waste-to-energy around europe - tirme · • regulation ec 1013/2006 (“waste shipments ......

WASTE-TO-ENERGY AROUND EUROPE

Amalia Cerdà Lacaci

Technical Director, AEVERSU

2

Waste Management System

Waste-to-EnergyEnergy

Production System

Use of waste as energetic resource

3


Calorific Value of MSW = 10 MJ/kg, brown coal = 9 MJ/kg, hard coal = 30 MJ/kg, oil = 42 MJ/kg

1 tonne Municipal

Solid Waste (MSW)

1 tonne brown coal

0.330 tonnes hard coal

250 litres oil

= ca.

or

or

Source: Cewep

4

ACCORDING TO EUROPEAN POLICIES

√ WASTE HIERARCHY (4 R)

√ PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

√ CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION

√ IMPROVEMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Waste management system

Waste to

Energy

Energy production

system


5

EU Legislative Framework

• Directive 2008/98/EC (“Waste Framework Directive”)Waste hierarchy (but LCA)New recycling targets Energy efficiency formula for the R1/D10 criteriaEnd-of-waste (EoW) criteria

• Directive 1999/31/EC (“Landfill Directive”)National strategies for reduction of the landfill of biodegradable wasteEncourage of biodegradable waste separate collection, sorting, recovery and

recycling

• Regulation EC 1013/2006 (“Waste Shipments Regulation”) Objections to shipment of waste for disposalPrinciples of proximity, priority for recovery and self-sufficiency

6

EU Legislative Framework

• Directive 2010/75/EU (“Industrial Emissions Directive”)Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)Waste Incineration Directive“Sevilla process”: Best Available Techniques (BAT), Reference documents (BREFs)European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR)

• Directive 2009/28/EC (“Renewable Energy Sources Directive”)Production and promotion of energy from renewable sourcesBiomass (including biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste) counts

towards renewable energy targets

• Directive 2003/96/EC (“Energy Taxation Directive”)Incentives to use energy more efficiently (applied to energy products & electricity)

• Directive 2009/29/EC (“Emissions Trading Directive”)Number of allowances reduced over time (waste incineration excluded in most MS)

7



Production System


8

Directive 2008/98/EC (“Waste Framework Directive”)

9

1- Material recycling

2- Biological treatment of waste

3- Waste-to-energy

Deposito

Recuperación

Reciclaje

Reutilización

PrevencionREDUCTION / PREVENTION

PREPARATION FOR REUSE

RECYCLING

OTHER RECOVERY

DISPOSAL

WASTE HIERARCHY (4R)

10

Source: Cewep

11

Member States shall take the necessary measures designed to achieve the following target:

to recycle or prepare for reuse 50% of household waste (such as at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from household) by 2020

→

4 calculation options are proposed by the EC to Member States

RECYCLING TARGETS

12

Landfilling38%

191 kg per person

Each European produces

average 513 kg of municipal waste per year

Recycling 42%

215 kgper person

Waste-to-Energy20%

101 kgper person

The remaining waste is either sent to

Source: Cewep

Based on EUROSTAT data for 2009

or

Heat Electricity

Source separation

Landfill gas

13

MSW1.000 Kg3,3 m3

L.C.V. 1.800 kcal/kg

70 kg

RECYCLING

REFUSE510 kg

PlasticPaperMetalsGlassEtc.

ANAER. DIGESTION430 kg

60 kg

COMPOST

REFUSE230 kg

humidty

130 kg

LANDFILLED

510 kg + 230 Kg = 740 Kg0,63 m3 + 0,2 m3 = 0,83 m3

100 KWh

MSW1.000 Kg3,3 m3

L.C.V. 1.800 kcal/kg

70 kg

130 kg

RECYCLING

REFUSE

PlasticPaperMetalsGlassEtc.

ANAER. DIGESTION430 kg

60 kg

COMPOST

REFUSE230 kg

humidity

100 Kwh

WTE510 + 230 kg

110 Kg

RECYCLINGLANDFILLED

30 Kg0,03 m3

525 Kwh

SLAGS

ASHES

14

(Ep-(Ef + Ei))0,97 × (Ew + Ef)Energy efficiency (R1) =

R1 = 0,6 existing plantR1 = 0,65 new plant (from 2009)

Ep(1) : Energy produced Ef: Energy in added fuel Ei: Energy importEw: Energy in the waste (calculated through CV) 0,97: factor accounting for energy losses due to bottom ash and radiation

Where:

(1) Correction factor electricity production x 2,6; Correction factor heat exported x 1,1

ENERGY EFFICIENCY FORMULA

15

ENERGY EFFICIENCY (R1), calculated according to the formula approved by Directive 2008/98/EC, is influenced by the following aspects:

- Type of energy recovery

- Size of the facility

- Geographical location of the waste treatment plant

This influenced is shown in the study carried out by CEWEP in 2007, based on the analysis of data provided by 231 European Waste to Energy plants.

