waste water treatment in the united kingdom - 2012
TRANSCRIPT
Waste water treatment in the United Kingdom – 2012 Implementation of the European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive – 91/271/EEC
Acknowledgements
1. Southern Water Services for cover and Figure 2 photographs of Brighton and Hove treatment plant site.
2. Thames Water Utilities for Figure 1 photograph of ‘Busy Lizzie’ tunnel boring machine, and of Crossness waste water treatment and sludge processing facility on front cover.
3. Wessex Water Services for photographs of trickle-filter bed treatment facilities on front cover.
4. Environment Agency for Figures, 3(a) and (b) photographs of River Great Stour at Wye.
5. Maps at Figures 5 to 15 developed in collaboration with and produced by the Environment Agency, Northern Ireland Environment Agency and the Scottish Government.
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Nobel House 17, Smith Square London SW1P 3JR Telephone 020 7238 6000
© Crown Copyright 2012
Copyright, in the typographical arrangement and design, rests with the Crown.
This publication (excluding the logo) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright with the title and source of the publication specified.
Published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
PB13811
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Waste water collection
Waste water collection – current developments
Waste water treatment
Waste water treatment – current developments
Sensitive areas
Sensitive areas – recent developments
Monitoring of waste water discharges to the environment
Sewage sludge utilisation and disposal
Investments
Are you doing your bit? What we all can do
UK Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive maps
Figures 5 to 10: English maps
Figure 11: Northern Irish map
Figures 12 to 14: Scottish maps
Figure 15: Welsh map
Figure 16: Sewage treatment stages and sewage sludge re-use and disposal routes
Tables comparing agglomerations, treatment plants and compliance
Key organisations and information links
Glossary
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Preface
This publication fulfils the requirement under Article 16 of the European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive to periodically produce reports on the collection and treatment of urban waste water, and on the re-use and disposal of the residual sewage sludge. The publication is available as a downloadable file from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs’ website: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/sewage/sewage-treatment
This publication is not available as a printed document but the file can be freely circulated.
The report includes prescribed content of maps and tabulated information derived from data submitted to the European Commission for 2008 and 2010 monitoring years under Article 15 of the Directive. The prime purpose of Article 16 reporting is to provide the public with up to date situation reports on the collection and treatment of waste water and this edition includes information available at the time the report was compiled during 2012. This publication is intended for a wide age-range of the general public, from primary school-age upwards.
Look out for keyword links with explanations in the Glossary, ‘Section title’ links to other sections of the report and links to websites for further information.
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Introduction
Without treatment the water from toilets, baths, sinks and washing machines from domestic and residential premises, industrial waste water discharges to sewers and the rainwater contaminated with metals, oils and other pollutants in rainwater run-off from urban areas draining to sewers would have significant adverse impacts on the water environment. This report sets out information on the collection and treatment of waste water, and on the appropriate disposal or reuse of sewage sludge, and ultimately how these measures protect the water environment from human activities and help the United Kingdom meets its commitments under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive.
Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (‘the Directive’) is one of a number of European Union (EU) Directives that have the objective of protecting the water environment for the animals and plants that live in and around water, for recreation, and its use as a resource for drinking water, sanitation, industry and commerce. The Directive was adopted on 21 May 1991. EU Member States are required to implement the Directive through their national legislation. The ‘Key organisations and information links’ section of this report includes links to the EU website page on the Directive and to UK legislation transposing its requirements.
What is ‘urban waste water’? Urban waste water is defined in the Directive as the mixture of domestic waste water from kitchens, bathrooms and toilets, the waste water from industries discharging to sewers and rainwater run-off from roads and other impermeable surfaces such as roofs, pavements and roads draining to sewers. Urban waste water is often referred to as ‘sewage’, but in this publication the term ‘waste water’ will generally be used.
Why treat urban waste water? Although untreated waste water is mostly water, (generally less than 0.1% is solid material), without treatment the waste water produced every day would cause significant damage to the environment. The impacts of untreated waste water range from, chronic ecosystem damage due to oxygen depletion of receiving waters from the biodegradation of organic matter; ecosystem damage of eutrophication of waters resulting from excessive inputs of nutrients present in waste water; potential health risks from water-borne pathogens from discharges to waters used for recreational activities, such as swimming and canoeing. Untreated waste water also contains sewage litter and other sewage solids that can impact the environment, for example, through the smothering of river beds or posing a hazard through its ingestion by wildlife. Sewage solids can also damage commerce by making beach and riverside resorts unattractive to potential visitors.
Different types of waste water treatment are designed to remove the various contaminants of sewage solids, pathogens, nutrients, toxic chemicals and metals dangerous to wildlife and humans alike. Effective treatment also means treated waste water can be returned to the environment to maintain river flows for conservation, fisheries and recreational interests. The other by-product of sewage treatment is sewage sludge, which needs to be appropriately re-utilised or disposed of. What happens to sewage sludge following waste water treatment is discussed later in this report in the section ‘Sewage sludge utilisation and disposal’.
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Waste water collection
Before waste water can be treated it needs to be collected. Every day in the UK over 624,200 kilometres of sewers collect over 11 billion litres of waste water from homes, municipal, commercial and industrial premises and rainwater run-off from roads and other impermeable surfaces. The UK’s sewerage undertakers are responsible for building, maintaining and improving main sewers, pumping stations, and waste water treatment facilities that service around 96% of the UK population. The remaining 4% of the population, represented by the smallest of communities and individual properties in rural areas remote from mains sewers, are generally served by privately owned, small-package treatment plants catering for small groups of houses, to septic tanks, cesspits and other in-situ treatment systems, generally serving individual properties.
There are three main types of collection system:
¬ s surface-water drainage that collects rainwater run-off from roads and urban areas and discharge direct to local waters;
¬ s combined sewerage that collects rainwater run-off and waste water from domestic, industrial, commercial and other premises; and
¬ s foul drainage that collects domestic waste water from premises (no rainwater is collected).
Both surface water and foul drainage may eventually connect to combined sewerage where there are no local environmental waters to which surface water drainage can discharge.
Combined sewerage systems are not uncommon in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. A basic requirement of combined sewerage systems is that they need to cater for all normal local climatic conditions. In other words, they need to be large enough to receive and effectively manage storm water from peak seasonal wet weather. However, even when designed to deal with such weather, there may be times when heavy continuous rainfall will temporarily exceed the capacity of combined sewerage systems. To deal with such situations ‘combined sewer overflows’ are designed and built as an integral part of combined sewerage systems. The purpose of combined sewer overflows is to allow excess waste water to be discharged to local waters to avoid sewers being overwhelmed and waste water ‘backing up’ along sewers and flooding streets and properties, or overwhelming waste water treatment plants. The backflow of waste water to properties and streets would present human health hazards and flooded and overflowing treatment plants would disrupt treatment processes and have the potential to cause more environmental damage than can be caused by discharges from combined sewer overflows.
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Waste water collection – current developments
Transfer of private sewers in England and Wales From 1 October 2011, ownership of private sewers moved from homeowners to English and Welsh sewerage companies, with responsibility for repair of collapsed and blocked, formerly private, sewers now resting with sewerage companies. The ten English and Welsh sewerage companies were previously responsible for approximately 323,000km of public sewers. With the transfer they are now responsible for a further 184,000km of private sewers and 36,000km of private ‘lateral’ sewers connecting to and affecting the public system but which had no planned operational maintenance regime. This results in a total of 543,000km of sewerage under English and Welsh sewerage companies’ ownership. The transfer of the additional 220,000km of private sewers puts everyone in England and Wales on an equal footing by spreading the cost of maintenance and repairs across all sewerage bill payers. It will ensure a better maintained, less polluting, and more efficient sewerage system. Further information on the transfer of private sewers is on Defra’s website at: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/sewage/sewers.
London Lee Tunnel Project Currently, around 16 million tonnes of untreated waste water is discharged in a typical year from overflows at Abbey Mills pumping station to the River Lee in the Stratford area of London. This represents around 40% of the total annual volume of discharges from combined sewer overflows affecting the tidal reaches of the Thames. The environmental impacts of discharges from Abbey Mills will be dealt with by construction of the £635 million, seven metre diameter, 6.5 kilometre long Lee Tunnel that will carry the waste water from Abbey Mills for secondary treatment at Beckton, site of Europe’s largest waste water treatment plant. The Lee Tunnel is being excavated by a 120 metre long tunnel boring machine, which in a tradition of giving tunnel boring machines female names for good luck, was named ‘Busy Lizzie’ by Ryan Waters, a student of the Maryland Primary School, following a competition between Newham primary schools. ‘Busy Lizzie’ is expected to have completed the tunnelling work late in 2013, with tunnel finishing and commissioning work and the provision of secondary treatment at Beckton expected to be completed in 2015. Further information on the Lee tunnel can be found at Thames Water’s website at: www.thameswater.co.uk.
Figure 1: ‘Busy Lizzie’ Tunnel boring machine and Martin Baggs, Thames Water Chief Executive Officer
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Belfast Sewers Project Northern Ireland Water invested £160 million in the Belfast Sewers Project, completed in May 2010. The Project involved work to upgrade the existing sewer networks and the construction of a large diameter drainage tunnel to increase storm water capacity. As a result, a significant number of combined sewer overflows were closed, reducing the pollutant load from the sewerage system on the River Lagan and its tributaries by 85%. The project also involved more than 500 repairs to the sewer network which also contributed significantly towards increasing the city’s storm water capacity.
Meadowhead & Stevenston Project Scottish Water is investing over £90m to improve and protect the environment in local coastal waters and rivers in the Ayrshire areas served by Meadowhead and Stevenston Waste Water Treatment Works. Improving a significant number of storm overflow facilities, installing a new storm water network from the towns of Kilmarnock and Irvine, and constructing three new storm water pumping stations to transfer storm flows away from the local watercourses will reduce the number of discharges from storm overflows. This will help improve the quality of local watercourses and reduce risks to nearby bathing waters from faecal bacteria. Work on the project started on site in October 2010, and is expected to be complete by November 2013, by which time some 70 individual storm water assets will have been improved.
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Waste water treatment
Treatment levels The treatment provided at waste water treatment plants can involve:
s Preliminary treatment – to remove grit and gravel and screening of large solids.
s Primary treatment – to settle larger suspended, generally organic, matter.
s Secondary treatment – to biologically break down and reduce residual organic matter.
s Tertiary treatment – to address different pollutants using different treatment processes.
The ‘size’ of a community, (the Directive uses the term agglomerations to refer to communities), is measured using its population equivalent (p.e.), and is one factor used to determine the treatment waste water receives. Other factors are the sensitivity to pollutants of the waters receiving discharges, and whether treated waste water is discharged to inland, estuarine or coastal waters. As ‘population equivalent’ measures the oxygen used to break down organic matter it provides a common measure for the organic content or ‘organic load’ in waste water, whether the waste water is from domestic type properties, containing human metabolic wastes; food processing plants, containing food particles and food preparation washings, or rainwater run-off containing organic debris washed from roads and draining to sewers.
The largest collection systems in the UK are linked to around 9,000 waste water treatment plants. Approximately 1,900 of these plants serve agglomerations of greater than 2,000 p.e., above which the Directive’s secondary treatment standards applies to discharges from agglomerations made to freshwaters and estuaries, and to discharges from agglomerations of greater than 10,000 p.e. made to coastal waters. The Directive and other water quality directives may also require tertiary treatment to protect waters sensitive to discharges of waste water treated to secondary standards alone.
