waste management hierarchy

Table of Contents

Trends in Waste Generation

Impact of waste – poor waste management

Waste Management Hierarchy

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Towards Circular Economy

What is Waste?

Typical Contribution of Waste streams in Urban Areas

Source: EMC Master database , 2014

Waste Treatment Infrastructure

Treatment Storage Disposal Collection

Landfill

Incineration

Treatment

Recycling

Waste to Energy

Segregation

Waste Generation Across Various Regions of the World

Total waste currently generated is approx. 3532 tons/day in which OECD

countries generate maximum waste. By 2025 in which East Asia could make

major contribution.

Source: What a Waste, World Bank:

Waste Generation is Linked to Per Capita Income

Source: Economic Times

Source: EMC’s Master Country Database (n.p., 2014) using primarily

data from the EU, OECD and World Bank; Lawless (2014), Waste

Atlas: Recycling and resource recovery around the world (Unpublished

master’s thesis). University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

Organic waste

enjoys maximum

fraction of the

waste generated

across all income

level while paper

waste is high in

upper-middle and

high income

countries.

Waste characteristics by Income Levels

Source: EMC’s Master Country Database (n.p., 2014) using primarily data from the UN and World Bank and Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata (2012)

Cost of inaction

In Asia 50-70% of revenues are spent on waste management and the cost of inaction eats away 5% of the GDP

World’s 50 Biggest Waste Dumpsites

Largest number of dump sites are found in African countries followed by Asia

Source: Waste Atlas Partnership (2014).

Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites, 2014 Report.

.

GHG emissions at various stages of waste disposal and

management

Greenhouse Gases (GHG) are gases

that trap heat in the atmosphere. The primary

GHG water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane,

Nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and ozone.

Different stages of Waste Management

contribute to GHG emissions.

The yellow lines depicts the emissions

from different process and the green

lines shows the remediation technique

or the methods to avoid GHG

emissions.

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Priority Adoption

Long Term

?

Phasing out open dumping & controlling disposal is an important first step

Waste streams that can be recycled to recover valuable secondary resources

SCRAP METALS • Aluminium • Ferrous (Steel) • Lead • Zinc • Copper

15

MSW • Paper • Plastic • Glass


16

Waste is a resource and should be recognized as such

In fact the whole waste management system should be

designed around recycling and resource recovery.

Decentralized solutions are effective

The private sector (both formal and informal) is a key player in solid waste management. They can support the local authority and innovate in recycling

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC WASTE • PCB with valuable metals

• Copper • Gold • Palladium • Silver

• Plastic


19

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

• Asphalt • Concrete • Rock • Sand • Wood


10-15% of total waste in developed countries is C&D waste

20

•One ton of electronic scrap from PCs contains more gold than that recovered from 17 tons of gold ore and 40 times more concentration of copper than that in copper

•Recycling 1 ton of aluminium saves, 1.3 metric tonne of bauxite residues 15 m3of cooling water 0.86 m3 of process water 2TCO2 avoided 11 kg of SO2 avoided

• Recycling 1 ton of paper will save up to 17 trees and 50 %

water

Benefits of recycling – some facts and figures

21

Benefits of recycling waste streams - Example

Recovery of Obsolete Mobiles - Japan

Recycling campaign launched in Nov 2009 involving 1886 stores and super markets selling mobiles •People who return mobiles had a chance to enter a lottery to win 12 – 600 dollars •569,464 mobiles collected •22 kg gold, 140 mg silver, 10 g copper, 4 mg palladium recovered in 4 months

22

PPP Model for Centralized Community

Based Composting in Dhaka by Waste Concern (WC)

Communities

Private Fertilizer

Companies.

Waste Concern

DCC & PWD

MoEF

Providing Seed

Money

Coordinating the

Program

Communities

participate in door-to-

door waste collection

program & contribute

towards its cost.

PUBLIC PRIVATE COMMUNITY

Providing

Land and

other

logistics

WC

ensures the

quality of

compost

WC provides technical

support and facilitation

for community based

SWM and composting

Fertilizer

companies buy

all the

compost

PPP MODEL: CASE FOR COMMUNITY BASED COMPOSTING IN BANGLADESH

Donor

Wongpanich Private Waste Recycling,

Thailand

● Recognized as a model for recycling business in

Thailand and neighboring countries

● Provides important benefits such as

−poverty reduction

− create job opportunities

−market value for waste

− educate people

− and increase awareness within community

Wongpanich Waste Recycling

Factory, Thailand

Factory Building

Storage of Separated &

Cleaned Plastic Containers

Recyclable transportation

Case study: Credai Clean City Movement, Kerala,

2007

The Confederation of Real Estate Developer's

Associations of India (CREDAI)

Launched a corporate social responsibility (CSR)

project

Aim: spreading awareness to help citizens

implement self-contained solid waste management

systems in their communities

Technology: Decentralized systems applicable to

different conditions – such as bio digester bins for

apartments and bio digester pots for individual

homes

Achievements

Processed 72 tonnes of biodegradable waste from

48000 apartments in the city

It has created jobs for people below the poverty line

for the last three years

Saved Rs. 8.91 Crores (@ Rs. 3391 per tonne) for

the government.