16

Evaluated aspects

- Type of energy recovery. 3 categories: i) electricity, ii) heat generation, iii) combined heat and power

- Size of the facility. i) <100,000, ii) 100,000-250,000, iii) >250,000 Mg/year MW

- Geographical location. i) North Europe (DK, FI, SE), ii) Central Europe (AT, BE, CH, CZ, DE, part of North-East of FR, GB, HU, LU, NL), iii) South West Europe (ES, IT, PT remaining part of FR)

17

1) R1 calculation in accordance to the Directive 2008/98/EC (WFD) 20/10/2008, ANNEX II, with equivalence factors: for electricity produced and imported 1 MWhel=2.6 MWhel equ; for heat produced and commercial used 1 MWhth=1.1 MWhth equ and according to BREF WI for imported fuel 1 MWh fuel=1.0 MWhfuel equ and taking into account as heat used to treat the waste 100% energy for boilerwater heating up from an average temperature basis of 70°C to the boilerwater temperature and 100% for heating up of combustion air; because the possibility to take local conditions e.g. climate, market for heat etc. as mentioned in Directive 2008/98/EC – Interpretation and adaptation to technical progress, Article 38, 1. para. 2 of 19 November 2008 is up to now not yet worked out, it therefore could not be taken into account.

0.98

1.29

1.41

1.20

1.41

1.31

1.12

1.29

1.41

0.64

0.72

0.84

0.68

0.77

0.85

0.61

0.74

1.10

0.12

0.04

0.30

0.04

0.12

0.47

0.12

0.04

0.88

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

R1

effic

ienc

y fa

ctor

[-]

max 0.98 1.29 1.41 1.20 1.41 1.31 1.12 1.29 1.41average 0.64 0.72 0.84 0.68 0.77 0.85 0.61 0.74 1.10min 0.12 0.04 0.30 0.04 0.12 0.47 0.12 0.04 0.88

electricity only heat only CHP < 100.000 100.000-250.000 > 250.000 South-West Europe

Middle Europe

North Europe

average of 231 investigated WtE plants 0,75 [-]

R1 efficiency factor, related to: i) Type of energy recovery; ii) size and iii) geographical location

18

Figures from “Statistical aspects of the

energy economy in 2004EU-25 energy dependence on the

increase”

Climatologic differences in the EU

19

Certain waste that has undergone a recovery, including recycling, operation and complies with specific criteria to be developed in accordance with the following conditions:

• The substance or object is commonly used for specific purposes;

• A market or demand exists for such a substance or object;

• The substance or object fulfils the technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards applicable to products; and

• The use of the substance or object will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impacts.

End of Waste (EoW) status

20

Relevant waste streams investigated:

• Aggregates (recycled or secondary)

• Compost

• Metal scrap (iron and steel, aluminium)

• Waste derived fuels (study undertaken by the JRC)

End of Waste (EoW) status

21

Directive 1999/31/EC (“Landfill Directive”)

22

In order to:

• Avoid methane - a potent greenhouse gas (equal to 25 times CO2 in mass);

• Harness the energy content of the waste

• Preserve natural resources

• Save space (WtE reduces the volume of waste by 90%)

• Protect soil and groundwater from contamination

This is why EU targets regarding phasing out landfilling biowaste have been introduced

Divert waste from landfill

23

• Closing landfills not conform with EU standards

• Technical standards for the installation of new landfills

• Reduction of the total quantity (in weight) of biodegradable municipal waste going to landfill, to:

– 2006: reduction to 75%– 2009: reduction to 50%– 2016: reduction to 35%

of the total municipal waste produced in 1995

• Derogation: 4 years for Member States landfilling more than 80% of their municipal waste in 1995

24

Recycling of biodegradable municipal waste in kg per capita in 2006

Source: ETC/SCP, 2009

25

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%110%120%

German

yAus

triaDenm

arkEsto

nia*

Sweden

Belgium

Luxe

mbourg

Slovakia

*

Netherlan

dsFra

nce

Finlan

d Ita

lySpa

inHung

ary

Slovenia

Portug

alLit

huania

*

United K

ingdom

*La

tvia*

Romania*

Czech

Rep

ublic*

Irelan

d*Gre

ece*

Poland

*

Landfilling of biodegradable municipal waste in 2006, in % of 1995 levelsTarget 2006Target 2009Target 2016

* country with derogation periods of up to 4 years to achieve the target

Diversion of biodegradable waste from landfills - a snapshot from 2006 Source: presentation of European Commission

26

BIOWASTE MANAGEMENT

Collection schemes

Source separationMixed waste collection – followed by mechanical sorting

Treatment optionsCompostingAnaerobic digestionMechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT)

27

Directive 2010/75/EU (“Industrial Emissions Directive”)

28

• All EU-27 waste incineration plants must comply with the Waste Incineration Directive (WID)

• The objectives of the WID Directive are to minimise the impact from emissions to air, soil, surface and ground water on the environment and human health resulting from the incineration and co-incineration of waste.

• This Directive sets the most stringent emissions controls for any thermal processes regulated in the EU.

• The enforcement of the WID is through the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) regime, which provides the mechanism by which all major industrial processes are permitted and regulated, with respect to their environmental performance.