Just as combined sewers need to cater for peak seasonal wet weather flows, waste water treatment plants also need to have sufficient capacity to deal with such weather. They also need to cater for seasonal changes in the organic load they receive for treatment, for example, to cater for increases in the populations of seaside towns, capital cities and other tourist destinations during holiday seasons. At such times treatment processes may need to be optimised to deal with variations in organic load concentrations associated with seasonal population changes.
Primary treatment of discharges to ‘less sensitive areas’ The Directive provides Member States with the option of identifying less sensitive areas in estuarine and coastal waters. Where identified, discharges to less sensitive areas may be subject to a minimum of primary treatment provided comprehensive studies undertaken demonstrate no adverse impact on the environment from such discharges.
Around the mid-1990s a number of less sensitive areas were identified across the UK. As the findings from comprehensive studies became known, indicating the likelihood of adverse impacts from primary treatment discharges to their receiving waters, between the late 1990s to the early 2000s the less sensitive areas designated across the UK were progressively withdrawn, and the UK no longer has less sensitive area designations.
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Secondary treatment of discharges to ‘normal areas’ The major impact from untreated waste water arises from the biodegradable organic content of waste water such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins in human metabolic waste, food and other biodegradable waste matter. Whilst bacteria naturally present in the water environment can break down this organic matter, they use significant amounts of dissolved oxygen. Continuous discharges of untreated waste water would therefore result in chronic hypoxic (low oxygen) or anoxic (no oxygen) conditions which would create oxygen depleted ‘dead zones’ and severely affect the ability of a wide range of aquatic life to survive. As many animals rely on aquatic plants and animals the effects can go considerably beyond the affected waters. The objective of secondary treatment is to therefore carry out the process of bacterial breakdown of organic matter under controlled conditions in waste water treatment plants.
The Directive required secondary treatment for agglomerations greater than 15,000 p.e. by the 31 December 2000 and at that date the UK was 90% compliant with the requirement. By the end of 2007 the UK was 99.9% compliant. Since then, Brighton and Hove in England is the only UK agglomeration greater than 15,000 p.e. without secondary treatment. The ‘Brighton and Hove sewage treatment scheme’ section in this report has information on progress with the secondary treatment scheme for the Brighton and Hove area.
Although the Directive requires secondary treatment of discharges to coastal waters from agglomerations above 10,000 p.e., in England and Wales secondary treatment has generally been provided for coastal discharges from agglomerations between 2,000 and 10,000 p.e. Scotland may also provide secondary treatment for coastal discharges in this size bracket on a case by case basis depending on environmental need.
In Northern Ireland one agglomeration greater than 10,000 p.e., Ballycastle, that discharges to coastal waters is currently without secondary treatment. Northern Ireland Water has applied for planning permissions to upgrade the treatment works serving Ballycastle.
The UK was generally compliant with the Directive deadline of 31 December 2005 for the provision of secondary treatment for agglomerations between 2,000 and 15,000 p.e. In 2010 Dunoon and Stranraer in Scotland, were the only of the UK’s smaller agglomerations without secondary treatment. Although, secondary treatment at Dunoon was required in 2010 construction of the works was underway, and the new waste water treatment works was completed in March 2012. At Stranraer, an extension was agreed between the sewerage undertaker and the Scottish environmental regulator for works to be completed by 31 December 2008. This deadline was missed and legal action was taken. Progress to ensure secondary treatment is provided has commenced.
Tertiary treatment provided for sensitive areas Secondary treatment alone may not protect waters from other types of contaminants present in waste water and tertiary treatment may be required at waste water treatment plants to protect water ecosystems, abstraction source waters or to meet water quality standards of a number of directives. The type of tertiary treatment provided would therefore be tailored to address specific pollutants. Environmental waters in need of more protection than is provided by secondary treatment are generally designated as ‘sensitive areas’ as required by the Directive and discussed in the ‘Sensitive areas’ section of this report.
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Waste water treatment – current developments
London sewage plant capacity upgrades projects Allied to the Lee Tunnel construction project reported in the ‘Waste water collection – current developments’ section earlier in this report, is the Beckton treatment plant capacity and treatment improvement scheme project, currently in progress. This scheme will result in a significant 60% increase in the capacity of Beckton treatment plant. Once completed the scheme will accommodate the additional waste water to be conveyed for treatment by the Lee Tunnel, and ultimately, flows from the proposed Thames Tunnel. The upgrade at Beckton is part of a £675 million Thames Tideway improvement project to increase the capacities of a further four large London treatment plants of Crossness, Mogden, Riverside and Long Reach discharging to the tidal Thames. The capacity increases will reduce the need to discharge untreated waste water from combined sewer overflows to the Thames tideway and are expected to be completed in 2015. Further information on the Tideway improvements scheme can be found on Thames Water’s website: www.thameswater.co.uk.
Brighton and Hove sewage treatment scheme Only Brighton and Hove of the agglomerations greater than 15,000 p.e. in the UK remains without secondary treatment, a situation which has arisen largely from planning approval delays. Since October 2009, when planning approval was finally obtained for construction of a waste water treatment plant at Peacehaven, East Sussex, Southern Water Services has made good progress with the £300 million scheme that will deliver cleaner seas for Sussex. New tunnels leading to the plant and a pipe that will discharge the treated water out to sea have been completed. Construction of the plant is well advanced, with the scheme on schedule to provide secondary treatment by 31 March 2013. More information on the scheme is on Southern Water’s website: www.southernwater.co.uk/Environment/inYourArea/sussex/cleanerseas.
Figure 2: Brighton and Hove treatment scheme in construction – December 2010
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Loch Ryan sewage treatment scheme Waste water from the communities of Stranraer, Cairnryan, Kirkcolm and Leswalt currently only receive primary treatment at the four local treatment works prior to discharge into Loch Ryan. To meet the legislative requirements of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, the Shellfish Waters Directive and Shellfish Hygiene Directive, over £25 million is being invested in a strategic solution. New pumping stations and rising mains will replace existing primary treatment works and collect wastewater from the four communities and transfer it to a new secondary treatment works (Loch Ryan waste water treatment works) near Leswalt prior to discharge to the Irish Sea via a new marine outfall. This will remove continuous discharges from Loch Ryan. Construction works began in January 2011 and are forecast to be complete by spring 2013.
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Sensitive areas
Where secondary treatment is not sufficient to protect waters, tertiary treatment may be required. Tertiary treatment can involve the reduction of nutrients (phosphorus or nitrogen compounds) to protect waters from eutrophication caused by excessive nutrient inputs from treatment plants; the reduction of nitrates to protect waters used as abstraction sources that have or could contain high nitrate levels or of pathogens to protect Bathing or Shellfish waters, or ammonia reduction to protect freshwater fisheries. Combinations of the above types of tertiary treatment may be required depending on the uses made of the waters impacted by discharges. Where waters are in need of tertiary treatment they are generally to be designated as ‘sensitive areas’.
Designation of sensitive areas The Directive requires Member States to carry out surveys of their waters to determine where they are adversely impacted by secondary treated discharges and potentially in need of tertiary treatment protection for the purposes of the Directive and/or other water quality directives. Waters are to be designated as sensitive areas where they are:
a) Eutrophic or could become so in the near future without tertiary protection;
b) Abstraction sources that have or could have high nitrate levels without tertiary protection;
c) Other directives’ water in need of or already receiving tertiary protection.
The first two criteria relate to tertiary treatment requirements for the purposes of the Directive and the third criterion those of other directives, usually the Bathing Water, Shellfish Waters and the Freshwater Fish Directive, but potentially, any water quality directive whose waters are impacted by secondary treatment discharges.
Sensitive area designations under criteria (a) and (b) would generally arise from four-yearly reviews as required by Article 5.6 of the Directive. The Directive allows a maximum of seven years from the designation date of sensitive areas for the provision of tertiary treatment at treatment plants serving agglomerations of greater than 10,000 p.e. whose discharges are made to or affect sensitive areas identified under these criteria.
Designation of sensitive areas under criterion (c) (other directives’ waters) can arise from reviews carried out at four-yearly intervals, or also potentially, annually for Bathing Waters or whenever reviews are conducted of Shellfish Waters to consider the need for new, extended, merged, and even the de-designation of sensitive areas. Waters already designated under other directives not previously qualifying for designation as sensitive areas would qualify for designation wherever they subsequently receive tertiary treatment protection.
As mentioned above excessive nutrients in waste water discharges can lead to problems in the environment and would be tackled by removal of nitrates and/or phosphates from discharges. The panel below presents a brief case study of why such measures are needed and how they can benefit the environment.
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Case Study – The River Great Stour sensitive area
Following a survey carried out between 1991 and 1994 by the National Rivers Authority, (the Environment Agency’s predecessor body), a stretch of the River Great Stour downstream of Ashford town waste water treatment plant, near Bybrook in Kent, was found to be suffering the effects of eutrophication from phosphate inputs from the plant. Consequently, the affected stretch of the River Great Stour was designated as a sensitive area in May 1994. In 1998 phosphate stripping was introduced at Ashford treatment plant. Following a further survey conducted between 2001 and 2004 a further stretch of the River Great Stour was found to be affected by Ashford treatment plant and the sensitive area was extended in October 2007 to include the additional stretch. The stretch of the river identified as the ‘River Great Stour eutrophic sensitive area’ now extends approximately 43 kilometres from Ashford treatment plant. The photograph at Figure 3(a), of the River Great Stour at Wye, shows extensive growth of dark filamentous algae along the river bed with minimal growth of a plant within the algal growth seen near the bottom of the picture. The predominance of the filamentous algal growth is typical of waters subject to eutrophication which often exhibit low biodiversity.
Figure 3(a): River Great Stour eutrophic sensitive area at Wye in 2001
It can take a number of years for the benefits of nutrient stripping to be reflected in the environment as illustrated in Figure (3(a) taken in 2001, several years after introduction of phosphate stripping at Ashford treatment plant. Amongst the reasons for this is that lowland waters tend to be naturally nutrient rich, and plant communities can take some time to react to reductions in phosphate levels.
Changes that occur can be quite subtle, however, Figure 3(b) of the same location in 2010, shows a marked general reduction of the dark filamentous algal growth with a greater diversity of plant stands visible along the river bed from the fore to middle ground. Such plant diversity provides a range of food and niche habitats for creatures, such as invertebrates and fish. This in turn attract others animals that feed on them, creating a healthier and appropriately biodiverse ecosystems.
Figure 3(b): River Great Stour eutrophic sensitive area at Wye in 2010
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Which nutrient to tackle – nitrate or phosphate? The above case study explained that phosphate stripping was introduced at Ashford treatment plant. Whilst nitrate can also contribute to eutrophication of waters, nitrate removal was not required at Ashford treatment plant. A brief explanation follows of why phosphate only may need to be removed in some cases, or nitrate only in others, or both nutrients. More usually phosphate is the problem nutrient potentially causing eutrophication of freshwaters, with nitrate playing a lesser role in causing freshwater eutrophication. In saline coastal waters, nitrate is more generally the problem nutrient potentially causing eutrophication of coastal waters with phosphate having a lesser role. For these reasons phosphate removal only is more usually required for discharges affecting freshwaters and nitrate removal for discharges affecting coastal and more generally saline estuarine waters. The main factor determining whether one nutrient or the other is removed is the salinity of the receiving waters. This can mean that in brackish estuarine waters, where freshwaters mix with saline coastal waters, the removal of both phosphate and nitrate may be required. The balance of nitrate to phosphate in environmental waters can also influence eutrophication.
