wastewater irrigation wwi in china and reuse effects a...

11/03/2016

1

Wastewater Irrigation（WWI） in China

and reuse effects—A case study

Wu Wenyong, Ding Kunlun and Liu Liuhong

Department of Irrigation and Drainage

China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research

Montpellier, 12-14 October, 2015

1. Background

2. WWI in China

3. The effects of WWI

4. Safety reuse for WWI

5. Conclusion

Presentation outline

11/03/2016

2

Northern China owns 19% of water resources, but produces

46% of grain output

Up to 2020, grain output is planned to increase by 100 billion

KG to make balance，resulting in shortage of 50 billion

cubic meter (m3) of fresh water

1. Background

How to solve the problem?

Wastewater amounts to 70 billion m3 with treated water of 40

billion m3 in 2013

Reclaimed water （RW） is predicted to be 60 billion m3 in 2020

The reuse percentage is only 8%

1. Background

0

20

40

60

80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

bill

ion

m3

/a

year2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Water reuse has great potential ！

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2. WWI in China

1950s-1980s

1980s-2000

2000-

rapid development period of

wastewater irrigation powered

by government, and farmers

actively participated in the

process

WWI symposium published in 1972

2. WWI in China

1950s-1980s

1980s-2000

2000-

Stable stage of wastewater

irrigation for safety and

environmental consideration, the

reuse was powered by farmers, not

government

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2. WWI in China

1950s-1980s

1980s-2000

2000--

Funding research program

MOST, MWR, MOA, NSFC‥

Set up guideline

Technical guideline of safety irrigation

of reclaimed water GB/T22103

The reuse of recycled water--quality of

farmland irrigation GB/T20922

development stage of reclaimed water

irrigation (RWI) powered by the government,

and the public queries the ecological effects

and food safety

2. WWI in China

Four national wide meetings for wastewater irrigation

held by the government in 1958, 1960, 1963 and 1972

Wastewater irrigation area (raw wastewater, mixed

wastewater or reclaimed water, reclaimed water) is 2

million hectare in northern China

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3. The effects of WWI—A case study

The study area

Irrigation area: 40 thousand hm2

Water amount : 3 billion m3

Irrigation duration: 30 to 40 years

Field experiment

onsite monitoring

Modeling and stimulation

2、发明了大型溶质运移串联模拟装置与原位模拟系统，揭示了长

期再生水灌溉下土壤-地下水系统持久性有机物、重金属、盐分的

迁移吸附机理，建立了基于GMS和HYDRUS的灌区环境因子模拟模型

环境模拟技术

ZL201110216894.4

(二)农业再生水利用安全评价技术

Since 2000

3. The effects of WWI--A case study

Plant experiments

Seed germination Different kinds of plant

Microorganism test Forage feeding test

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3. The effects of WWI-- A case study

Soil monitoring and stimulation




环境模拟技术

ZL201110216894.4





环境模拟技术

ZL201110216894.4


Column of soil-plant system Soil sampling of farming soil

Fate of pollutants in long column Precision sampling of vadose section


Water quality monitoring network

杨各庄Yang Gezhuang

图 1 研究区域平面位置图：Section a: 区域水文地质剖面图；Setion b：

监测井位置图

Section b_

Section a_

a_

b_

Study area

凤河营

Feng Heying

11/03/2016

7


Irrigation management research

Filtration system

Water distribution modelingAerosol test

Drip line clogging test

3. The effects of WWI-plant

15%, 23% and 22% yield increase for Fruiting

vegetables, leafy vegetables and root vegetable yields

Nearly 5% yield increase for corn and wheat

Fruiting vegetables Leaf vegetables Root vegetables

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

蔬菜

产量

（kg

/m2）

再生水处理间隔处理清水处理

Yie

ld (k

g/m

2) RW MIX FW

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3. The effects of WWI-plant

12 % yield increase for peanut yield

No significant (p＜0.05) effect of cotton yield

No significant (p＜0.05) effect of quality parameters

the contend of heavy metals are below the guideline limits

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

再生水清水交替

产量

（k

g.h

m-2）

花生仁花生果RW MIX FW

Yie

ld K

g/h

m2

Yie

ld K

g/h

m2

RW MIX FW

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

再生水清水交替

产量

（k

g.h

m-2）

花生仁花生果peanut

kernel

Unginned cotton Ginned cotton

peanut

3. The effects of WWI-soil

Soil salt content slowly increase yearly for the exchange

between sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca), magnesium

(Mg), but the salt tended to leaching outside root zone

FR-6a

RW-3a

RW-4a

RW-6a

FR-6a

RW-3a

RW-4a

RW-6a

Field experiments

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SAR in the depth of 0-100 cm increased 50% with