• At a European level, the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) has recently incorporated and extended the requirements of both the IPPC Directive and the WID.

30

BAT: Sevilla process

• The European IPPC Bureau was established in Seville (Spain) in 1997 within the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), in the context of the implementation of the IPPC Directive

• EIPPCB objective: organize information exchange exercise between MSs and the industries concerned, on the dynamic concept of Best Available Techniques (BAT), assisting to the efficient implementation of the IPPC Directive across the EU.

• The process to elaborate and review BAT Reference documents, the BREFs, has been enshrined into law with the adoption of the new Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), 2010/75/EU, which replaces the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive (2008/1/EC) and related legislation on industrial emissions.

32

Best Available Techniques (BAT)

AVAILABLE

Applied under affordable economic

and technical conditions

Most efficient and advanced stage for the development of activities and operational options;

basis for BATAELAvoid or reduce environmental impact and protect human health

Formalized in each sector through BREF documents

BEST

Most efficient techniques to achieve

a high level environmental

protection and health care

TECHNIQUES

Used technology and way it is designed,

constructed, maintained, operated

and closed

BEST

More efficient+ high level+ protection

+ environment+ health

TECHNIQUES

technology+ design

+ construction+ maintenance

+ operation+ closure

AVAILABLE

technical+ economical+ conditions

+ viable+ reasonable+ affordable

33

BREFs: the main output of the Sevilla process

• A BREF is the vehicle through which best available techniques (BAT) and emerging techniques are determined in a transparent manner, based on sound techno-economic information.

• The key elements of BREFs (i.e. 'BAT conclusions') are adopted through committee procedure and are the reference for setting permit conditions to installations covered by the IED.

• The BREFs inform the relevant decision makers about what may be technically and economically available to industry in order to improve their environmental performance and consequently improve the whole environment.

• Further information on environmental compliance for incineration plant can be obtained from the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration, published by the European Commission in August 2006

34

EIPPCB. http://eippcb.jrc.es

36

Anaerobic digestion• Production of energy from the combustion of the biogas (CH4 and CO2 ) which

is generated from the digestion of biodegradable waste in absence of oxygen.

Pyrolysis.• Thermal degradation of waste in the absence of oxygen to generate

secondary products (gas, liquid and/or solid) from which energy can be obtained

Gasification.• Involves the partial oxidation of waste. This means that air (oxygen) is added

but the amounts are not sufficient to allow the waste to be completely oxidized and full combustion to occur.

Incineration.• Thermal destruction of waste through complete oxidation. To this end,

excess air is provided

OXYGEN CONTENT

O %

O2 <STOICHIOMETRIC

170 %

ABSENCE OF O2

ABSENCE OF O2

100 %

Thermal Treatment of Waste

38

MW

Pyrolysis•Temperature: 350-800 °C

•Products: Char, syngas (combustible), condensable oils, waxes and tars.

•Pre-treatment required

•Objective: maximized production of char and syngas

Excess air for combustion

Incineration•Temperature >850°C

•Products: Combustion gases and solid by- products (ashes and slags)

•No pre-treatment commonly required

Gasification•Temperature: 900- 1100°C•Product: syngas, and a solid residue of noncombustible materials (ash) •Pre-treatment required•Objective: maximal syngas production

Partial combustion in presence of oxygen

External heat source in absence of oxygen

40

MW

Pyrolysis•Temperature: 350-800 °C

•Products: Char, syngas (combustible), condensable oils, waxes and tars.

•Pre-treatment required

•Objective: maximized production of char and syngas








41

TIPOS DE GASIFICADORES MAS UTILIZADOS

LECHO FIJO CONTRACORRIENTE LECHO FIJO CORRIENTES PARALELAS LECHO FLUIDIZADO

CAMARA DE AIRE

RESIDUO SOLIDO

GAS

LECHO

ENTRADADE AIRE

QUEMADOR

RESIDUO SOLIDO RESIDUO SOLIDO

ENTRADADE AIRE

ENTRADADE AIREGAS

QUEMADOR

QUEMADOR

CENIZAS

CENIZAS CENIZAS

GAS

42

REACTORES DE GASIFICACIÓN: LECHO FLUIDO

47

Pyrolisis, gasification and others

• “Babcock – pyrolysis” 26.000 t/year capacity in the 80s• “Schwel-Brenn-Verfahren” pilot plant that did not work under

steady-state conditions• “Thermoselect” facility constructed in 2004, 400 million € losses. • “PKA-process” out of service from 2007• “Black pump” in 2004 was sold for 1€, from 2007 uses charcoal

Up to now these technologies have not prove to be reliable!!

48

The term MBT stands for a variety of techniques and combinations thereof. In essence, it involves several mechanical (pre-)processing steps coupled with the reduction of organic matter by biological action. This approach goes hand in hand with the separation of plastics and other biologically inert fractions; in advanced systems such separation can result in the production of secondary fuels.