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Sensitive areas – recent developments
A further 68 sensitive areas were designated across the United Kingdom in 2011 as detailed below:
s England: 33 eutrophic, four bathing and two shellfish waters (39);
s Northern Ireland: one bathing water;
s Scotland: 13 bathing, 11 eutrophic and four shellfish waters (28);
In Wales a eutrophic water is expected to be designated in the latter half of 2012.
In Scotland the St. Andrews and Fife Shellfish Water sensitive area was de-designated in July 2009, and in England, three Bathing Waters and one Shellfish Water were de-designated in 2011. These sensitive area de-designations followed de-designation of the waters under their parent directives.
Summary sensitive area tables The UK currently has 588 sensitive areas totalling 19,466 km of river and canal lengths and a surface area of 2,737 km². The following two tables show this information broken down by nation and type of sensitive area.
Table 1: Summary of sensitive areas numbers by UK nation and type
Sensitive area type England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Totals
Bathing Water 181 2 21 24 228
Water 165 14 94 5 278
Freshwater Fish Water – – 8 – 8
Abstraction Water 8 – – – 8
Shellfish Water 48 1 5 12 66
Totals 402 17 128 41 588
Table 2: Summary of sensitive area lengths and surface area by UK nation and type
Sensitive area type Unit England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales *Total
Bathing Water km² 159.06 0.34 11.28 34.82 205
Eutrophic Water km km²
4,338.47 221.16
12,172.54 583.09
2,246.89 97.04
120.62 12.52
18,879 914
Freshwater Fish Water km – – 123.06 – 123
Abstraction Water km 464.76 – – – 465
Shellfish Water km² 1,199.20 10.69 91.59 316.15
121
363
1,618
19,466
2,737
*Total length (km) 4,803 12,173 2,370
*Total area km² 1,579 594 200
*Totals are rounded and values may not sum to totals
The maps in the section ‘United Kingdom Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive maps’ show the sensitive areas designated in the UK. The maps also show the location of treatment plants serving agglomerations of above 2,000 p.e., with colour differentiation of those providing secondary or tertiary treatment. Downloadable files containing data on individual sensitive areas are available via the Table section of Defra’s sensitive areas webpage at the link below. The Excel file includes links to an interactive map of some of the sensitive areas. www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/water-quality/sensitive-areas
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Monitoring of waste water discharges to the environment
The Environment Agency, the Northern Ireland Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Wales Environment Agency are the UK’s environmental regulators. Their regulation role covers continuous discharges from the water industry, other industrial sectors and private discharges as well as intermittent discharges, such as those from combined sewer overflows or emergency overflows. Typically, any discharge to controlled waters requires a discharge authorisation which sets out standards for parameters monitored in effluent from treatment plants. For intermittent discharges an authorisation may specify the volume of discharges to be made or may include the need to screen discharges to remove sewage litter. Discharge authorisations are referred to as ‘Environmental Permits’ in England and Wales, ‘Water Order Consents’ in Northern Ireland and ‘Authorisations’ in Scotland. Discharge authorisations are designed to minimise the adverse effects of pollution on receiving waters through meeting standards of European Directives or domestic water quality objectives.
Other impacts on environmental water quality Environmental waters are not only affected by discharges from treatment plants and combined sewer overflows as point source pollution only. Waters are also affected by diffuse pollution from surface water drainage, urban run-off from brownfield sites, (former industrial sites that often have contaminated, toxic soils that can also leach pollutants to waters), roads, and run-off from land in rural areas. Although notionally clean, surface water drainage introduces diffuse urban pollution to waters, such as petrol, oil, grease and metals from vehicles, and pathogens from misconnections of foul sewerage or from dog-fouling of roads. Misconnections are a particularly difficult problem to deal with, as it entails identifying and addressing misconnections on a site-by-site basis dependent on ownership of the misconnected discharges. These issues are being tackled through initiatives on sustainable drainage systems.
Rainwater run-off from agricultural land can, through poor farming practices, introduce a range of contaminants into water bodies, including fertilisers applied to land and pathogens from farm animals. These contaminants can impact on the quality of waters identified under other Directives such as the Bathing Water and Shellfish Waters Directives.
Addressing the many sources of both point source and diffuse pollution from human activities present a considerable challenge; the Water Framework Directive, adopted in October 2000, aims to do that through its promotion of an understanding of the totality of pollution and other impacts on the water environment for the development of an holistic approach to addressing them. This principle is in part implemented through Article 10 of the Water Framework Directive – ‘The combined approach for point and diffuse sources’, where along with other water quality directives, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive is explicitly cited as a fundamental measure for appropriate implementation of the Water Framework Directive. Section (a) of the Glossary entry Water quality directives lists the three fundamental measure directives explicitly cited at Article 10 of the Water Framework Directive.
In England the ‘Catchment Based Approach’ strategy, launched on World Water Day, 22 March 2011, by Richard Benyon, the Minister for Natural Environment and Fisheries will help with delivery of the aims of Article 10 of the Water Framework Directive. Currently, the strategy is in a pilot phase that will run until December 2012, looking at 10 pilot catchment hosted by the Environment Agency and 15 pilot catchments hosted by other organisations. At conclusion of the pilot findings will be submitted to Defra and an independent evaluation of the 25 pilots is to be undertaken. Beyond 2012 lessons learned from
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the pilots are expected to be rolled out for the management of English and Welsh catchments. Further information on the Catchment Based Approach is on Defra’s website at: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/legislation/catchment-approach
In Northern Ireland, a range of proposals to address diffuse pollution were set out in the Programme of Measures (POM) in Section 7 of the River Basin Management Plans. The POM for each of Northern Ireland’s three River Basin Districts can be viewed at the following webpages: www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/ nw-pom, www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/ne-pom, and www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/neagh-pom. Each River Basin District has up to nine Local Management Area (LMA) Action Plans either in place or accessible from the above POM pages. The LMA Action Plans contain supplementary measures to protect or improve water body status including, where appropriate, measures to address diffuse pollution.
Improvements to treatment The tables in the section ‘Tables comparing agglomerations, treatment plants and compliance’ compare data submitted to the European Commission for treatment facilities, broken down by size brackets, receiving water and water body types, and compliance in 2008 and 2010. These indicate an overall improvement in the UK’s compliance with the Directive’s standards since 2008 by 1.7% to 98.5% in 2010.
Bathing water improvements In 2012 all UK environmental regulators began monitoring against the much tighter standards of the revised Bathing Water Directive with the aim of achieving the new ‘sufficient’ classification at all designated bathing waters by 2015.
As an example of the scale of investments that can be required to meet standards, in Scotland, which currently has 83 bathing waters, over £100 million has been invested in the period 2002-2010 in waste water treatment and infrastructure to comply with the existing Bathing Water Directive. The need for such investments would not necessarily arise for all designated bathing waters, but only where further measures are needed to secure consistent compliance with Bathing Water Directive standards. This could mean either secondary and/or tertiary UV treatment where these levels are not currently provided or other improvements, such as reducing discharges from combined sewer overflows. Further funding has also been provided in Scotland to study the improvements required to achieve ‘sufficient’ classification under the revised Directive.
Further information on the Bathing Water Directive is on Defra’s Bathing Water Directive webpage: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/water-quality/bathing
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River quality improvementsOver the last decade, general river quality in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales has progressively improved. Further improvements arising from on-going additional measures, such as the designation and protection of eutrophic sensitive areas, required under the Directive have begun to take effect. The chart below shows improvements in river quality by UK nation with the years 2002 and 2006 compared. It shows the lower quality categories make up a small proportion of river lengths. England shows a generally unchanged situation, Northern Ireland notable, and Scotland and Wales further improvements over already high quality waters.
Figure 4: Chart of river quality improvements – 2002 and 2006 compared
River Water Quality2002 and 2006 Compared
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Quality band classifications used in the chartBands 1, 2 and 3 of the chart are generic descriptors for charting purposes only. Band 1 represents the highest quailty bands of the two UK quality classification systems.• Values for England, Northern Ireland and Wales reflect the chemical quality metric of the General Quality Assessmments (GQA) system made up of:Good (A and B (shown by Band 1)), Fair (C and D (shown by Band 2)), Poor (class E), and Bad (class F), (latter two shown by Band 3).• Scotland descriptors are: (i) Unpolluted, (ii) Unimpacted by pollution, (iii) Slightly polluted, (iv) Polluted and (v) Severely polluted. The first three, grouped in Band 1 of the chart, have the breakdown :2002: Unpolluted (81.1), Unimpacted by pollution (10.7) and Slightly polluted (4.7).2006: Unpolluted (85.2), Unimpacted by pollution (7.9) and Slightly polluted (3.6).The Scottish data source includes a 'Not calculated 'percentage of 2.6 (rounded) for both the years compared, not included inthe chart.
Band 1 (highest quality)
Band 2
Band 3 (lowest quality
65.0 28.0 6.0 2002
66.0 27.0 7.0 2006
92.0 6.0 2.0 2002
95.0 3.0 2.0 2006
59.0 38.0 3.0 2002
74.0 22.0 4.0 2006
96.5 0.7 0.2 2002
96.7 0.7 0.1 2006
18
Sewage sludge utilisation and disposal
The treatment of waste water has the objective of returning much cleaner waste water to the environment. A consequence of sewage treatment is that significant quantities of sewage sludge are generated. Sewage sludge is the residual organic matter and dead bacteria used in the treatment process or biosolids removed from the waste water being treated. In the past around a quarter of sewage sludge was either discharged to surface waters through pipes or disposed from ships at sea. The Directive required the cessation of these practices by 31 December 1998 and since then alternative re-use or disposal routes have had to be used. The higher standards of waste water treatment required by the Directive deadlines of the end of 1998, 2000 and 2005 also resulted in greater quantities of sewage sludge being produced. The changes to re-use and disposal routes are seen in Table 3 where the baseline of 1992 is contrasted with the situation in 2008 and 2010.
Table 3: Sewage sludge re-use and disposal routes – tonnes dry solids
Reuse or Disposal Route
Sludge Discharged to Sludge Reused Sludge Disposed
Surface Waters Total
Soil & Pipelines Ships Others Others Landfill Incineration Others
Agriculture
1992 8,430 273,158 – 440,137 32,100 129,748 89,800 24,300 997,673
2008 – – – 1,241,639 90,845 10,882 185,890 1,523 1,530,779
2010 – – – 1,118,159 23,385 8,787 259,642 2,863 1,412,836
Use of sewage sludge as a soil enhancer and fertiliser on agricultural land remains the environmentally favoured option, with around 80% being applied to agricultural land. The reutilisation of sewage sludge to land is regulated under the Sludge (Use in Agriculture) Regulations 1989 (as amended). A voluntary agreement known as the ‘Safe Sludge Matrix’ ensures that sludge is only recycled to certain crops and vegetation to avoid human health impacts from ingestion of pathogen-contaminated salad crops.
Increasingly the sewage sludge generated from treatment processes has undergone anaerobic digestion with around 75% of sewage sludge currently processed this way. Anaerobic digestion reduces the residual sewage solids that needs to be disposed of and generates the by-product of biogas, a renewable energy source. For smaller sewage sludge processing facilities the biogas collected is typically used to heat the digesters to improve the digestion process. At larger facilities, economies of scale mean biogas can be conveyed off-site for use in Combined Heat and Power plants to generate electricity for general use by export to the national grid. Technological developments also mean biomethane (processed biogas) can be injected into the national gas grid or used as a fuel for vehicles. Even when incinerated, sewage sludge can be used as fuel to generate energy. More information on sewage sludge reutilisation to agricultural land is available on Defra’s website: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/waterquality/sewage/sludge/index.htm
19
Investments
Waste water treatment, improvements to treatment and the ongoing maintenance of collection systems and waste water treatment plants and other sewerage infrastructure require significant capital construction and ongoing operational costs. The following sections set out investments in treatment provision and enhancements and sewerage infrastructure construction, maintenance and improvements, collectively described as ‘sewerage services’ in the UK nation tables below.
