waste management: overview of issues and regulation in india
TRANSCRIPT
Waste Management: Overview of issues and regulation in India
Suneel Pandey8th May 2014
Present status
• Municipal - 62 million tonnes/annum
• Construction & Demolition – 10-12 million tonees/annum
• Industrial
– Hazardous – 7.90 million tonnes/annum
– Non Hazardous – 200 million tonnes/annum
• Biomedical – 1.5 lakh tonnes/annum
• Electronic – 8 lakh tonnes/annum
Key issues
• Municipal solid waste– Lack of waste segregation at source
– In efficient collection – efficiencies range from 50 to 90% in major metros; smaller cities, it is around 50%
– Inadequate transportation facilities in more than 70% of the cities
– Inadequate disposal – very few sanitary landfills– Landfill gas emission and contamination of water and
soil due to leachate – Biomedical waste, slaughter house waste, industrial
waste often reaching the MSW dumpsites posing potential hazard to sanitary workers and ragpickers
MSW characteristics in Indian cities
Parameter Unit Range
Compostable % 30 – 55
Recyclable (Plastics, Paper,
Metal, Glass etc)
% 5 – 15
Inter including construction &
demolition waste
% 40 - 55
Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio 14 – 53
Moisture % 17 – 65
Calorific Value kcal/kg 520 – 3766
Source: CPCB
Door step collection of waste
Land requirement
• As per the CPCB report 2012-13– If all the waste is disposed, it will need 3,40,000 m3 of
landfill space every day
– In the present situation the municipal areas generate 1,33,760 TPD waste, of which only 25,884 TPD is treated and 1,07,876 TPD is disposed on land requiring around 2,12,752 m3 of land fill space
– Requirement of land for next 20 years could be as high as 66,000 ha (1240 ha per year)
Contamination due to leachate
Fire due to LFG
Key issues
• Construction and demolition debris
– No recycling/reuse though potentially almost everything can be recycled
– Waste still going to landfills or in abandoned areas in city landscape thus occupying valuable space
Key issues
• Non-hazardous solid waste
– No policy for effective management, recycling, reuse
• Hazardous waste
– Legacy contaminated sites
– Lack of incentive for recycling/reuse
– Illegal disposal for small industries
Unscientific disposal of industrial wastes
Unscientific disposal of industrial wastes…
Groundwater in Rajasthan
Key issues
• Biomedical waste
– Risk of injury/disease due to exposure
– High level of segregation and treatment required
– Waste often mixed and seen dumped to MSW sites
Key issues
• E-waste
– Transboundary movement
– Improper recycling in informal sector still rampant
– Soil and groundwater contamination
– Human health issues
Destination
Open burning of e-waste
Acid striping of chips and PCBs
Pollution of water bodies
Burning of waste
Pollution of soil
Distribution of Pb and Cu in soil
Air pollution
Air concentration
Water bodies
PCB levels
Regulation
• Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000; Rules for 2013 awaiting notification – Mandates local body for primary collection,
storage, transportation, processing and disposal
– Emphasizes on need for segregation
– Bans organic waste to be disposed in landfills
– Promotes recycling and organic waste processing
– Prescribes standards for landfills and incineration facilities
Regulation
• Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011– Carry bags to be either transparent or with permitted
colourants (IS:9833:1981)
– Storage of food items not permitted in recycled plastic bags
– Ban on manufacturing of less than 40 micron bags
– Not to be used for pan masala, gutka or tobacco
– Recycled carry bags to conform to IS:14534:1998
– Carry bags from compostable plastics to conform to IS:17088:2008
– Guidelines for recycling
– EPR based
Regulation
• Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2008– Provides broader definition of hazardous waste
• Characteristics based
• Process based
• Quantity based
– Harmonizes the definition with provisions of Basel Convention
– Restriction on waste import and export
– Manifest system for waste tracking
Regulation
• Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 and amendments thereof; draft rules 2011 awaiting notification
– Simplification of colour coding
– Mandatory authorization
– District level committees for monitoring
– Precautionary principle for ensuring safety of workers
Regulation
• E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011 which became operational in May 2012– The rules empower the concerned state agencies to
control, supervise and regulate relevant activities connected with e-waste management such as collection, segregation, dismantling and recycling
– EPR central theme for the Rule– Provision of registered dismantlers and recyclers – Targets for reduction in hazardous components in
different products – Hazardous component of waste to disposed in
secured landfills
Future rules
• MSW Rules are being revised as MSW Rules 2013
• Separate Rules for C&D waste being formulated
• Need assessment is being done for packaging waste
• Another critical issues is management of end-of-life lamps
Treatment facilities
• Hazardous waste – 30 common TSDFs spread across 16 states, 6 under construction
• Biomedical waste – presently 205 CBWTFs (188 operational and rest under commissioning); 688 incinerators, 2,710 autoclaves, 179 microwaves, 13 hydroclaves and 4,250 shredders as captive treatment equipment
• E-waste – 77 registered e-waste recycling facilities
Thank you