Mechanical-biological treatment

Germany’s largest MBT facility in Hanover (200,000 tonnes per year), operated by AHA Hanover. Source: AHA Hanover

49

Fuente: ISR

50

Fuente: ISR

51

TRATAMIENTOS MECÁNICO-BIOLÓGICOS

55

Key issues currently facing this sector:

• The share of MBT systems across Europe is determined by two factors:

Restrictions to the landfilling of biodegradable fraction of MSW

From a retrospective point of view, by the historical development of MSW composting

• A definition of the quality of compost produced from separately collected waste material

• RDF: specific quality standards, although increased opportunities, no clear market yet


56

• Landfill still necessary. Criteria for the landfilling of mechanical-biological pre-treated waste materials do not exist

• Cost comparisons make the MBT option attractive

• Several technical problems not solved yet, but uptake of MBT continues. MBT should be intended as an intermediate solution

• In UK and Italy at present, more MBT than conventional thermal treatment capacity is being installed.


57

Estimated percentage of MBT system users in Europe

Source: TBU Environmental Engineering Consultants

Expected development of MBT in Europe.

58

• Current prevalent term used for a fuel produced from combustible waste is Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF).

• The types of technologies used to prepare or segregate a fuel fraction from MSW include Mechanical Heat Treatment (MHT) and Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT).

• Standardisation work on fuels prepared from wastes, classifying a Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) through CEN Technical Committee (TC 343). The technical specifications classify the SRF by thermal value, chlorine content and mercury content.

Fuel from mixed waste processing operations

59

• European standards for SRF are important for the facilitation of trans-boundary shipments and access to permits for the use of recovered fuels. There may also be cost savings for co-incineration plants as a result of reduced measurements (e.g. for heavy metals) of incoming fuels. Standards will aid the rationalisation of design criteria for combustion units, and consequently cost savings for equipment manufacturers. Importantly standards will guarantee the quality of fuel for energy producers.

Fuel from mixed waste processing operations

60

Source: OFICEMEN

61

Source: OFICEMEN

62

Directive 2000/76/EC (“Waste Incineration Directive”)

63

MW

Pyrolysis•Temperature: 350-800 °C•Products: Char, syngas (combustible), condensable oils, waxes and tars.•Pre-treatment required•Objective: maximized production of char and syngas








64

Incineration involves the combustion of typically unprepared (raw or residual) MSW.

To allow the combustion to take place a sufficient quantity of oxygen is required to fully oxidize the fuel.

A minimum combustion temperature and residence time of the resulting combustion products. For MSW this is a minimum requirement of 850 ºC for 2 seconds

Thermal destruction of waste by means of complete oxidation and its conversion in a gaseous stream (combustion gases) and solid by-products

Key processing operations according to the WID

65

Specific emission limits for the release to atmosphere of the following:

- Sulphur Dioxide (SO2 )- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx )- Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)- Carbon Monoxide (CO)- Particulate (fly ash)- Heavy Metals- Dioxins

The waste is mostly converted into carbon dioxide and water and any noncombustible materials (e.g. metals, glass, stones) remain as a solid, known as Incinerator Bottom Ash (IBA) that always contains a small amount of residual carbon.

It is required that the resulting bottom ash that is produced has a total organic carbon content of less than 3%.

66

INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY: KEY ELEMENTS

WASTE RECEPTION AND HANDLING

COMBUSTION CHAMBER

ENERGY RECOVERY UNIT

GAS CLEANING SYSTEM

BOTTOM ASH HANDLING AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL RESIDUE HANDLING

ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS CONTROL AND MONITORING

67

Basic scheme

Options on waste reception and handling• The incineration of MSW can be focused on either combustion of the raw residual waste or of pre-treated feed, for example a Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF).

• Plant configuration will change according to the feedstock.

• Typically, the application of incineration in the EU-27 is to take untreated residual MSW.

Waste

ELECTRICITY

Furnace - Boiler

Auxiliary fuel (Temp. > 850 ºC)

Turbine

Vapor (40-60 bar 400-470 ºC)

“District heating network”

Flue gas cleaning system

68

1.- Mixed (raw) municipal waste (RMW)

No source separated waste

Net calorific value of waste between 1.400 and 2.500 kcal/kg (5.850 – 10.450 kJ/kg).

RMW

IncinerationPlant

RMW

Separation

RDF to WTE Other uses (composting, …)

Pre-treatment plant

2.- Pre-treatment of waste (internal or external)

Typically where raw MSW is processed into an RDF, increase in the energy content is achieved due to the drying of the waste (removal of water) and the removal of recyclables (glass, metals) and inerts (stones etc), which do not contribute to the energy content of the waste. Remaining waste going into the RDF mainly comprises wastes with significant energycontent, plastics, dried biodegradable materials, textiles etc.

Net calorific value varies from 2.500 and 3.000 kcal/kg (10.450 – 12.540 kJ/kg).

69

3.- Refuse from selective collection (RSC)

Source separation of municipal waste, collecting the organic fraction and a non- organic refuse.

Typical net calorific value: 2.000 kcal/kg. (8.360 kJ/kg).

