wash assessment report

WASH Assessment Report

i

WASH

ASSESSMENT REPORT

WASH DEPARTMENT-HERAT

WEST REGION

AFGHANISTAN

May 2019

Cover photo: Temporary Latrines made by IDPs at Shahrak-e-Sabz area, Injil District, Herat Province, Afghanistan.

Assessment by: Herat WASH team.

Report compiled by: Ahmad Jawid Mansouri & Habiburrahman Shadab

Report Reviewed by: Sayed Masood Aslamzad.

Location: Kahdestan, Shahrak-e-Sabz, Shaidayee, and Regretion area of Injil district, Herat Province.


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Contents 0 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1

1 Introduction and background ................................................................................................................................. 2

2 Methodology ........................................................................ ................................................................................. 5

2.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

2.2 Data collection ................................................................................................................................................. 5

2.3 Assessment team ............................................................................................................................................. 5

2.4 Limitations ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

3 Results...................................................................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 General and Markets data ............................................................................................................................... 6

3.2 WASH ............................................................................................................................................................... 7

4 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................................. 14

4.1 General recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 14

4.2 WASH ............................................................................................................................................................. 14

5 Gender and Promotion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 17

7 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................................. 18

List of abbreviations and acronyms:


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- MRRD: Ministry of Rural and Rehabilitation Development

- DRC: Danish Refugee Council

- NRC: Norwegian Refugee Council

- MoRR: Ministry of Refugees and Returnees

- DoRR: Directorate of Refugees and Returnees

- IDPs: Internal Displaced People

- WASH: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

- DoE: Directorate of Education

- HH: Household

- DACAAR:


1

0 Executive Summary In 2018, drought has affected more than two-third of Afghanistan, devastating the agricultural sector and

leaving some 3.64 million people across the worst-affected provinces in need of life-saving assistance, including

3.6 million people in need of emergency food and livelihoods support. Several International and National NGOs

are present in the area since the beginning of the crisis.

Herat is one of the Afghanistan’s key provinces. Fair security condition in this province rather than other

provinces, caused to be the host community for large number of internal displaced people.

The DORR, NRC and other humanitarian organizations emergency assessment reports show that large number

of displaced Afghans all around Afghanistan specially from Badghis, Ghor, Farah, Helmand and Faryab

provinces fled their homes due to war conflicts or natural disasters and moved to Herat for a safe life. More

than half of this displaced population are children under 18 years old.

These IDPs are living in different locations of Herat as the local people in rural and urban districts and also some

are settled in IDPs camps in Herat.

Regardless of the harsh conditions in the displacement sites, most families report that this is still preferred over

returning to their place of origin where they did not feel safe due to the presence of Non-State Armed Groups

(NSAGs), where assistance has not reached and where they have lost all their crops and animals. Many families fear

that unless the precipitation improves over the next couple of years, they have nothing to go back to or means of

survival in their villages.

Recently in the May 2019 most of IDPs relocated from Kahdestan to Shahrak-e-Sabz and Regretion area due to

limitation of Water supply in their previous settled Collective Sites therefore they lost their WASH Facilities

except Water Tankers. All Latrine and Bath Facilities which were provided to IDPs in Kahdestan last year were

made of Mud or a combine of Wood & Tarpaulin so most Facilities are already destroyed due to poor

quality/Maintenance.

This WASH assessment was carried out via 6 NRC WASH Engineers in 175 Sites in Shaidayee, Kahdestan and

Shahrak e Sabz of Injil District of Herat Province. Data shows that most prominent problem is the Sanitation

and Hygiene.

The water supply in all sites are acceptable but still there is a need to focus on Maintenance of existing Water

Points, Installation of new water Distribution points or increase the amount of Water Tracking per day.

It was found during the assessment that in 69 sites out of 175 sites, there are existing Communal Water Tanker

Storage and 106 Sites are collecting water from the buck of the truck.

Latrines are not provided yet in 67 sites and the existing Latrines in the other 108 Sites are Simi damaged or

not properly maintained, the defecation in holes or trenches is the more common practice and direct OFD

(Open Field Defecation) is also an obvious issue. Environmental sanitation is also not good in most of the Sites

visited. The number of Latrines is not sufficient and many IDP representative and community members who

were interviewed declared that they don’t feel themselves safe and dignified while using trapoline latrines

existing on site. Most of Latrines are damaged or blocked and people are not using them.

Bathing Facilities are accessible in 45 sites but most of them need to be repaired. In 130 Sites IDP communities

have no access to Bathing Facilities, some areas were provided Bathing facilities in the last year but due to poor

quality and poor maintenance baths are out of order now.


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Handwashing after/before eating is a well-established practice but not after defecation. IDP of Zone A Shahrak

e Sabz shows slightly better habits in hand washing after defecation, although the use of soap when washing

hands is not a very common practice in any sample population.

Solid waste management is done mainly by dumping the waste straight on the ground ditches and trenches.