stimulating irrigation load of 167 a

3. effects of WWI-soil

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

土壤水溶性Mg2+（mg/L）

深度

（cm

）

处理7

对照7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0

土壤水溶性Na+（mg/L）

深度

（cm

）处理7

对照7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

土壤SAR（[mmol/L]0.5

）

深度（cm）

处理1

对照1

Soil Na+(mg/L)Soil Mg2+(mg/L) Soil SAR(mmol/L)0.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3


）

深度（cm）

处理1

对照1

Treatment

control

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3


）

深度（cm）

处理1

对照1

Treatment

control

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3


）

深度（cm）

处理1

对照1

Treatment

control

dep

th（

cm）

dep

th（

cm）

dep

th（

cm）

stimulation experiments




环境模拟技术

ZL201110216894.4



There was no significant difference for Heavy metals in the

depth of 0-600 stimulating irrigation load of 167 a

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0As（ug/g）

depth（cm）

RE7CR7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 50 100 150 200Cd（ng/g）

depth（cm）

TR7CR7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 50 100Cr(ug/g)

depth（cm）

TR3CR3

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 20 40 60Hg(ng/g)

depth（cm）

TR7CR7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0Pb(ug/g)

depth（cm）

TR7CR7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.0 50.0 100.0Zn(ug/g)

depth（cm）

TR3CR3

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 60

(%)(‰)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 60

cly(%)有机质(‰)


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The contend of heavy metals tend to increase slightly


The pollution index of heavy metals close to urban area is highest,

and tend to slightly increase with irrigation time

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3. The effects of WWI- soil

0.245

0.02

0.23

1.7

0.002

0.036

0.034

0.002

0.023

0.017

0.003

0.007

TF-Hgin wheat

TF-Hgin corn

TF-Hgin wheat

TF-Hgin corn

Soil Hg（mg/kg） Soil Hg（mg/kg）

Soil Hg（mg/kg） Soil Hg（mg/kg）

Established the transfer factor (TF) of heavy metals in soil-plant

system, which is the foundation of WWI health risk assessment

杨各庄Yang Gezhuang

图 1 研究区域平面位置图： Section a: 区域水文地质剖面图； Setion b ：

监测井位置图

Section b _

Section a_

a_

b_

Study area

凤河营

Feng Heying

3. The effects of WWI-groundwater

The TDS increase by about 10% for ion exchange in the infiltration

of reclaimed water to groundwater

R2=0.55

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5

δ18O/‰

δ2H/‰

WC1 WC2 WC3WM1 WM2 WM3WF1 WF2 WF3Fenghe FHL BMWL

hydrogen and oxygen isotope

Piper Diagram

20%

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40%

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80%

Mg

Ca

20%

20%

20%

40%

40%

40%

60%

60%

60%

80%

80%

80%

SO

4

Cl

SO

4 +

Cl C

a +

Mg

Na +

K HC

O3

80%

80%

60%

60%

40%

40%

20%

20%

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Piper diagram

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R2=0.55

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5

δ18O/‰

δ2H/‰

WC1 WC2 WC3WM1 WM2 WM3WF1 WF2 WF3Fenghe FHL BMWL

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Cl-(mg/L)

TN(mg/L)

WC1 WC2 WC3 WM1 WM2 WM3 WF1 WF2 WF3

降水补给

再生水补给

WC3 (2011 年 1 月以后)

4、采用同位素示踪、水化学分析和原位分层试验相结合的方法，

揭示了再生水灌区入渗补给特征及对地下水水质的影响规律，辨识

了地下水风险污染物指标

地下水风险识别

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

YGZ YGZ20 YGZ40 YGZ60 DX03

12

iso

mers

o

f N

P (

ng

/L)