RSC toWTE

Refuse (non-organic fraction)

Other uses(composting,

anaerobic digestion, etc.)

Organic fractionfrom selective collection

77

Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants

Energy recovered from waste can be used for:

- Generation of Power (electricity)- Generation of Heat - Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

The option selected for an incineration facility will depend on the potential for end users to utilize the heat and/or the power available.

Power can be easily distributed and sold via the national grid. This is by far the most common form of energy recovery, especially in Southern European Countries.

Purpose of waste incineration: waste destruction and energy recovery through electricity and heat production

WTE: Role in the Energy System

79

Only heat producing plants:1800 –

2000 kWhth

Only electricity producing plants: 500 –

600 kWhel

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants:800 kWhel

500 kWhel

AND

OR AND1000

kWhth

2700 kWhth

+

Source: Cewep

80

Pollutant Device

Particulate matter Electric filtersCentrifugal separator (“cyclone”)Fabric filters

Acidic gases (HCl, SO2 , etc.)

Wet, semi-dry or dry reactor with lime or

sodium bicarbonate injection

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR)Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

(ammonia / urea injection)

MetalsPCDD/PCDF

Carbon injectionSCR

Flue gas cleaning system

81

The control of CO, VOCs and dioxins in terms of their concentration is primarily though correct combustion conditions being maintained

Data expressed as µg/m3 per tonne of incinerated waste

Input: 50

Slag: 1,48 Fly ashes & APC res.: 2,52

Emissions: 0,02

TOTAL OUTPUT 4,02

Control system

Furnace destruction

Adsorption by means of activated carbon

t > 2 sT > 850 ºCO2 > 6%

Carbon adsorbed PCDD/Fs are retained through particulate control devices (bag-house filters).

82

Las dioxinas son sustancias ubicuas

PCDD/PCDFs: specific conclusions

Thanks to developed technological efforts and stringent environmental

regulation related to waste incineration ……

WASTE TO ENERGY IS NOT A SOURCE OF DIOXINS TO WORRY

ABOUT

In Spain: Global Emission PCDD/Fs

150 g/year

Municipal Waste incineration emissions

0,2 g/year

84

300

100

5030

2027,9 3,28 0,22<5 <5<5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

SO2 CO HCl Partícules COT HF

Units (mg/Nm3)

5

1

0,2 0,1 0,0045< 0,146 < 0,03 < 0,0090

1

2

3

4

5

Pb+Cr+Cu+Mn Ni+As Cd+Hg Dioxines iFurans*

Units (ng - ITEQ/Nm3)

Achieved emission values

Limit values according to legislation

Emissions in Son Reus lower than the indicated values

85

• Materials recovered from Incineration processes include mainly:

– Metals (ferrous and non-ferrous) – Mineral fraction– Gypsum or ammonium sulphate

• Recyclables derived from either the front end preparation stage of an Incineration plant or metals extracted from the back end of the process (i.e. out of the ash) are typically of a lower quality than those derived from a separate household recyclate collection system and therefore have a lower potential for high value markets.

• However these facilities can help enhance overall recycling levels, enabling recovery of certain constituent parts that would not otherwise be collected in household systems (e.g. steel coat hangers, scrap metal etc.).

Recovered by-products

90

Waste incineration facilities worldwide

91

Waste incineration capacity worldwide

92

Incineration capacities per head

93

Average plant size

94

•

Waste-to-Energy Plants operating in Europe (not including hazardous waste incineration plants)

• Waste thermally treated in Waste-to-Energy plantsin million tonnes

Waste-to-Energy in Europein 2009

Finland3 0.3

Sweden31 4.7

Norway20 1.0

Estonia

Latvia

LithuaniaDenmark31 3.5

United Kingdom23 3.4

Ireland

Netherlands12 6.3

Belgium16 2.8

Germany70 19.1

Poland*1 0.04

France130 13.7

Luxembourg*1 0.1

Czech Republic3 0.4 Slovakia*

2 0.2Austria14 2.21Switzerland

28 3.6Hungary

1 0.4Slovenia*1 0.01

Romania

Bulgaria

Greece

Spain10 2.2

Portugal3 1.1

Italy49 4.5

Data supplied by CEWEP members unless specified otherwise* From Eurostat

96

Waste treatment strategy by country groups, 2009

97

• European experience illustrates that recovery of energy from residual waste is compatible with high recycling rates.

• Therefore, incineration with energy recovery can form part of an overall waste management strategy but not at the expense of waste reduction or recycling.

• In the EU, Austria and Belgium have the highest recycling rates, having at the same time a high reliance on incineration to deal with residual waste.

• Germany, Austria, Sweden and the Netherlands divert the most waste from landfill, with high recycling rates and waste incineration.

• Scandinavian countries in particular have a greater acceptance of incineration and the role it plays in delivering renewable, district electricity and heating.

98

There are 446 WTE Plants in the EU-27

More than 70 million Tones (of the 250 million tones generated) are thermally treated annually

Substitution of 35 Million Tones of fossil fuels 40% 41%

Source: Cewep

28 TWh Electricity

84 TWh Heat

38%Landfilled

20%Incinerated

42% Recycled + Composted

99

Includes both renewable and fossil components.