Waste management containers are not provided yet; only small fractions of people burn their waste.

A holistic approach of integrated activities; heavily focus in the water supply, as the primary concern, but with

emphasis in latrine/Bath construction and hygiene promotion is highly recommended.

Regarding sanitation, the construction or Repairing of emergency latrines are the highest priority, as it is also

the need of latrines in the area.

Hygiene promotion should be reinforced by addressing the unawareness of the target population regarding

key messages and its lack of means to enable good practices. Thus it is recommended to carry out campaigns

(door-by-door), Training Sessions and the distribution of kits.

To summarize, the recommended items needed for IDPs settlements are indicated based on Sphere minimum

standard for humanitarian assistance. Therefore, a total of 30 water tankers, 1619 latrines and 698 baths are

needed to install in the areas. It is mentionable that some facilities required to be repaired or rehabilitated,

e.g; the tarpaulin of latrines should be changed or digging new pit/well is another way to cope with this issue.

Operation and maintenance of Facilities need to establish and train 110 Water/Sanitation Committees to

routine maintenance.

1 Introduction and background In 2018, drought has affected more than two-thirds of Afghanistan, devastating the agricultural sector and

leaving some 3.64 million people across the worst-affected provinces in need of life-saving assistance,

including 3.6 million people in need of emergency food and livelihoods support. The drought has unleashed a

host of problems on already impoverished communities, reducing incomes by half, debilitating health and

causing households to engage in negative coping mechanisms – all of which have had an adverse impact on

their physiological and psychological well-being. As of November 2018, some 3.3 million people are

experiencing Emergency levels of food insecurity (IPC 4), a 74% increase on this time last year, and require

responses which help them to protect their assets and livelihoods from further depletion and progressively

re-establish them. This has led to a sharp rise in displacement from drought-affected provinces such as

Badghis, Ghor and Remote Districts of Herat to areas on the periphery city of Herat.

Displacement of an estimated 29,000 families to Herat from neighboring provinces has occurred in the past

months as a result of drought and ongoing conflict. Chronic underdevelopment in rural areas of origin,

particularly Badghis Province, has been compounded by drought and conflict, depleting families’ assets.

Herat is one of the Afghanistan’s key provinces. Fair security condition in this province rather than other

provinces, caused to be the host community for large number of internal displaced people.

The DORR, NRC and other humanitarian organizations emergency assessment reports show that large number

of displaced Afghans all around Afghanistan specially from Badghis, Ghor, Farah, Helmand and Faryab

provinces fled their homes due to war conflicts or natural disasters and moved to Herat for a safe life.

These droughts and conflict-induced displaced households in informal collective sites live amongst poor host

communities, and humanitarian action risks increasing tensions between new arrivals and the host

communities. The humanitarian response to date has been adequate but their WASH contribution were not


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enough and most of WASH facilities has been Damaged or unsafe due to poor Quality/Maintaining.

NRC WASH team contacted Shaydayee Pediatric Hospital for the statistics of the water born and vector born

diseases and below is their statistics for the past two months, April and May 2019:

No Disease No of Registered cases Fatality Remarks

Malaria 414 6

Diarrhea 628 5

It is mentionable that there are some other clinics on the vicinity of the IDP settlements and IDPs declared

that they visit at least 3 other clinics in the area in addition to Shayidayee clinic

Recently most IDPs Relocated from Kahdestan to Shahrak-e-Sabz and Regretion area due to limitation of

Water Supply and Land issue so their WASH facilities are left there and they are in urgent need of Water,

Sanitation and hygiene intervention.

Regardless of the harsh conditions in the displacement sites, most families report that this is still preferred

over returning to their place of origin where they do not feel safe due to the presence of Non-State Armed

Groups (NSAGs), where assistance has not reached and where they have lost all their crops and animals.

Many families fear that unless the precipitation improves over the next years, they have nothing to go back

to or means of survival in their villages.

In this context, NRC carry out a rapid assessment in WASH in both the previous Site collection areas at

Kahdestan and new settled areas at Shahrak-e-Sabz. This assessment aims to bring to light the population

struggles and WASH needs, as well as the gaps in that sector and how to address them.

Area of assessment:

The assessment was carried out in the areas of intervention where NRC is currently present where

Unicef/MRRD/DACAAR have been responsible for WASH activities as part of their emergency response. The

visited areas are: Kahdestan, Shahrak-e-Sabz and Regretion.


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Figure 1: Detailed area of assessment

This area, as shown in the map belonging to the Herat Province, Injil District.

175

11125

27682

29793

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Total Communities Total Families Individual Male Individual Female

General Information


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2 Methodology 2.1 Objectives

This WASH assessment was conducted by NRC Herat WASH team. This field assessment objective was to assess,

not only the needs of the population, but also the capacities of the present partners. Six staff members of NRC

were in charge of this Rapid Assessment.

Within the scope of this mission, this assessment focused on the following results.