England In England investments in sewerage services are determined through the five-yearly periodic review of water industry prices carried out by the Water Services Regulation Authority (Ofwat). Table 4 shows investments in the Directive’s treatment enhancements and separately other drivers of treatment enhancements from 1990 to 2015.
Table 4: Investments in sewerage services – England
Period UWWTD Others Total £m
1990-2000 3,600 6,000 9,600
2000-2005 2,600 2,000 4,600
2005-2010 1,300 1,800 3,100
2010-2015* 500 2,600 3,100
2010-2015* – infrastructure maintenance – all categories 5,300
Total 26,100
Except for 2010-2015 maintenance, figures are for treatment enhancements
*Forecast investments
As Table 4 does not include investments in network and waste water treatment plants maintenance from 1990 to 2010, actual investments to secure compliance will be higher than shown. The sensitive areas designated in England in 2011 are to be provided with tertiary treatment entailing new one-off capital costs estimated at around £40 million and annual operational costs of £3 million by the end of 2018 and are to be reflected in the 2015-2020 investment period following the periodic review to be conducted in 2014.
20
Northern IrelandIn Northern Ireland, through Social & Environment Guidance, the Northern Ireland Executive sets out its investment priorities for the water & sewerage industry price control period. These priorities form the basis of the Water Industry Price Control process which determines the level of funding Northern Ireland Water needs to efficiently maintain and enhance its water and sewerage infrastructure. The economic regulator’s final determination then informs public expenditure bids for each period. Table 5 sets out investments in Northern Ireland from 1990 to 2013.
Table 5: Investments in sewerage services – Northern Ireland
Period Treatment Infrastructure Total £m
1990-1999 currently unavailable currently unavailable 221
1999-2010 675 435 1,110
2010-2013* 111 65 176
Total 1,506
*Forecast investments
ScotlandIn Scotland, funding of improvements is achieved through the Water Quality and Standards process. Table 6 sets out investments in sewerage services for the period 1996–2015. The UWWTD investment for 1996-2002 is made up of Public Private Partnership investment of £549 million. Only total investment for 2010-2015 is currently available.
Table 6: Investments in sewerage services – Scotland
Period UWWTD Others Total £m
1996-2002 862 1,298 2,160
2002-2006 286 1,694 1,980
2006-2010 128 2,252 2,380
2010-2015* currently unavailable currently unavailable 2,500
Total 9,020
*Forecast investments
21
WalesThe five-yearly price review process conducted by Ofwat described above for England also applies to the Welsh water industry. Table 7 shows expenditure on sewerage services for the Directive and separately other drivers of treatment enhancements.
Table 7: Investments in sewerage services – Wales
Period UWWTD Others Total £m
1990-2000 700 500 1,200
2000-2005 400 100 500
2005-2010 100 200 300
2010-2015* – 100 100
2010-2015* – infrastructure maintenance – all categories 400
Total 2,500
Except for 2010-2015 maintenance, figures are for treatment enhancements
*Forecast investments
As Table 7 does not include investments in network and waste water treatment plants maintenance from 1990 to 2010, actual investments to secure compliance will be higher than shown.
Summary of UK sewerage services investments Table 8 below summarises investments in sewerage services between 1990 and 2015 across the UK. Differences in the periods presented arise from differing investment planning periods between UK nations or availability of information during compilation of this report. Future editions of this report will seek to generally present investments from 1990, around the time the Directive was adopted, up to the latest available information of planned investments on all other directives requiring sewerage services investments, not just investments relating to the Directive.
Table 8: Summary of UK investments on sewerage services from 1990 to 2015
Summary Period £m
England 1990-2015 26,100
Northern Ireland 1990-2013 1,506
Scotland 1996-2015 9,020
Wales 1990-2015 2,500
Total
Sources: Ofwat, Northern Irish and Scottish Governments
39,126
22
Are you doing your bit? What we all can do...
We all contribute to pollution of the water environment, but we can also contribute to its protection by each of us taking responsibility to reduce our impacts. The following sections set out a selection of current initiatives that provide opportunities for us all to do our bit.
England On 28 March 2012 the ‘Love Your River’ campaign was launched by Defra in partnership with the Environment Agency and key organisations such as The Wildlife Trusts, The National Trust, Waterwise, Keep Britain Tidy and water companies via the Water Efficiency Network. The campaign aims to raise public awareness of the link between river health and water use, so that people understand and value water and take action to improve their local rivers and the environment around them. There are actions we can take individually, such as having shorter showers, to collective actions through volunteering for local ‘clean up’ activities and restoration projects that will benefit the water environment. The ‘Winnall Moors – Exemplar for the River Itchen’ restoration project is a £1.3 million, five-year project that is currently developing the local nature reserve as an example of good practice in areas such as grazing, fishing and the education of local residents on the needs of wildlife. Further information on the ‘Love Your River’ campaign can be found at: www.defra.gov.uk/loveyourriver.
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Water’s Education team has a number of Education and Awareness Campaigns, such as its ‘Bag It & Bin It’ campaign which promotes the disposal of sanitary material such as cotton buds, razors, disposable nappies etc in bins rather than flushing them down the toilet. The ‘Bag It & Bin It’ campaign is an on-going exercise with Education Officers actively engaging with schools, hospitals, nursing homes, libraries, mother and toddler and other community groups. Furthermore a ‘Stop and Think, Not Down the Sink’ campaign is targeted at business to highlight responsibilities such as the appropriate disposal of fats, oils and grease covered in more detail in the ‘Fats, oils and grease’ section below. Northern Ireland Water is actively engaging with many stakeholders to raise awareness of inappropriate flushing, and participated in a beach cleanup awareness exercise. Further information on the campaign can be obtained from the Northern Ireland Water website: www.niwater.com. In addition Northern Ireland Water’s Waterbus ‘The Wonderful World of Water’ visits primary schools teaching pupils about the water cycle, water for health, water conservation, and water and wastewater treatment.
Scotland Scottish Water runs a number of customer campaigns to play a positive role in the lives and education of customers now and in future generations. Many Scottish Water campaigns aim to raise awareness of the simple but effective things customers can do in and around their homes to help do their bit to protect Scotland’s natural environment. Scottish Water’s ‘Save your Drains’ campaign provides customers with ‘Bag It & Bin It’ information and advice on how to help prevent blockages in drains through appropriate disposal of waste.
23
The Scottish Water education programme also helps to educate customers about the water cycle, water and waste water treatment, water and health, and how to help protect the environment by using water wisely and disposing of bathroom and kitchen waste properly. The Scottish Water volunteering programme also allows Scottish Water employees to participate in activities benefitting charities, the environment and communities across Scotland. Further information on Scottish Water customer campaigns and activities are on its website: www.scottishwater.co.uk.
Fats, Oils and GreaseFats, oils and grease (FOG) disposed to sewers from restaurants, pubs, canteens and residential premises cause significant problems in sewerage infrastructure. FOG readily sticks to pipes and tunnels, where they solidify and build up into hard accretions that can constrict or even block sewers. Accretions of problem FOG need to be removed manually, a task that involves sewerage companies in considerable time, effort and money that is ultimately paid for by sewerage customers. We can each do our bit to help make better use of sewerage companies’ resources, by filtering and reusing oils, using kitchen towels to dry-wipe oils and fats from pots, crockery and utensils as appropriate before washing them. Such measures can reduce use of washing up liquid and the potential environmental impact of phosphate used in detergents, which, as we have seen earlier, contributes to eutrophication. The UK water industry’s umbrella body, Water UK, has produced guidance in collaboration with other organisations for reducing inputs of FOG to sewers from catering establishments, but the general principles apply equally to residential properties: http://www.water.org.uk/home/snap.
24
UK Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive maps Figures 5 to 10: English maps
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Figure 7: England – Environment Agency – North West Region map
Environment Agency – North West Region map
41 Sensitive Areas (Shellfish Waters)
26 34 21 Ribble
54 55
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19 25 Roosebeck 8
26 Silloth 27 Dee (East) 28 Walney
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49Sensitive Areas (Eutrophic)
Rivers 1 Glaze Brook 2 Leeds to Liverpool Canal 3 River Alt 4 River Calder 5 River Dane 6 River Darwen 7 River Douglas 8 River Eden 9 River Ehen 10 River Irwell 11 River Kent 12 River Lostock 13 River Ribble 14 River Weaver 15 River Wyre 16 River Yarrow 17 Sinderland Brook 18 River Tame
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Lakes 19 Bassenthwaite Lake 20 Lake Windermere
Environment Agency North West Regional Boundary
Sensitive Areas (Eutrophic)
Sensitive Areas (Bathing Waters)
Sensitive Areas (Shellfish Waters)
Major rivers
0 5 10 20 Miles Urban Areas
Urban Waste Water Treatment Plants
© Environment Agency copyright and / or database rights 2012. All rights reserved. Secondary treatment © Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey 100024198, 100022861.
Tertiary treatment
27
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digi
tal s
patia
l dat
a lic
ence
d fro
m th
eC
entre
for E
colo
gy a
nd H
ydro
logy
, © C
EH
. Inc
lude
s m
ater
ial
base
d up
on O
rdna
nce
Sur
vey
map
ping
with
per
mis
sion
of H
.M.