1 TWh

is equal to 1 billion kWh.

196 TWh

100 TWh

134 TWh

Enough to supply70m inhabitants.

Source: Cewep

100

• Incineration offers a further option for the treatment of residual MSW and is an already proven and bankable (large scale facilities already in operation for years) technology

• An incinerator will typically have a higher net electrical and thermal efficiency than a comparable ATT process (pyrolisis, gasification) that also generates steam for power generation or direct heating. This is mainly due to the energy required to sustain the gasification or pyrolysis process.

• Experiences with ATT processes carried out in the past were not very successful (high cost with poor results)

Thermal Treatment of Waste

101



Production System


102

Directive 2009/28/EC (“Renewable Energy Sources Directive”)

103

Energetic current scene

• Model based on the use of fossil fuels

Low participation of renewable energiesDeviation from Kyoto Protocol agreements

• Strong growth of energy consumption

Decrease of reserves Prices ↑ ↑Increase of the energetic dependenceIncrease of CO2 emissions

• Liberalization of the energetic markets

Enhanced competitiveness

104

Response at European level

Change in the energetic model

Security of supply ↑

Consumption ↓

Emissions ↓

Saving and energetic efficiency

Sources

diversification

Use of renewable energies

Explore cost-effective and

available alternativesDistributed generation

105

EU Targets for 2020:

20 % reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with respect to 1990

20 % energy efficiency improvement compared to trend scenario

20% share of energy from renewable sources in the Community’s gross final consumption of energy (consumed in transport, electricity and heating and cooling )

Directive 2009/28/CEof Renewable Energies

106The gap to close is about 1500 TWh of Renewable Energy

Renewable energies: European objectives 2020

Actual 2005 Renewable Energy as % of total consumption EU 27 Binding targets 2020

107


• Abundant resource

Replace fossil fuels (natural gas, oil coal,…)

• Utilization of autochthonous resources

Decrease dependency on imported energy

• Possibility of installation near consumers

Generation of employment at local levelMinimization of distribution losses

• Reduces dependence on landfills

Respectful with waste hierarchy

108


• Partially classified as renewable (biomass)

Biogenic content (between 47-80 %)

• Contribution to climate protection

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (biogenic fraction classed as carbon dioxide-neutral)

Avoid methane emissions from landfills and CO2 emissions from a conventional power plant that uses fossil fuels

Greenhouse gas emissions from Waste Management represent about 2-3% of the total emissions in the EU-27. Increased recycling and incineration with energy recovery play a key role in tackling the environmental impacts of

increasing waste volumes

109

According to DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL, of 23 April 2009, on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources:

«energy from renewable sources»: energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases;

«biomass»: biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste;

110

Average municipal waste composition

Fraction Average composition (%)

Organic material 44

Paper-cardboard 21

Plastics 10,6

Glass 7

Ferrous metals 3,4

Non-ferrous metals 0,7

Wood 1

Others 12,3

TOTAL 100

111

Direct Recognition of Energy from MSW as Renewable

Austria + 50% Fraction analyse done annually, tested by TÜV

Belgium (Flanders) + 47,78% Green certificates

Denmark + 80% Green certificates

France + 50% Guaranteed purchasing price by EDF

Germany + 50% Estimation by UBA (German Federal Environment Agency)

Ireland + % not yet determined, EPA reports 72% of MSW is

biodegradable

Renewable Energy Feed In Tariff

112

Direct Recognition of Energy from MSW as Renewable

Italy + 51% Green certificates

Netherlands + 48% Possible subsidy for electricity if the market price level is lower than 5,6 €cent/kWh

Portugal + Regulated by the same law as other renewable energies

Spain + 50% Introduced through the National Plan for Renewable Energies ()

Switzerland + 50% New Swiss energy legislation since 2008

113

The amount of Renewable Energy from Waste in 2006 came mainly from:

• Incineration with energy recovery

• Landfill gas recovery

• Co-incineration of SRF in cement kilns, power plants and incineration plants

• Dedicated biomass energy plants

• Anaerobic digestion


115

2006 2020 Comments

Total EU 27 Energy consumption

13700 TWh 13700 TWhIf no growth in consumption !

Total EU 27 Renewable Energy

1258 TWh(8,5 %)

2735 TWhTarget 20 %:

The gap is about 1500 TWh

Renewable contribution from Waste EU 27

55 TWhBetween

90 – 151 TWhWaste can

potentiallly fill 95 from the gap

of 1500 TWh

Share Energy from Waste of Total RE

4,4 %Between

3.3 and 5.5 %assuming

Binding EU Targets are achieved !

