvaporates moisture in atmosphere; forms clouds
Rain to Run off streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc
Rain to infiltration absorbed by vegetation, fills gaps in earth, becomes ground waterWater cycleWhich would allow water to flow through more easily?
Easiest2nd EasiestMost DifficultNotice the gaps!!!!Water CycleCreate mural of water cycleInclude the following:Run off, precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, condensation, and transpiration
Define each term on the back of your mural
Can be found on page 158-159 in blue Earth Science BookRiver BasinsAn entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributariesCharacterized by all runoff being taken to same outlet
WatershedsSmaller area of land that drains to a smaller stream, lake or wetland
Many smaller watersheds within a river basin.
Ground WaterGround Water: the water that lies beneath the ground surfacefilling cracks and pores in all types of rock
Source rain and snow that falls to the ground, some percolates down into the groundPorosity and PermeabilityPorous: a rock that holds much water
Permeable: a rock that allows water to flow easily through it
Impermeable: a rock that does not allow water to flow through it easilyThe Water Table
water table: the upper surface of the zone of saturationAquifersAquifer: a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easilysandstone, conglomerate, limestone, bodies of sand and gravel
Movement of GroundwaterPercolates into ground (downward)May travel down slopeMoves easily through porous rock and not through compacted rock or rocks w/o pores
Ground Water and FloodingGround becomes too saturated leads to flooding
saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water
Ground Water and Flooding
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment-natural-disasters/landslides-and-more/floods/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDtBby7lJX0
Human Use of WaterWellsWell: cylindrical hole dug to penetrate aquifer within saturated zoneRecharge: addition of new water to aquifer
Balancing Withdrawal and RechargeNot balancing can result in:a regional water table dropping
the ground surface settling because the water no longer supports the rock and sediment
Subsidence of the land surface caused by the extraction of groundwater, near Mendota, San Joaquin Valley, CA. Signs on the pole indicate the positions of the land surface in 1925, 1955, and 1977. The land sank 30 feet in 52 years.
Balancing Withdrawal and RechargeTowns may use artificial recharge to increase rechargeWater is stored in infiltration ponds = increase the rate of water percolation into the ground
Groundwater Pollutionchemicals used for agriculture can find their way into groundwater
rain can also leach pollutants from city dumps into ground-water supplies
Groundwater PollutionMay affect water years from now May take a long time to reach water
Groundwater PollutionSaltwater Intrusion Movement of saline water into freshwater aquifersContamination of drinking waterSalt water is denser, as freshwater is leached, salt water can take its place
32Surface water PollutionNon-point pollution pollution from many sourcesSedimentation, stormwater runoff, etcNot easily traced
Point-pollution pollution from one sourceEasily traced and easily taken care of
Water TreatmentMost water that goes down drains in urbanized areas are treated Removal of sludge from waterVery toxic waste that we must dispose ofhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9z14l51ISwg
Water TreatmentDrinking water from salt waterDesalination removal of salt from saltwaterTakes lots of energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdxoS80xsSohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54T7hbR_R4
Conservation Measures1972 Clean Water Act restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations waters.1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act1975 Safe Drinking Water Act (groundwater and surface water)1987 Water Quality ActConservation MeasuresNeed to protect water sources for our futureIncrease population = increase need for waterIncrease population = increase pollution
Must take care of our water for our survival!Hydroelectric DamsBuild barrier in valley to retain freshwater
Water rises to the same level as top of barrier
Uses water flow to also generate clean electricity.
Hydroelectric DamsPositive effectsLong term large body of freshwater resourcePrevents water from reaching ocean quicklyProvides large areas with freshwaterClean electricityRecreationControl water flow less chance of flooding
Hydroelectric DamsNegative effects (down stream)Reduces water flowLess water for down stream individualsLess water for wild lifeLess nutrients carriedMigrating/reproducing organisms cannot pass damDam break = massive flooding
Hydroelectric DamsNegative effects (upstream)Displaces wildlife/destroys lower level environmentsFloods towns/homes below level of damStagnant water = decrease in water quality
Hydroelectric DamsMuch debate over building new power dams
Several dams being destroyed to allow natural flow
Energy/water crisis Are dams our answer??