Sta
tione
ry O
ffice
, © C
row
n C
opyr
ight
. Lic
ence
num
ber 1
0001
6991
. 64
Se
nsiti
ve A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic &
Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h) R
iver
s
54 A
chai
rn B
urn
55 B
lack
Bur
n56
Bla
ck W
ater
- d/
s St
Fer
gus
57 B
oyne
Bur
n (in
clud
ing
Burn
of C
ornc
airn
)58
Eas
ter F
earn
Bur
n59
Elri
ck B
urn
- d/s
New
mac
har W
WTP
60 F
indo
n Bu
rn61
For
dyce
Bur
n62
Loc
hter
Bur
n / K
ings
Bur
n63
Loc
hter
Bur
n / K
ings
Bur
n64
Mac
hrih
anis
h W
ater
65 M
urkle
Bur
n66
Nor
th U
gie
Wat
er -
uppe
r cat
chm
ent
67 N
orth
Ugi
e W
ater
- lo
w e
r cat
chm
ent
68 P
otte
rton
Burn
69 R
iver
Dev
eron
- Tu
rriff
to ti
dal li
mit
70 R
iver
Don
- A
lford
to In
veru
rie71
Riv
er D
on -
Dyce
to ti
dal li
mit
72 R
iver
Don
- In
veru
rie to
Dyc
e73
Riv
er Is
la -
Keith
74 R
iver
Isla
- d/
s Sh
iel B
urn
75 R
iver
Isla
- d/
s Ke
ith to
Shi
el B
urn
76 R
iver
Los
sie
- Wau
kmill
to A
rthur
s Br
idge
77 R
iver
Ugi
e - N
orth
/Sou
th c
onfl
to ti
dal li
mit
78 R
iver
Yth
an -
Met
hlic
k to
Ello
n79
Riv
er Y
than
- Fy
vie
to M
ethl
ick
80 S
outh
Mun
durn
o Bu
rn81
Sou
th U
gie
Wat
er -
Mau
d to
Stu
artfi
eld
82 S
outh
Ugi
e W
ater
- Ne
w D
eer t
o M
aud
83 S
outh
Ugi
e W
ater
- Lo
ngsi
de to
Ugi
e co
nflu
ence
84 S
outh
Ugi
e W
ater
- St
uartf
ield
to L
ongs
ide
85 S
outh
Ugi
e W
ater
- St
uartf
ield
to L
ongs
ide
86 W
ater
Of C
rude
n87
You
lie B
urn
/ Bro
nie
Burn
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic &
Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Bat
hing
Wat
ers)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(She
llfis
h W
ater
s)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic L
ochs
& E
stua
ry)
Urb
an W
aste
Wat
er T
reat
men
t Pla
nts
Sec
onda
ry T
reat
men
t to
be in
stal
led
Sec
onda
ry
Terti
ary
Urb
an A
reas
Sens
itive
Are
as
(B
athi
ng W
ater
s)1
Abe
rdee
n2
Crud
en B
ay3
Dunn
et B
ay4
Fras
erbu
rgh
(Phi
lorth
)5
Fras
erbu
rgh
(Tig
erhi
ll)6
Inve
rboy
ndie
7 Na
irn (C
entra
l)8
Nairn
(Eas
t)9
Rose
mar
kie
Sens
itive
Are
as
(S
hellf
ish
Wat
ers)
24 L
och
Etiv
e25
Cro
mar
ty B
ay26
Dor
noch
Firt
h23
Loc
h Ki
shor
n, N
orth
Wes
t
Sens
itive
Are
a
(Eut
roph
ic) E
stua
ry27
Yth
an E
stua
ry
Sens
itive
Are
as
(E
utro
phic
) Loc
hs28
Loc
h Fa
d
29 L
och
Mor
e
30 L
och
of A
boyn
e
31 L
och
of H
arra
y
32 L
och
of S
kene
33 L
och
of S
pigg
ie
34 L
och
of S
trath
beg
32
207
213
52
177
175
43
190
164
165
189
223
193
178
5016
2 19
4 16
017
4 16
7 15
8 16
6 15
0 19
5 17
1
22
21
169
183
2016
1 49
48
13
45
187
44
176
51
47
153
152
46
168
200
191
205
224
18
156
206
198
170
182
204
199
202
1619
7 17
18
0 15
19
21
6 14
21
2 21
815
7 15
915
5 20
918
8 21
5 20
1 19
6 21
015
1 21
7 20
3 17
9 17
320
821
1 16
3 22
5 18
1 15
418
6 22
2 21
4
184
185
192
172
221
149
220
219
1:1,
000,
000
020
10
40
Kilo
met
res
010
5
20M
iles
© 2
012
Sco
ttish
Env
ironm
ent P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y. S
ome
feat
ures
of th
is m
ap a
re b
ased
on
digi
tal s
patia
l dat
a lic
ence
d fro
m th
eC
entre
for E
colo
gy a
nd H
ydro
logy
, © C
EH
. Inc
lude
s m
ater
ial
base
d up
on O
rdna
nce
Sur
vey
map
ping
with
per
mis
sion
of H
.M.
Sta
tione
ry O
ffice
, © C
row
n C
opyr
ight
. Lic
ence
num
ber 1
0001
6991
.
157
Brox
Bur
n (R
yal B
urn
Conf
luen
ce to
Riv
er A
lmon
d)15
8 Bu
ddon
Bur
n15
9 Bu
rdie
hous
e Bu
rn/S
w a
nsto
n Bu
rn16
0 Bu
rrel
ton
Burn
161
Cere
s Bu
rn16
2 Co
mm
erto
n Bu
rn16
3 Da
lhou
sie
Burn
/Shi
el B
urn
164
Dean
Wat
er16
5 De
an W
ater
166
Digh
ty W
ater
167
Digh
ty W
ater
(Sou
rce
to F
ithie
Bur
n co
nflu
ence
)16
8 Dr
onac
hy B
urn
169
Drum
mon
d Bu
rn17
0 Ea
st P
effe
r Bur
n17
1 Ea
st P
ow B
urn
172
Ettri
ck W
ater
173
Eye
Wat
er17
4 Fi
thie
Bur
n17
5 G
airie
Bur
n17
6 G
airn
ey B
urn
177
Gig
hty
Burn
178
Gla
mis
Bur
n17
9 G
ogar
Bur
n (S
ourc
e to
Uni
on C
anal
)18
0 G
ogar
Bur
n (U
nion
Can
al to
Riv
er A
lmon
d)18
1 G
ore
Wat
er/M
iddl
eton
Sou
th B
urn
182
Gra
nge
Burn
183
Kinn
ess
Burn
(inc
ludi
ng C
airn
smill
Burn
)18
4 La
mbd
en B
urn
185
Leet
Wat
er (L
ambd
en B
urn
conf
luen
ce to
Riv
er T
wee
d)18
6 Le
et W
ater
(Sou
rce
to L
ambd
en B
urn
conf
luen
ce)
187
Loch
ty B
urn
188
Logi
e W
ater
/Bar
bauc
hlaw
Bur
n18
9 Lu
nan
Wat
er (F
riock
heim
to E
stua
ry)
190
Luna
n W
ater
(Res
cobi
e Lo
ch to
Frio
ckhe
im)
191
Lyne
Bur
n19
2 M
aide
nhal
l Bur
n19
3 M
eigl
e Bu
rn19
4 M
oniki
e Bu
rn (i
nclu
ding
Pan
lath
ymill
Burn
)19
5 M
otra
y W
ater
196
Mur
ray
Burn
197
Nidd
ry B
urn
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic &
Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic L
ochs
& E
stua
ry)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Bat
hing
Wat
ers)
Urb
an W
aste
Wat
er T
reat
men
t Pla
nts
Sec
onda
ry
Terti
ary
Urb
an A
reas
21 S
t. A
ndre
ws
(Eas
t San
ds)
48 L
och
Leve
n
22 S
t. A
ndre
ws
(Wes
t San
ds)
37 L
och
Lom
ond
(Sou
th B
Se
nsiti
ve A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic &
Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h) R
iver
s19
8 Pa
rdov
an B
urn
(d/s
Brid
gend
to e
stua
ry)
199
Pard
ovan
Bur
n/Ha
ugh
Burn
/Ric
carto
n Bu
rn (S
ourc
e to
d/s
Brid
gend
)
200
Pow
Bur
n (F
alkir
k)
201
Rive
r Alm
ond
(Bre
ich
Wat
er c
onflu
ence
to M
aitla
nd B
ridge
)
202
Rive
r Alm
ond
(Mai
tland
Brid
ge to
Cra
mon
d)
20
3 Ri
ver A
lmon
d (S
ourc
e to
Fou
lshi
els
Burn
con
fluen
ce)
204
Rive
r Avo
n (L
ogie
Wat
er c
onflu
ence
to E
stua
ry)
205
Rive
r Car
ron
(Avo
n Bu
rn to
Bon
ny W
ater
Con
fluen
ce)
206
Rive
r Car
ron
(Bon
ny W
ater
con
fluen
ce to
Car
ron
Estu
ary)
207
Rive
r Nor
th E
sk (C
onflu
ence
with
Cru
ick
Wat
er to
Est
uary
)
208
Rive
r Nor
th E
sk (d
/s L
ead
Burn
con
fluen
ce to
Gle
ncor
se B
urn
conf
luen
ce)
209
Rive
r Nor
th E
sk (E
lgin
haug
h to
con
fluen
ce w
ith S
outh
Esk
)
210
Rive
r Nor
th E
sk (G
lenc
orse
Bur
n co
nflu
ence
to E
lgin
haug
h)
211
Rive
r Nor
th E
sk (P
enic
uik
Hous
e to
d/s
Lea
d Bu
rn c
onflu
ence
)
212
Rive
r Sou
th E
sk (G
ore
Wat
er to
N E
sk c
onflu
ence
s)
213
Rive
r Sou
th E
sk (W
hite
Bur
n co
nflu
ence
to e
stua
ry)
214
Rive
r Tw
eed
(Col
dstre
am to
tida
l lim
it)
215
Rive
r Tyn
e (B
irns
Wat
er c
onflu
ence
to H
addi
ngto
n)
216
Rive
r Tyn
e (H
addi
ngto
n to
Est
uary
)
217
Rive
r Tyn
e (S
ourc
e to
Birn
s W
ater
con
fluen
ce)
218
Sauc
het W
ater
219
Tevi
ot W
ater
220
Tevi
ot W
ater
221
Tevi
ot W
ater
(low
er)
on
map
o
tect
ion
Ag
ency
– S
ou
th E
ast
Reg
io
nm
ent
Pre
13: S
cotl
and
– S
cott
ish
En
vir
Fig
ur
Sco
ttis
h E
nvi
ron
men
t Pr
ote
ctio
n A
gen
cy –
So
uth
Eas
t R
egio
n
Se
nsiti
ve A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic &
Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h) R
iver
s
149
Ale
Wat
er (W
oll B
urn
conf
luen
ce to
Tev
iot W
ater
)15
0 A
nnat
y Bu
rn15
1 Bi
lsto
n/Bo
ghal
l Bur
n15
2 Bl
ack
Devo
n (B
irkhi
ll Pla
ntat
ion
to F
orth
Est
uary
)15
3 Bl
ack
Devo
n (S
ourc
e to
Birk
hill P
lant
atio
n)15
4 Bl
acka
dder
Wat
er (H
owe
Burn
con
fluen
ce to
Whi
tead
der W
ater
)15
5 Bo
ghea
d Bu
rn/B
og B
urn/
Cous
ton
Wat
er15
6 Bo
nny
Wat
er/R
ed B
urn
Sens
itive
Are
as
Sens
itive
Are
as
(Bat
hing
Wat
ers)
(Eut
roph
ic) L
ochs
13 L
even
35 C
astle
Sem
ple
Loch
14 P
ease
Bay
43 F
orfa
r Loc
h
15 P
orto
bello
(Cen
tral)
44 G
artm
orn
Dam
16 P
orto
bello
(Wes
t)36
Kilb
irnie
Loc
h
17 D
unba
r (Ea
st)
45 L
ake
of M
ente
ith
18 D
unba
r (Be
lhav
en)
28 L
och
Fad
19 S
eton
San
ds46
Loc
h Fi
tty
20 K
ings
barn
s47
Loc
h G
elly
33
est
Reg
ion
map
o
tect
ion
Ag
ency
– S
ou
th W
on
men
t Pr
Fig
ure
14:
Sco
tlan
d –
Sco
ttis
h E
nvi
r
Sco
ttis
h E
nvi
ron
men
t Pr
ote
ctio
n A
gen
cy –
So
uth
Wes
t R
egio
n
Sens
itive
Are
as
(B
athi
ng W
ater
s)10
Lus
s Ba
y11
Roc
kclif
fe12
Sou
ther
ness
Sens
itive
Are
as
(E
utro
phic
) Loc
hs35
Cas
tle S
empl
e Lo
ch36
Kilb
irnie
Loc
h37
Loc
h Lo
mon
d (S
outh
Bas
in)
38 L
ochr
utto
n Lo
ch11
3 11
4 39
Milto
n Lo
ch12
3 40
Moc
hrum
Loc
h41
Stra
thcl
yde
Loch
42 W
hite
Loc
h12
4 13
6 13
8 41
133
134 13
5 12
5 88
14
6 12
1 37
13
110
101
93
89
120
107
108
129
94
112
92
91
148
137
35
105
41
104
36
111
97
109
147
99
110
96
128
100
143
117
119
132
142
106
139
90
126
95
102
127
145
144
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic &
Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h )
115
141
118
98
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Bat
hing
Wat
ers)
103
130
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic L
ochs
)39
38
Urb
an W
aste
Wat
er T
reat
men
t Pla
nts
140
42
Sec
onda
ry1:
910,
000
Terti
ary
116
11
12
5 20
Kilo
met
res
010
Urb
an A
reas
0
612
40
3M
iles
© 2
012
Sco
ttish
Env
ironm
ent P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y. S
ome
feat
ures
of th
is m
ap a
re b
ased
on
digi
tal s
patia
l dat
a lic
ence
d fro
m th
eC
entre
for E
colo
gy a
nd H
ydro
logy
, © C
EH
. Inc
lude
s m
ater
ial
base
d up
on O
rdna
nce
Sur
vey
map
ping
with
per
mis
sion
of H
.M.