116

Use of waste as energetic resource in the EU-27

Source: CEWEP. “The renewable energy contribution of Waste to Energy across Europe”

118

Renewable Energy from WtE (2006)

119

Renewable Energy from WtE (2020)

121

8

23

37

87

90

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

WTE

Biomass

Solar

Maremotriz

Wind

% Annual availability

Fuentes: EZ, Regeling subsidiebedragen milieukwaliteit elektriciteitsproductie; VROM, personal communication;ECN, 2002, Duurzame Energie en Ruimte, M. Menkveld; analysis Deloitte

124

Reduction of CO2 emissions (kg/Ton)

650

-69-52

50

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Existing WTE 0,6

LandfillNew WTE 0,65

Existing WTE

- 102 with improvementsin existing plants

-719 with new plants

Fuente: FFACT& CEWEP ( Waste to energy contribution to climate protection)

125

• WTE plants already supply a considerable amount of renewable energy (about 35 billion Kilowatt-hours, based on 2006)

• By 2020 this amount will grow to 63 billion Kilovatt-hours, enough to supply 17 million inhabitants with renewable electricity and 6 million inhabitants with renewable heat

• If ambitious waste policy is achieved in Europe, replacing landfilling through a combination of recycling (60%) and WTE (40%), 71 billion Kilowatt-hours of renewable energy could be generated in WTE plants in 2020. Therefore:

Waste to Energy can help to fulfill the ambitious aims on 20% share of renewables in overall EU energy consumption

Role of WTE in the EU-27

126

Other Health and Environmental issues

• Achievement of very low emission levels

Strict emission limit valuesLower emissions per KWh produced

129

Wider perception of waste facilities as a bad neighbour

1.- LACK OF SENSATION PROBLEM/WASTE

Landfill : Low cost (Environmental costs not taken into account)Proper collection

(The problem “disappears”. For what to create a problem that does not exist?)

2.- LACK OF OBJECTIVE INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC

“ Pressure groups ( Companies - ecologists ) ““ Communication media (News to be sold)”

3.- LOW EFFECT OF PUBLICITY CAMPAINS

Low interest of the population ( There is not a problem )Low credibility of the information sources (Administration, companies)Technical content of the message, difficult to understand

130

Economical cost

Low level ofparticipation

Political factors( NIMEY )

Catastrophistperception

Location of the facility( NIMBY )

131

PUBLIC CONCERN AND PERCEPTION. OBJECTIVES: Educate Raise Public Awareness

132

2

1

3

4

5

7

6

8

10

92

1

3

4

5

7

6

8

10

9What is Spain doing with waste?

133

What is Spain doing with MSW?

Waste generation in Spain has increased by 60% in the last 15 years, with a production of 24.356.315 tones in 2008 (ca. 575 kg per inhabitant per year).

MSW GENERATION (2008): 24,36·106 t

14%

86%

Selectivelly collected Mixed MSW

134

Waste generation in Spain (2006) Percentage %

Municipal waste RU 23.648.032 18,93

Hazardous waste RP 4.710.000 3,77

End-of-life vehicles VFU 4.342.000 3,47

End-of-life tyres NFU 341.000 0,27

Batteries Pilas 147.000 0,12

Waste electric and electronic equipment RAEEs 969.340 0,78

PCBs and PCTs PCBs 71.036 0,06

Construction and demolition waste RCD 40.850.863 32,69

Sewage sludge (d.m.) Lodos 1.064.972 0,85

Plastics from agriculture Plas. Agríc. 3.749.000 3,00

Extractive industry waste Indus. extrac. 2.059.792 1,65

Non-hazardous industrial waste RInP 43.000.000 34,41

124.953.035 100

135

18,93

3,77 3,47

0,27 0,12 0,780,06

32,69

0,853,00

1,65

34,41

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

35,00Pe

rcen

tage

(%

)

RU RP VFU

NFU

Pilas

RAEE

sPC

Bs RCD

Lodo

s

Plas.

Agríc

.

Indus

. ext

rac.

RInP

WASTE GENERATION IN SPAIN

136

Currently, 60% of treated waste is still directed to landfill, thus its energetic content being misused.


MSW Management (2008)

Biological treatment

20 %

Landfilled57 %

Material recycling

14 %

WTE9 %

96 Composting plants14 Anaerobic digestion plants10 Waste to energy plants

137

Despite these figures, National Waste Master Plan (2007 – 2015) objectives slightly increase energy recovery from waste: from ca. 2 million tones in 2009 to 2,7 million tones in 2012. Planned targets are far away from those of European countries with advanced waste strategies.


MSW GENERATION (2006): 23,65·106 t

14%

86%

Selectivelly collected Mixed MSW

MSW TREATMENT (2006): 29,96·106 t

2%26%

1%

4%8%59%

Light packaging sorting plant

Sorting + composting

Composting organic fraction

Sorting + anaerobic digestion + composting

Waste to energy

Landfilling

75% of generated MSW to landfill

138

Girona30.267

Mataró170.274

Sant Adrià321.728

Tarragona142.418

Mallorca294.185

Melilla39.156

Cerceda263.992

Madrid311.295

OVERALL WTE TREATMENT 2009

1.910.586 tones (8 %)

Installed power 180 MW

Cantabria113.338

Bilbao223.933

Andorra

139

• 11 WTE Plants are integrated in the Spanish association AEVERSU

• In almost all facilities –except for Madrid and A Coruña, that have fluidised bed technologies- grate-based furnaces are installed.