25

Case study - The Clean City Championship – A

Participatory Approach for Improved Solid Waste

Management in Warangal, 2012

Low cost participatory approach

Strong leadership from the administrators and politicians

Financial grants for the championship were first secured from different departments at State level

Intensive pre-championship activities were carried out

Transportation plan and rationalization of vehicles

Route and loading plans for entire city on GIS maps

Tie-ups

Stakeholder involvement

Training and capacity building

Championship spread over 7 days

Achievements

WMC was able to reduce 30 to 40% of waste going to the dumpsite.

Solid waste management wing was established

Data updated on real-time basis

There has been a reduction in O&M costs by 30%

This model of championship has been replicated in Guntur and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and many more have showed interest

26

Source: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/municipal%20solid%20waste%20management.pdf

Quezon City, Philippines

Started with ‘Linis Ganda’ Linkages across supply chain

Recognition & respectability

uniforms, ID, access

politically connected

Organise co-operatives

Facilitate affordable credit Photo credits: Embassy of Japan in the Philippines; Government of the Philippines, 2006

Year Total IWBs

1997 6% 4%

2006 25% 16%

2009 37% 24%

10 year increase in recycling

Weigh bridge

Sorting Inert Storage

Organic

storage

Bio-

methanation or

Composting

plants

Material

Recovery

Centre

Innovation centre

Street

lights

Waste Sorting Centres

Gardens

Methane gas for street lights

and to fuel transport vehicles

Processed materials for users

Compost to gardens

Waste Sorting

Centre

Waste

Generators/

Decentralized Integrated Eco-system

Sudokwon Eco-Energy Complex Town

Sludge-to-Solid Fuel

(2,700ton/day)

Organic Waste-to-Biogas

(1,500ton/day)

Construction Waste-to-Fuel

(4,000ton/day) Testing complex

Other energy plants

Combustible WtE plant

(2,000ton/day)

RDF plant

(200ton/day, Apr. 2010) Sludge solidification plant

(1,000ton/day, Dec. 2008)

RDF-dedicated Boiler

(600ton/day)

21

Wastes Not Being Viewed as “Resources”

Need for fundamental change in our mindset and attitudes

Resource efficiency and circular economy

The Closed Loop Economy By reducing production of wastes, and by maximising the use of reusable and recyclable

materials, a city can achieve greater resource efficiency

Source: ADB and IGES (2008). Toward Resource-Efficient Economics in Asia and the Pacific: Reduce Reuse Recycle. Asian Development Bank, Manila

• Closed-Loop Economy

• Recycle Based Society

• Sound Material-Cycle Society

• Green Growth and Circular Economy

Moving from Negative

Loop to Positive

* Depletion, Degradation, Deterioration, Deforestation, Desertification

Linear to Circular

Economy Linear and Circular Economy

Regulations on recycling of waste

• Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations Sets targets for recycling e-waste in EU, China, California (USA), Saskatchewan (Canada) and Ireland.

• Voluntary criteria for recycled paper Standard for recycled paper products GECA 11-200

under the Australian Ecolabel Program Blue Angel Basic Criteria for Award of the

Environmental Label for Recycled Paper (RAL-UZ 14) in Germany

Hong Kong Green Label Scheme (HKGLS) Product Environmental Criteria for Paper Folders with Recycled Content (GL-001-004)

Ecomark criteria for recycled paper in India

• Regulation for recycling batteries EU, USA, Japan, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey

33

Schemes to stimulate recycling - Examples

TAKE BACK PROGRAMS

• German Packaging Ordinance 1991 -

Packaging waste recycled through Duales System Deutschland (DSD)

• British Columbia Recycling Regulation 2004 -

Left over paint returned at 100 depots operated by Product Care.

Eco-fees or eco-taxes collected

DEPOSIT REFUND SYSTEMS

• South Korea – Food containers, tires,

batteries, lubricants, pesticide containers, and plastics

• Bottle bills in U.S

34

환경부 자원순환국

Online waste disposal verification system

(Allbaro)

Asbestos disposal measures

Follow-up management performance

deposit for waste disposal facility

Volume based waste fee system

Reduce the use of disposable items

and packaging

Waste charge system

Promote the recycling of construction

wastes and used metal scrap

EPR system(24 items)

Eco-Assurance system for WEEE and

vehicles

Nature

Materials

Natural Resources

Recyclable

Resources

WtE and biomass

Eco-energy complex towns

Low-carbon green villages

①Energy-efficient

Production, Distribution, Consumption

④Advanced treatment

for pollution prevention

③Energy recovery

from waste resources

②Material recycling

to reduce raw materials

Waste

10

Sound Material Society