Sta
tione
ry O
ffice
, © C
row
n C
opyr
ight
. Lic
ence
num
ber 1
0001
6991
.
Se
nsiti
ve A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic &
Fre
shw
ater
Fis
h) R
iver
s
88 A
ucht
er W
ater
89 A
von
Wat
er (P
owm
illon
Burn
to R
iver
Cly
de)
90 B
arle
w a
n Bu
rn
91 B
lack
Car
t Wat
er
92 B
lack
Car
t Wat
er
93 B
lane
Wat
er
94 B
othl
in B
urn
(Gar
nkirk
Bur
n to
Lug
gie
conf
luen
ce)
95 B
urno
ck W
ater
96 C
ande
r Wat
er/W
hite
Cor
se B
urn
97 C
apel
rig/A
uldh
ouse
Bur
n
98 C
arge
n Po
w /B
ogrie
Lan
e
99 C
arm
el W
ater
100
Cess
nock
Wat
er10
1 En
dric
k W
ater
(d/s
Bla
ne W
ater
)10
2 Ev
an W
ater
103
Kirtl
e W
ater
104
Kitto
ch W
ater
105
Leve
rn W
ater
106
Luga
r Wat
er10
7 Lu
ggie
Wat
er (K
elvi
n to
Mol
lins
Burn
)10
8 Lu
ggie
Wat
er (u
/s M
ollin
s Bu
rn)
109
Lugt
on W
ater
110
Mou
se W
ater
(Dip
pool
Wat
er to
Cly
de)
111
Mou
se W
ater
(u/s
Dip
pool
Wat
er)
112
North
Cal
der W
ater
(d/s
Hille
nd R
eser
voir
to S
hotts
Bur
n)11
3 No
rth C
alde
r Wat
er (L
uggi
e Bu
rn to
Cly
de)
114
North
Cal
der W
ater
(Sho
tts B
urn
to L
uggi
e Bu
rn)
115
Penn
ylan
d Bu
rn/M
ein
Wat
er11
6 Pi
ltant
on B
urn
117
Pow
Bur
n (A
yrsh
ire)
118
Rive
r Ann
an (T
hree
wat
erfo
ot to
Ann
an)
119
Rive
r Ayr
(d/s
Gre
enoc
k W
ater
)12
0 Ri
ver C
lyde
(Mou
se W
ater
to C
arba
ns)
121
Rive
r Cly
de (M
ouse
Wat
er to
Stra
thcl
yde
Loch
out
flow
)12
3 Ri
ver C
lyde
(Nor
th C
alde
r to
Tida
l Wei
r)12
4 Ri
ver C
lyde
(Stra
thcl
yde
Loch
out
flow
to N
orth
Cal
der)
125
Rive
r Cly
de (S
trath
clyd
e Lo
ch o
utflo
w to
Nor
th C
alde
r)12
6 Ri
ver D
oon
(d/s
Muc
k W
ater
)12
7 Ri
ver D
oon
(u/s
Muc
k W
ater
)12
8 Ri
ver I
rvin
e (C
essn
ock
conf
luen
ce to
Tid
al W
eir)
129
Rive
r Kel
vin
(Gla
zert
Wat
er to
Tid
al L
imit)
130
Rive
r Urr
131
Rotte
n Ca
lder
Wat
er13
2 Sl
apho
use
Burn
133
Sout
h Ca
lder
Wat
er (A
ucht
er W
ater
to T
illan
Burn
)13
4 So
uth
Cald
er W
ater
(Stra
thcl
yde
Loch
cen
trelin
e)
135
Sout
h Ca
lder
Wat
er (S
trath
clyd
e Lo
ch o
utflo
w to
Riv
er C
lyde
)13
6 So
uth
Cald
er W
ater
(Tilla
n Bu
rn to
Stra
thcl
yde
Park
)13
7 So
uth
Cald
er W
ater
(u/s
Auc
hter
Wat
er)
138
Sout
h Ca
lder
Wat
er (u
/s A
ucht
er W
ater
)13
9 Ta
iglu
m B
urn
140
Tarf
f Wat
er14
1 Up
per C
ree
142
Wat
er o
f Coy
le (d
/s T
aigl
um B
urn)
143
Wat
er o
f Fai
l14
4 W
ater
of G
irvan
(d/s
Dai
lly)
145
Wat
er o
f Girv
an (L
inds
ayst
on B
urn
to P
alm
ulla
n Bu
rn)
146
Wel
lsha
w/E
arno
ck B
urn
147
Whi
te C
art W
ater
(abo
ve K
ittoc
h co
nf)
148
Whi
te C
art W
ater
(Kitt
och
Wat
er to
Ham
ills W
eir)
34
ales
map
o
nm
ent
Ag
ency
Wal
es –
En
vir
e 15
: WFi
gu
r
Envi
ron
men
t A
gen
cy W
ales
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Eut
roph
ic)
Sen
sitiv
e A
reas
(Bat
hing
Wat
ers)
2119
6
Riv
ers
19 R
hyl
1 R
iver
Lou
ghor
10
20
20 C
olw
yn B
ay
2 R
iver
Wye
22
18
21 L
land
udno
Nor
th S
hore
12
22 R
hosn
eigr
Coa
stal
23 P
wllh
eli
3 C
ardi
ff Ba
y11
24
Cric
ciet
h
4 Ta
we
Estu
ary
25 T
ywyn
5 L
ough
er E
stua
ry
26 A
bery
stw
yth
Nor
th24
27
Tre
saith
23
28 A
berp
orth
29 N
ewga
leS
ensi
tive
Are
as (S
hellf
ish
Wat
ers)
30 D
ale
31 C
astle
Bea
ch, T
enby
6 D
ee (E
ast)
32 T
enby
Nor
th7
Bur
ry In
let (
Nor
th)
33 T
enby
Sou
th8
Bur
ry In
let (
Sou
th)
25
34 A
mro
th C
entra
l9
Gw
endr
aeth
35 P
embr
ey10
Men
ai S
trait
(Eas
t)36
Cas
wel
l Bay
11 M
enai
Stra
it (F
oryd
Bay
)26
37
Sw
anse
a B
ay12
Men
ai S
trait
(Wes
t)41
38
Lan
glan
d B
ay13
Sw
anse
a B
ay (E
ast)
39 L
imes
lade
Bay
14 S
wan
sea
Bay
(Sou
th)
40 B
race
let B
ay15
Sw
anse
a B
ay (W
est)
41 A
bery
stw
yth
Sou
th16
Taf
27
42 P
oppi
t Wes
t 17
Tyw
i28
18 D
ee (W
est)
42
Sens
itive
Are
as (E
utro
phic
)
Sens
itive
Are
as (B
athi
ng W
ater
s)29
Sens
itive
Are
as (S
hellf
ish
Wat
ers)
2 17
34
16
30
9
1 M
ajor
rive
rs32
35
7 31
5
33
4En
viro
nmen
t Age
ncy
Wal
es B
ound
ary
37
13
8 15
38 40
Urb
an W
aste
Wat
er T
reat
men
t Pla
nts
36 3
9 S
econ
dary
trea
tmen
t14
3
Terti
ary
treat
men
t
Urb
an A
reas
0 15
30
60M
iles
© E
nviro
nmen
t Age
ncy
copy
right
and
/ or
dat
abas
e rig
hts
2012
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
© C
row
n co
pyrig
ht a
nd d
atab
ase
right
s 20
12 O
rdna
nce
Sur
vey
1000
2419
8, 1
0002
2861
.
35
Figure 16: Sewage treatment stages and sewage sludge re-use and disposal routes
Treatment Process Discharge Area
Waste water from domestic, commercial,and municipal properties and certain industries (generally food and drinks industries) carried by sewers to waste water
treatment plants
Water body type From agglomerations of
Preliminary ‘Appropriate treatment’
Grit removal by flow attenuation, screening of large solids
Freshwater, Estuarine <2,000 p.e.
Coastal <10,000 p.e.
‘Appropriate treatment’ can be no treatment, or preliminary through to tertiary treatment depending on
uses of receivng water and associated standards
Primary ‘less sensitive areas’
Settlement of suspended solids Estuarine between 2,000 and 10,000 p.e.
Coastal >10,000p.e.
Secondary ‘normal areas’
Biological treatment (bacterial breakdown)
(a) activated sludge process (aerated, agitated bacterial culture liquor)
(b) filter beds (waste water trickled over bacteria-coated aggregate)
Freshwater, Estuarine > 2,000 p.e.
Coastal >10,000 p.e.
Tertiary Discharges affecting ‘sensitive areas’
Various types of tertiary treatment can be applied individually or combined to meet emission or water
quality standards.Main types are: phosphate removal, nitrate removal (by
chemical processes), disinfection (by UV irradiation or filter membranes).
*Designation of ‘eutrophic’ and ‘abstraction source protection’ sensitive areas applies where discharges from
>10,000 agglomerations affect the receiving waters. Other directives’ waters identified as sensitive areas have no associated lower agglomeration size threshold; tertiary
treatment protection alone qualifies them as sensitive areas.
Freshwater, Estuarine, Coastal >10,000 p.e. *
Sewage sludge from treatment processes Re-use and disposal routes percentages
2008 2010
ReuseAgriculture 81.1% Others 5.9%
Agriculture 79.1%Others 1.7%
DisposalIncineration 12.1%Landfill 0.7% Others 0.1%
Incineration 18.4%Landfill 0.6%Others 0.2%
36
Tables comparing agglomerations, treatment plants and compliance
Tables 9(a) to 11(b) compare agglomerations, treatment plants and compliance of plants for 2008 and 2010 and are based on data submitted to the European Commission under Article 15 of the Directive, which is largely concerned with reporting compliance of treatment plants with the Directive’s emission standards. Submitted data are on the EC’s website at the following links: 2008 data | 2010 data.
1. The tables are for active agglomerations and plants.
2. Tables include more than one agglomeration generating, and plant catering for, organic loads of less than 2,000 p.e. reported in 2008 or 2010.
3. Agglomeration discharges reported as discharging to the ‘catchment of a sensitive area” are included under the ‘sensitive areas’ columns.
4. ‘t.p.e.’ means ‘total population equivalent’ – see Glossary entry 1 population equivalent.
5. Tabular and geographical data reported under Article 15 are required to conform to data submission formats. Submission format requirements mean that not all legally designated sensitive areas can currently be reported, with the consequence that agglomerations and treatment plants associated with the omitted designations are grouped under the ‘normal’ rather than the ‘sensitive areas’ heading in the tables below.
37
Tab
le 9
(a):
Ag
glo
mer
atio
ns
as a
t en
d o
f 20
08
Dis
char
ge
area
N
orm
al a
reas
Se
nsi
tive
are
as
Less
sen
siti
ve a
reas
To
tals
all
area
s
Size
bra
cket
s (p
.e.)