• Waste treatment capacities vary between 2,5 and 30 t/h/line.

• Total Installed Electric Power is ca. 180 MW.

• Gas cleaning systems mainly consist on semi-dry absorbers for lime addition combined with bag-hose filters and additional injection of activated carbon. DeNOx systems are also installed in almost all facilities.

Technical aspects of WTE in Spain

140

Compared emissions of waste sector in Spain

SO2 NOx NMVOC CO PM PCDD/Fs(t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (g)

TOTAL Emission 1256702 1567893 2499399 2693208 256829 149

Waste treatment and disposal sector 15167 9023 30551 85912 7036 7

WTE sector 223 2445 34 262 40 0,2

Contribution of WTE sector to total national emissions

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

SO2 NOx NMVOC CO Dust PCDD/Fs

TOTAL Emission Waste treatment and disposal WTE

Source: “National Inventory of Atmospheric Emissions” (CORINE) Ministry of Environment. Data corresponding to 2005

Contribution of WTE to total Waste Sector

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

SO2 NOx COVNM CO Partículas PCDD/Fs

Waste treatment and disposal sector WTE

141

• Except for Madrid, Cantabria and Coruña (facilities with previous waste sorting), production of bottom ash supposes between 19 and 25 % in weight of the municipal waste incinerated.

• As bottom ash is recycled in most cases, incineration provides a 95% reduction in weight of the MW destined to landfill. The remaining 5 % corresponds to flue-gas cleaning residues.

Technical aspects of WTE in Spain

24,9

12,93 13,53

24 24,66

19,47

3,03

22

24,97

19,25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

% g

ener

ació

n es

cori

as

Mallorc

aCerce

daCanta

bria

Melilla

Tarrag

ona

Tersa

Madrid

Mataró

Sant A

drià

Bilbao

10,94

6,22

4,54

1,62,93

3,7

6,17

2,33

4,283,6

-1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

% g

ener

ació

n ce

niza

s

Mallorc

aCerce

daCanta

bria

Melilla

Tarrag

ona

Tersa

Madrid

Mataró

Sant A

drià

Bilbao

FLUE-GAS CLEANING RESIDUES (%)

BOTTOM ASH (%)

142

• Waste to Energy in Spain avoids annually , the consumption of:

– 300 million m3 natural gas or– 291 million tones of fuel or – 763.000 tones of coal

• Incineration of 18 million tones/year waste, instead of being landfilled as occurs nowadays, would provide 5.109 Gwhe/year , thus avoiding consumption of:

– 1.400 million m3 of gas, or– 1.300 million tones of fuel, or– 6 million tones of coal

143

Energetic potential of landfilled waste is equivalent to 1,5 Mtep, just taking into account the combustible fraction.

25% ORGANIC

Biodegradable

20% ORGANIC

Non biodegradable

10% RECYCLABLE

37% COMBUSTIBLE

8% INERT

Anaerobic digestion

Stabilization

Energy recovery

100 tones of MW provide 35.000 kwhe, therefore the 18.270.000 tones waste diverted to landfill in 2008, would have generated 5.109 Gwhe

Equivalent to consumption of:

1,1 million housing


1.300 million tones of fuel


1.400 million m3 of gas

144

Average WTE contribution

- In EU-27 < 2%

- In Spain: 0.4 %

España (2005). Fuente IDAE

Role of WTE in the energy system

CONCLUSIONS

146

1. The huge amount of waste generated in Spain and the large percentage that is still delivered to landfills clearly indicates that waste management schemes do not yet fulfill sustainability criteria.

2. Looking to figures of European countries with advanced waste strategies, it seems to be obvious that best solutions for waste management are based on integrated systems, in which material recycling and energy recovery of refuse material are complementary.

3. Waste incineration with energy recovery has the following advantages:– Complementary to recycling, reliable and with high availability – Capable of reducing the amount of waste influx, both in weigh and in volume – It is a proved technology, based on years of experience, offering encouraging

performance – Recovery of the energetic content of waste is high, being the energy obtained partly

classified as renewable– Energy produced from waste substitutes equivalent amount generated from fossil

fuels, that otherwise should be used

147

4. Environmental aspects of relevance

– Emission contribution from WTE plants to total emissions is low, due to the strict control of combustion conditions and the high efficiency of flue gas cleaning systems installed.

– Environmental and Epidemiological studies show no significant influence of WTE facilities neither on air quality of the surroundings nor in human health.

– Although the waste sector contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is just 3% of the total emitted amount, WTE is to be a useful tool for climate change protection.

SUMARISING and SIMPLIFYING:Not everything can be recycled indefinitely.Not everything should be incinerated.But everything should be treated for material or energy recovery.

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTEMPTIONAmalia Cerdà

http://www.aeversu.com/

http://www.aeversu.com/

waste-to-energy around europe - tirme · • regulation ec 1013/2006 (“waste shipments ......

Documents