NP1

NP2

NP3

NP4

NP5

NP6

NP7

NP8

NP9

NP10

NP11

NP12

Na/Cl=1.41

(Ca+Mg)/Cl=0.86

HCO3/Cl=1.14

SAR=4.82

CaCO3 溶解

Na 解析

Ca+ Mg 吸附

第一含水层

Na/Cl

(Ca+Mg)/ Cl

HCO3/Cl

再生水入渗

Na/Cl=3.25

(Ca+Mg)/Cl =0.90

HCO3/Cl=2.36

SAR=9.11

CaCO3 沉淀

Na 吸附

Ca 解析

第二含水层

Na/Cl

(Ca+Mg)/Cl

HCO3/Cl

Na/Cl=1.57

(Ca+Mg)/Cl=1.17

HCO3/Cl=1.71

SAR=4.52

WC2

WC3

(一)农业再生水利用风险识别技术

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

粘性土厚度（m）

氮消减率

（%）

The nitration was not effected by reclaimed water because of vadose

vulnerability, and the clayey thickness of more than 14.5 meter

resulted in good vulnerability

reclaimed water

recharge

precipitation

recharge

Nit

rati

on

rem

oval

tat

io（

cm）

Clay thickness (m)


1047.9ng/L

Average groundwater nonylphenol (NP) is 209 ppt (1047.9),

below EPA limit of NP in freshwater(6.6 ppb) with 40 years WWI

High infiltration load at gates leads to higher migration to

groundwater, Groundwater NP in farmland is low than riverside

NP-high estrogenic effect

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4. Safety reuse for WWI-FAO guideline

We participated water report 40 “Guidelines to control water pollution

from agriculture” by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) , and

finished chapter 9 “Pollution from reclaimed wastewater for agriculture”

4. Safety reuse for WWI-domestic guideline

3、技术标准

编制了水利行业标准《再生水与微咸水灌溉技术规范》

和地方标准《再生水农业灌溉技术导则》，规定了工程规

划、工程设计、监测与评价、警示标志等技术要求Key consideration for safe

reuse in the guidelines

Planning of reuse projects

Design of reuse projects

Crop selection

Environmental Monitoring

Risk assessment

Warning signs

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4. Safety reuse for WWI-planning

Modified DRASTIC model established to allocate different

feasible zone based on groundwater vulnerability

Good Vulnerability

Moderate Vulnerability

Poor Vulnerability

IVI

River

4.4 2.9 3.1 2.2 5r r r r rIVI D R A S I

DRASTIC=D WDR+R WRR+A WAR+S WSR+T WTR+I WIR+C WCR

D-depth to water; R-net recharge; A-Aquifer Media; S-Soil Media; T-Topography; I-the Vadose

Zone Media; C-hydraulic Conductivity

0riginal(Aller, 1987)

modified

Feasibility allocation

4. Safety reuse for WWI- crop classification

vegetablecorn

Winter wheat cotton

Inappropriate cropsRecommended cropsPreferential

recommended crops

Low & raw edible

vegetables and root

vegetable

Processing crops or

cooking vegetables,

grassland

Plant for Industrial

material, forage, forest

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4. Safety reuse for WWI- risk assessment

develop health risk assessment software v1.0 to assess the

risk of heavy metals under long term wastewater irrigation

4. Safety reuse for WWI- mornitoring

Set up monitoring parameters, frequency and sampling

density of soil, crop and water1、北京市新河农业再生水灌区

地下水监测井

大兴凉凤灌渠高碑店污水处理厂通惠北干田间再生水灌溉

再生水取样土壤取样空气取样

灌区调度系统分析测试灌区水情监测

11/03/2016

16

Safety reuse for WWI- warning signs

Propose the roles where and how to set up the warning sign

5. Conclusion and perspectives

Conclusion

Wastewater reuse has great potential in china

No negative of wastewater reuse on plant yield and quality,

slight effect on soil EC, heavy metals in this case situation

The reuse risk control should be involved in the whole process

of planning, design and operation

Perspectives

Organic pollutants and their risk quantization

The risk assessment model and tools is very important

Laws, guidelines, policies and standards

11/03/2016

17

Acknowledgement

2000-2015

This research is funded by MOST, MWR, NSFC and BBST

[email protected]

成果应用实现累计节水19.9亿m3，相当于南水北调

工程进京水量两倍，实现经济效益55.5亿元，实现地表

水环境改善和地下水涵养，促进了水资源科学配置和循

环利用，社会、经济和生态效益显著。

社会、经济和生态效益

Thank you for your attention！

wastewater irrigation wwi in china and reuse effects a...

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