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Nº
t.p.
e.
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
2,00
0 10
,000
39
9 1,
797,
059
17
106,
236
612
2,75
9,25
4 2
11,1
54
– –
– –
1,03
0 4,
673,
703
10,0
01
15,0
00
59
723,
447
17
205,
417
103
1,26
5,22
4 0
0 –
– –
– 17
9 2,
194,
088
15,0
01
150,
000
185
9,13
9,70
4 61
3,
635,
654
315
13,9
35,0
18
6 32
1,72
2 –
– –
– 56
7 27
,032
,098
150,
001
and
abov
e 35
19
,534
,100
10
3,
100,
164
36
12,7
82,1
97
3 94
7,48
3 –
– –
– 84
36,
363,
944
Tota
ls f
or
cate
go
ries
67
8 31
,194
,310
10
5 7,
047,
471
1,06
6 30
,741
,693
11
1,
280,
359
0 0
0 0
1,86
0 70
,263
,833
Tab
le 9
(b):
Ag
glo
mer
atio
ns
as a
t en
d o
f 20
10
Dis
char
ge
area
N
orm
al a
reas
Se
nsi
tive
are
as
Less
sen
siti
ve a
reas
To
tals
all
area
s
Size
bra
cket
s (p
.e.)
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Nº
t.p.
e.
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
2,00
0 10
,000
41
0 1,
799,
785
16
108,
597
616
2,73
4,32
9 1
4,74
3 –
– –
– 1,
043
4,64
7,45
5
10,0
01
15,0
00
63
770,
394
15
182,
068
111
1,35
4,96
0 0
0 –
– –
– 18
9 2,
307,
422
15,0
01
150,
000
184
9,06
4,92
2 62
3,
606,
746
312
13,7
22,2
97
6 33
8,83
9 –
– –
– 56
4 26
,732
,804
150,
001
and
abov
e 34
19
,169
,205
10
3,
002,
867
35
12,4
75,9
68
3 99
0,96
8 –
– –
– 82
35,
639,
008
Tota
ls f
or
cate
go
ries
69
1 30
,804
,305
10
3 6,
900,
278
1,07
4 30
,287
,555
10
1,
334,
550
0 0
0 0
1,87
8 69
,326
,689
Tab
le 1
0(a)
: Tre
atm
ent
pla
nts
at
end
of
2008
Dis
char
ge
area
N
orm
al a
reas
Se
nsi
tive
are
as
Less
sen
siti
ve a
reas
To
tals
all
area
s
Size
bra
cket
s (p
.e.)
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Nº
t.p.
e.
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
2,00
0 10
,000
41
5 1,
882,
863
17
93,9
28
601
2,68
7,61
8 0
0 –
– –
– 1,
033
4,66
4,40
9
10,0
01
15,0
00
59
723,
447
18
215,
933
102
1,25
4,70
8 0
0 –
– –
– 17
9 2,
194,
088
15,0
01
150,
000
194
9,50
9,54
2 63
3,
831,
173
306
13,4
29,7
66
5 26
1,61
7 –
– –
– 56
8 27
,032
,098
150,
001
and
abov
e 34
19
,008
,689
10
3,
100,
164
36 1
2,97
3,60
8 2
680,
993
– –
– –
82 3
5,76
3,45
4
Tota
ls f
or
cate
go
ries
70
2 31
,124
,541
10
8 7,
241,
198
1,04
5 30
,345
,700
7
942,
610
0 0
0 0
1,86
2 69
,654
,049
38
Tab
le 1
0(b
): T
reat
men
t p
lan
ts a
t en
d o
f 20
10
Dis
char
ge
area
N
orm
al a
reas
Se
nsi
tive
are
as
Less
sen
siti
ve a
reas
To
tals
all
area
s
Size
bra
cket
s (p
.e.)
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Nº
t.p.
e.
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
2,00
0 10
,000
42
2 1,
864,
711
26
127,
998
594
2,63
3,25
2 1
0 –
– –
– 1,
043
4,62
5,96
1
10,0
01
15,0
00
65
802,
656
16
194,
730
110
1,33
7,73
3 0
0 –
– –
– 19
1 2,
335,
119
15,0
01
150,
000
190
9,28
8,32
1 65
3,
833,
156
302
13,3
23,4
42
5 27
2,23
7 –
– –
– 56
2 26
,717
,156
150,
001
and
abov
e 33
18
,695
,462
10
2,
993,
388
36
12,9
87,0
85
2 72
4,47
8 –
– –
– 81
35,
400,
413
Tota
ls f
or
cate
go
ries
71
0 30
,651
,150
11
7 7,
149,
272
1,04
2 30
,281
,512
8
996,
715
0 0
0 0
1,87
7 69
,078
,649
11(a
): C
om
plia
nt
pla
nts
at
end
of
2008
Dis
char
ge
area
N
orm
al a
reas
Se
nsi
tive
are
as
Less
sen
siti
ve a
reas
To
tals
all
area
s
Size
bra
cket
s (p
.e.)
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Nº
t.p.
e.
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
2,00
0 10
,000
39
6 1,
781,
301
15
90,5
45
590
2,63
7,01
7 0
0 –
– –
– 1,
001
4,50
8,86
3
10,0
01
15,0
00
58
710,
022
13
155,
224
101
1,24
3,92
3 0
0 –
– –
– 17
2 2,
109,
169
15,0
01
150,
000
191
9,36
5,05
4 57
3,
321,
572
298
13,0
44,9
75
5 26
1,61
7 –
– –
– 55
1 25
,993
,218
150,
001
and
abov
e 30
16
,789
,042
10
3,
100,
164
36
12,9
73,6
08
2 68
0,99
3 –
– –
– 78
33,
543,
807
Tota
ls f
or
cate
go
ries
67
5 28
,645
,419
95
6,
667,
505
1,02
5 29
,899
,523
7
942,
610
0 0
0 0
1,80
2 66
,155
,057
Co
mp
lian
t p
lan
t n
um
ber
s an
d p
.e. a
s %
of
Tab
le 1
0(a)
fo
r 20
08
96.8
%
95.0
%
11(b
): C
om
plia
nt
pla
nts
at
end
of
2010
Dis
char
ge
area
N
orm
al a
reas
Se
nsi
tive
are
as
Less
sen
siti
ve a
reas
To
tals
all
area
s
Size
bra
cket
s (p
.e.)
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Fres
h an
d es
tuar
ine
wat
ers
Coa
stal
wat
ers
Nº
t.p.
e.
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
Nº
t.p.
e N
º t.
p.e
2,00
0 10
,000
41
8 1,
834,
130
23
122,
661
589
2,61
2,91
5 1
0 –
– –
– 1,
031
4,56
9,70
6
10,0
01
15,0
00
65
802,
656
12
145,
314
109
1,32
6,61
5 0
0 –
– –
– 18
6 2,
274,
585
15,0
01
150,
000
186
9,04
9,97
6 60
3,
448,
909
300
13,2
20,8
18
5 27
2,23
7 –
– –
– 55
1 25
,991
,941
150,
001
and
abov
e 32
18
,070
,084
10
2,
993,
388
36
12,9
87,0
85
2 72
4,47
8 –
– –
– 80
34,
775,
035
Tota
ls f
or
cate
go
ries
70
1 29
,756
,845
10
5 6,
710,
273
1,03
4 30
,147
,434
8
996,
715
0 0
0 0
1,84
8 67
,611
,267
Co
mp
lian
t p
lan
t n
um
ber
s an
d p
.e. a
s %
of
Tab
le 1
0(b
) fo
r 20
10
98.5
%
97.9
%
39
Key organisations and information links
Government Departments
s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs www.defra.gov.uk
s Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland www.doeni.gov.uk
s Scottish Government www.scotland.gov.uk
s Welsh Government www.wales.gov.uk
Environmental Regulators
s¬ Environment Agency for England www.environment-agency.gov.uk
s¬ Northern Ireland Environment Agency www.doeni.gov.uk/niea
s¬ Scottish Environment Protection Agency www.sepa.org.uk
s¬ Environment Agency Wales www.environment-agency.gov.uk/cy
Umbrella body for UK water supply and sewerage services providers
s¬ Water UK www.water.org.uk*
* includes links to all UK sewerage undertaker websites
Link to European Union website page of the Directive
s¬ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0271:EN:NOT
Links to UK legislation transposing the Directive on Defra’s website
s¬ www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/sewage/sewage-treatment
40
Glossary
Except where indicated ‘the DWater Treatment Directive
1 population equivalent
irective’, ‘Articles’, ‘Annexes’ and ‘Table(s)’ refer to the Urban Waste
‘1 Population Equivalent’ is the unit of measure employed in the Directive for assessing the polluting potential of waste water discharges. ‘Population’ does not refer to a population headcount of communities. It is defined in the Directive as: ‘1 p.e. (population equivalent)’ means the organic biodegradable load having a five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 60 g of oxygen per day. This means the oxygen used, largely by bacterial organisms, in breaking down the organic matter in waste water. The use of ‘equivalent’ is therefore a proxy for any organic matter, not just that arising from human metabolism, that when broken down by bacterial cultures utilises dissolved oxygen. The p.e. of discharges, sensitivity of receiving waters to discharges, and whether discharges are made to fresh, estuarine or coastal waters are used to determine the treatment to be provided, as in general, confined freshwaters provide less dilution than either estuarine or coastal waters, and estuarine waters provide less dilution than coastal waters. The sensitivity of waters to discharges, such as if they are impacted by excess nutrients in discharges, may also need to be considered. See Article 2(6).
Agglomeration An agglomeration is a community of homes, shops, hospitals, offices etc, and generally food and drinks industries which are sufficiently concentrated for their waste water to be collected and conveyed for treatment at a waste water treatment works. See Article 2(4).
Anaerobic digestion ‘Anaerobic’ means ‘without oxygen’. Processing of sewage sludge using this process refers to the use of bacterial cultures in the absence of oxygen to break down organic matter.
Appropriate treatment The term used in the Directive to refer to the waste water treatment applicable to smaller communities. It can be involve processes* and/or disposal systems that ensure receiving waters meet water quality objectives set by environmental regulators can potentially mean no treatment to tertiary treatment. See Articles 2(9) and 7.
*Septic tanks, rotating biological contactors, trickle filters, reed beds etc.
Bathing Water Directive Introduced in 1975 to help protect bathers (in identified waters) from the harmful bacteria and viruses arising from sewage discharges largely. It sets microbiological and physico-chemical quality requirements for identified bathing waters. A revised Bathing Water Directive was adopted in March 2006 requiring higher water quality standards than the 1975 Bathing Water Directive.
Biochemical oxygen A widely used measure of polluting potential – BOD is a measure of oxygen use or
demand (BOD) ‘demand’ of bacteria and other organisms breaking down the biodegradable load present in waste water. BOD is the basis for deriving a community’s population equivalent. See Article 2(6) and Annex I, Table 1.
Biodegradation The chemical deconstruction of organic matter by largely by bacteria, fungi and other organisms. When biodegradation occurs in the water environment dissolved oxygen is utilised generally through bacterial action. If acting on significant amounts of organic matter, such as that present in untreated waste water, the process rapidly deoxygenates waters and can lead to fish and invertebrate deaths.
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Biodiverse, biodiversity, Biodiverse generally refers to the normal diversity of plants and/or animals inhabiting an ecosystem unimpacted by human activities or other external factors detrimentally affecting it. It may not always mean that ecosystems contain a large number of species and numbers within species as some ecosystems can naturally contain few species and individuals, such as naturally nutrient poor upland lakes. See Eutrophication for nutrient status classifications.
