wassily kandinsky (1866-1944) cells. figure 4.1x cell theory: - all organisms are composed of cells...
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Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
Cells
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Figure 4.1x
Cell Theory:
- all organisms are composed of cells
- all cells come from other cells
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• Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Figure 4.1B
TEM
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• Cell size and shape relate to function
• Minimum• Maximum
Figure 4.2
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• A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume than a large cell of the same shape
30 µm 10 µm
Surface areaof one large cube= 5,400 µm2
Total surface areaof 27 small cubes= 16,200 µm2Figure 4.3
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Prokaryotic cells - “before nucleus”
- small, relatively simple cells–Single-celled organisms
2 kinds of cells: prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
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- true nucleus
- larger: 10-100 microns
- often multicellular
- organelles surrounded by membranes
- usually need O2
Eukaryotic cells - functional compartments
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What do these have in common?
• HIV infection• Transplanted organs• Communication between neurons• Drug addiction• Cystic fibrosis• hypercholesteremia
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Plasma membrane
• Contact between cell and environment
• Keeps useful materials inside and harmful stuff outside
• Allows transport, communication in both directions
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polarhead
nonpolartails
P –
hydrophobic molecules
hydrophilic molecules
cytosol
1. Phospholipid bilayer
Plasma membrane components
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fibers of the extracellular matrix
Figure 5.12
Glycoprotein Carbohydrate (of glycoprotein)
Microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Proteins
CYTOPLASM
Glycolipid
• 2. Cholesterol - adds rigidity
Fluid mosaic model
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• 3. Membrane Proteins - span entire membrane or lie on either side
•Structural Support•Recognition•Communication•Transport
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How do molecules cross the plasma membrane?
• Passive transport
• Active transport
• Endocytosis and exocytosis
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• Diffusion and gradients
–Diffusion = movement of molecules from region of higher to lower concentration.
–Osmosis = diffusion of water across a membrane
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• In passive transport, substances diffuse through membranes without work by the cell
EQUILIBRIUMMolecule of dye
Figure 5.14A & B
Membrane
EQUILIBRIUM
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• water travels from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower water concentration
Osmosis = diffusion of water across a membraneHypotonicsolution
Figure 5.15
Solutemolecule
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
Hypertonic solution
Selectivelypermeablemembrane
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
Selectivelypermeablemembrane
NET FLOW OF WATER
Solute molecule with cluster of water molecules
Water molecule
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osmosis causes cells to shrink in a hypertonic solution and swell in a hypotonic solution
Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial
osmoregulation = control of water balance
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isotonic solution hypertonic solution hypotonic solution
10 microns
equal movement of waterinto and out of cells
net water movement out of cells
net water movement into cells
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• Small nonpolar molecules - simple diffusion
• Many molecules pass through protein pores by diffusion through channels.
• Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport = diffusion across membranes
Figure 5.17
Solutemolecule
Transportprotein
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• against a concentration gradient
• transport proteins needed
• requires energy (ATP)
Active transport
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• Active transport in two solutes across a membrane
• Na+/K+ pump
• Protein shape changeFigure 5.18
Transportprotein
1
FLUIDOUTSIDECELL
Firstsolute
First solute, inside cell, binds to protein
Phosphorylated transport protein
2 ATP transfers phosphate to protein
3 Protein releases solute outside cell
4 Second solute binds to protein
Second solute
5 Phosphate detaches from protein
6 Protein releases second solute into cell
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exocytosis = vesicle fuses with the membrane and expels its contents
Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules
Figure 5.19A
FLUID OUTSIDE CELL
CYTOPLASM
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– or the membrane may fold inward, trapping material from the outside (endocytosis)
Figure 5.19B
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
human immune system ingests whole bacteria
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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• Cholesterol can accumulate in the blood if membranes lack cholesterol receptors
Figure 5.20
LDL PARTICLEPhospholipid outer layer
Protein
Cholesterol
Plasma membraneCYTOPLASM
Receptor protein
Vesicle
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What do these have in common?
• HIV infection• Transplanted organs• Communication between neurons• Drug addiction• Cystic fibrosis• hypercholesteremia