Biogas Biogas is the gas that is produced from the decay or bio-degradation of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. An important constituent of biogas is methane which is a renewable energy source that can be burned for direct use of the heat energy or to generate electricity.
Diffuse pollution Pollution not arising from a specific, identifiable point. Agricultural land and brownfield sites are often cited as sources of diffuse pollution. Contrasts with Point source pollution.
Discharge authorisation A generic term to refer to documentary authorisation issued by environmental regulators allowing emissions to be made to the environment. It is the regulatory, or legal, mechanism for controlling polluting emissions to the environment. Emissions are discharges of continuous treated discharges from waste water treatment plants, or, lesser treated or untreated intermittent discharges from trunk sewerage combined sewer overflows, treatment plant storm tanks, or pumping station emergency overflows. Different terms are used to refer to these documents in the UK: Environmental Permits in England and Wales; Water Order Consents in Northern Ireland; Authorisations in Scotland.
Authorisations for treatment plant discharges typically identify the discharge (or outfall) location, concentration limits (standards) for controlled parameters, such as biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammonia, toxic metals and hazardous substances.
Ecosystem A system made up of living organisms (bacteria, fungi, plants and animals), and the non-living physical characteristics of the environment (water, soil, latitude, elevation, water depth, light and temperature regimes), within, and with which, the living organisms interact.
Effluent Generally, the treated waste water discharged from a sewerage system. Effluent from treatment plants is typically sampled and analysed to ensure discharged water complies with standards set in discharge authorisations. Where percentage reduction standards for parameters are to be achieved, effluent is sampled in conjunction with influent to enable reductions to be measured.
Environmental regulator A generic term referring to the organisations responsible for controlling polluting emissions to the environment and monitoring of environmental waters to meet water quality standards or objectives. These are the: Environment Agency in England; Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Scottish Environment Protection Agency; Wales Environment Agency.
Estuarine Refers to estuaries. The term ‘transitional waters’ was introduced in the Water Framework Directive to refer to waters transitioning between fully fresh to fully saline waters.
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Eutrophication Naturally occurring eutrophication is usually the beneficial enrichment of the environment by various mechanisms such as animal and plant decay, mineral and nutrient deposition from rock weathering and soil erosion, nitrogen-fixing by bacteria or lightning. The natural state of environments with low to high nutrient levels (their trophic status) are classed as: oligotrophic (low), mesotrophic (medium), eutrophic (high). Ecosystems associated with these naturally arising trophic states can be adversely impacted by nutrient inputs from human activities. For example, small inputs of nutrients to oligotrophic ecosystems can cause more damage than larger inputs to a mesotrophic environment and so on.
Undesirable eutrophication can arise from human activities. In the context of the Directive eutrophication is the process to which waters are subject when excessive inputs of nutrients, specifically nitrogen and/or phosphorus compounds in waste water discharges, cause accelerated growth of algal and higher forms of plant life and a degradation of water quality, resulting in an imbalance in the range of plant and animal species expected for pristine ecosystems. ‘Eutrophic’ describes the status of waters chronically impacted by excessive nutrient inputs (for that ecosystem) from human activities. Eutrophic waters may usually be populated by plant and algal species that are better able to utilise excess nutrients and that are more tolerant of poor quality water arising from eutrophication, (such as low oxygen or light levels), and so outcompete other species. See Article 5 and Annex II (A)(a).
Hydromorphological type Hydromorphology is a term introduced for implementation of the Water Framework Directive to refer to the geomorphological characteristics and processes that distinguish and are associated with different water body types. At its most basic level of description riverine, lacustrine, estuarine and coastal waters represent four hydromorphological water body types. Sub-categories of these four basic morphologies may be used to differentiate between for example, clear, nutrient poor and generally pollution free upland rivers and lakes as against turbid, nutrient enriched and generally more polluted lowland waters.
Influent Untreated waste water entering a waste water treatment plant. Various measurements of influent can be undertaken such as volume, concentrations of controlled substances that help with management of waste water flows through plants and control of treatment processes needed to achieve percentage reduction standards for parameters in discharges.
Lacustrine Is a term that refers to lakes, much as estuarine refers to estuaries.
Less sensitive area A ‘less sensitive area’ can be an estuarine, or coastal water, (or both) designated for the purposes of the Directive as having characteristics of good water and oxygen exchange and not subject to eutrophication or low oxygen levels. Discharges of a size that would receive secondary treatment if made to normal waters can receive a minimum of primary treatment, if (i) they are made to less sensitive areas, and (ii) comprehensive studies demonstrate there would be no adverse environmental impacts on the receiving waters from such discharges. See Articles 6, 8(5) and Annex II (B).
Mandatory standards Generally, the minimum standards for emissions or environmental water quality required to comply with legislation.
More stringent treatment Term used in Article 5(2): “… more stringent treatment than that described in Article 4”. As Article 4 covers secondary treatment, more stringent in effect means tertiary treatment. Annex II (A)(c) of the Directive uses the term ‘further treatment…’ to refer to tertiary treatment.
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Normal waters Waters not designated as either ‘less sensitive areas’ or ‘sensitive areas’ are by default, ‘normal waters”, and can be inland, estuarine (transitional) or coastal waters. Large discharges to normal waters receive secondary treatment. See also less sensitive areas and sensitive areas.
Parameter In the context of waste water treatment and a discharge authorisation a parameter is a pollutant present in waste water that is to be controlled through relevant treatment, such as UV light irradiation to destroy bacterial or viral contaminants. Examples of other parameters that may need to be controlled are: BOD, named toxic metals or nutrients or sewage litter.
Pathogen Disease causing agent, more generally referring to viruses, bacteria and protozoa, but can include microscopic invertebrates, fungi and alga.
Point source pollution Pollution arising from specific identifiable points, such as the end of pipes discharging waste water. Contrasts with Diffuse pollution.
Preliminary treatment The simplest treatment that waste water arriving at treatment plants can have. It generally involves removal of grit and gravel by slowing flows down so such matter is deposited in grit traps. After de-gritting waste water is often screened to remove rags and other large solids, and less commonly, maceration, to reduce the size of remaining solids.
Primary treatment Primary treatment involves the passive and/or chemically-enhanced process of settlement of suspended solids not removed by preliminary treatment. The Directive sets percentage reduction figures for biochemical oxygen demand of the influent by at least 20% and a reduction in total suspended solids in the influent by at least 50% before discharge to receiving waters. Discharges from agglomerations to inland and estuarine waters above 2,000 p.e and coastal discharges above 10,000 p.e. to normal waters receive secondary treatment with more stringent BOD standards. Primary treatment standards are therefore generally intended to apply to discharges made to less sensitive areas provided comprehensive studies demonstrate a minimum of primary treatment would not impact the environment. See Article 2(7).
Pumping station Sewerage systems usually rely on gravity to convey sewage to treatment plants, and sewers are constructed with gradients to achieve that. However, to avoid very deep sewers pumping stations are used to pump waste water to sewers nearer the surface so it can to continue its journey to treatment plants. They may also be used to pump waste water past low-lying regions such as valleys, depressions etc.
Saline When applied to environmental waters a term that means waters with high concentrations of salt generally coastal and marine waters.
Salinity Refers to the ‘saltiness’ or salt content of waters, where ‘low salinity’ or ‘high salinity’ indicating low and high salt concentrations. The term ‘salinity gradient’ is typically used to describe the degree (rapidity) of change in the concentration of salt between freshwaters and saline coastal or marine waters.
Secondary treatment Secondary treatment is the biological treatment of waste water. It generally involves use of bacterial cultures to break down biodegradable matter in waste water. The objective of secondary treatment is to reduce the BOD of waste water to avoid chronic oxygen depletion in receiving waters, the immediate and most damaging effect of untreated sewage discharges to the environment. Various processes are used to achieve BOD reductions, such as: aeration of waste water with bacterial culture sludges to accelerate biodegradation of organic matter, often used for larger communities; trickle filter beds containing aggregate covered with bacterial cultures to maximise the surface area over which waste water is trickled, used for small to medium size communities. See Article 4 and Annex I, Table 1.
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Sensitive area A ‘sensitive area’ is a legally designated body of water. There are three criteria for their designation with the objective of (a) protecting water ecosystems from excessive nutrients; (b) protecting abstraction source waters from high nitrate levels and (c) ‘flagging’ other directives’ waters that require tertiary treatment to achieve their parent directives’ quality requirements. The common thread is that whatever the criterion, sensitive areas receive tertiary treatment protection from impacting discharges. See Article 5 and Annex II (A) (a), (b) and (c).
Sewage The more commonly used term to refer to ‘urban waste water’. In general this report uses the term ‘waste water’. See also the ‘Sewerage’ entry below.
Sewage litter The artificial, manufactured, solid matter present in waste water, such as cotton-buds, condoms, sanitary-ware, disposable nappies, razors, safety-pins and many other items that have been flushed down toilets or put down drains and manholes. Sewerage systems were never designed to deal with such matter which can affect the performance of treatment systems and end up in environmental waters.
Sewage solids A term which includes sewage litter but also, usually, visible faecal matter, vegetable and animal matter flushed to sewers from domestic and commercial premises or from surface drainage.
Sewerage Generally, a term to describe the network, or system, of pipes, and for larger systems, also tunnels, that collect waste water; their receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, combined sewer or emergency overflows, screening chambers and waste water treatment plants. Sewerage ends at the point of discharge of treated or untreated waste water to the environment. In technical UK usage ‘sewage’ and ‘sewerage’ are distinctly different, but is sometimes erroneously used interchangeably. In correct UK usage, sewage flows through sewerage.
Sewerage undertakers A generic term used to describe the organisations responsible for the collection and treatment of waste water, and for the construction and maintenance of associated sewerage infrastructure.
Suspended solids This is a term used to describe the matter, both organic and artificial, such as sewage litter, suspended in water. See Sewage solids also.
Tertiary treatment Treatment provided after preliminary, primary and secondary treatment. It is provided to address a variety of polluting agents so can take a variety of forms such as ultra-violet light irradiation (UV treatment), microfiltration or chemical dosing. The Directive uses the term more stringent treatment (then secondary treatment) to refer to tertiary treatment. The Directive does not set (environmental) quality standards for other directives’ waters identified as sensitive areas – the Directive only sets emission standards. See Annex I, Table, 2 for tertiary treatment emission standards required by the Directive.
Water Framework Directive
The Water Framework Directive (WFD), 2000/60/EC, was adopted on 23 October 2000. It is designed to improve and integrate the way water bodies are managed throughout Europe. Further information on the WFD is on Defra’s website at: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/legislation/water-framework-directive.
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Water Quality Directives Section (a): Directives explicitly cited at Article 10 of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and considered to be fundamental measures under the Water Framework Directive are:
s Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (96/61/EC)2
s Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) s Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC)
Section (b): WFD Annex IX Directives – referenced via Article 10 of WFD:
s The Mercury Discharges Directive (82/176/EEC) s The Cadmium Discharges Directive (83/513/EEC) s The Mercury Directive (84/156/EEC) s The Hexachlorocyclohexane Discharges Directive (84/491/EEC) s The Dangerous Substance Discharges Directive (86/280/EEC)
Section (c): Directives with waters qualifying as sensitive areas:
s Bathing Water Directive s Freshwater Fish Directive2
s Shellfish Waters Directive2
1. Codified (consolidation of amendments) by Directive 2008/1/EC, which is replaced by Directive 2010/75/EU that takes effect on 7 January 2014.
2. To be repealed in 2013 with relevant standards adopted under WFD as appropriate.
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