2.1.1 General Objective Enumerate and quantify the WASH needs of the assessed populations (IDPs), and identify opportunities for

further interventions in the area by the NRC.

2.1.2 Specific objectives

• Evaluate status of the WASH services and the needs in the area.

• Identify gaps in the emergency WASH response provided to affected populations.

• Through an evidence-based approach, improve any further project proposals.

2.2 Data collection The field team collected data via MDC (Mobile Data Collection) using tablets and electronic formularies created

with Kobo collect1.

A WASH Assessment tool was developed for this assessment:

• Form for collecting data at the HH level: Mainly closed questions responded directly by the HH head

or a family member.

This questionnaire form (herein after called the Assessment Tool) covers the below questions related to the

WASH in the Emergency:

1 Visit: https://kobo.humanitarianresponse.info

78

460

220

334

118

T O T A L W A T E R T A N K E R A V A I L A B L E

T O T A L L A T R I N E A V A I L A B L E

( F U N C T I O N A L )

T O T A L L A T R I N E A V A I L A B L E ( N O T

F U N C T I O N A L )

T O T A L B A T H A V A I L A B L E

( F U N C T I O N A L )

T O T A L B A T H A V A I L A B L E ( N O T

F U N C T I O N A L )

AVAILABLE WASH FACILITIES

https://kobo.humanitarianresponse.info/

https://kobo.humanitarianresponse.info/


6

Basic information about the area Including GPS Coordination.

Available WASH Facilities.

Condition of WASH Facilities.

Water Related Questions.

Sanitation Related Questions.

Hygiene Related Questions.

Health related Questions.

2.3 Assessment team

The team was composed of:

• 1 male supervisor, who directed and oriented daily field work. This person was also in charge of the

security of the whole team.

• 5 WASH interviewer, NRC permanent staff, including 3 female and 2 male staff members who

administered the Area WASH survey.

• 2 drivers with knowledge of the area.

Team departed daily in the morning to one or two locations to carry out the work. Security protocols required

the team to be back in Office on time.

2.4 Limitations Several limitations need to be highlighted in the assessment:

• Weather and Ramadan: The team was not able to work more than 6 hrs per day to visit all the initially

selected zones.

• Data collection methods: Due to time and capacity limitations, all data collection was electronic.

• Relocation of IDPs: Regular Daily Relocation of IDPs (Especially from Kahdestan to Shahrak-e-Sabz)

3 Results 3.1 WASH

For the WASH part of the assessment, one survey format was used:

WASH Assessment

This approach was used in order to capture both, the perceptions and facts about the community realities as

well as general state of WASH services in the Collective Sites, via a resource person.

3.1.1 Water Supply 61 % of the surveyed HH, 34,235 individuals (16,616 Male, 17,619 Female) collect water from a protected water

source (Communal Distribution Tank) and 39% are being supplied by water Trucking. Even in Water Trucking

case, most of people are forced to wait longer than 3 to 4 hours to obtain their resupply each day because of

supply limitation (2 times per day).

Direct observations in the field by the team also show that at 10% of the water points visited there were more

than 10 persons waiting to be served, also some Water Tankers in Shahrak-e-Sabz were empty due to Progress


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relocation of IDPs which relocated from Kahdestan, everyday relocate IDPs and Water Tanker reservoir

capacities not enough to cover all IDPs.

For the people (39%) 28,748 individuals (13,811 Male, 14,937 Female) do not have access to an improved water

point the reason is simply that they are not stable in a location and regularly change their Locations due to some

issue between communities. Also some area representatives don’t allow other Site people to collect the water

from Water Tank Installed in the other community.

Also at some areas lack of hygiene in around the water points is seen in most of the water points in some

localities and having solid/liquid waste around the water points. More dangerously in some localities, human

and animal excreta was detected around the water supply facilities, posing a major problem for human health.

106

6961

43

1861% 39% 88% 70% 30%0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Community CollectWater from Water

Trucking

Community collectWater from Communal

Distribution Tank

Functional watersource with goodcondation of Taps

Easy Accessible Watersource

Not Easy accessibleWater Source

Water


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Figure 7 Examples of overcrowded or not improved water points

Most of families have few water containers than specified by international practice (2 containers, one to collect

and one to store). Furthermore, many of HH have less than 75 litres (15 l/p/day for a HH of five persons) of

storage capacity, thus they would cope with eventual shortages of water in their supply in an undesired way

(reducing water consumption, especially reducing water for personal or HH hygiene).

88 % of Water points were properly functioning and the rest 12 % of Water Points are not properly functioning,

the most important issue was number of taps per each point and huge number of IDPs.

The local Water committees are the only authorities in the O&M of the water points. This sets them in a very

precarious position, as most of them do not have enough organizational capacity and/or economic means.

3.1.2 Sanitation

Defecation practices were investigated for the three populations of concern, with very different results. In

general, latrine coverage is very low. 62% of people (21,573 Male, 22,654 Female) have access to latrines and

just 71% of Latrines are functional.

Existing Latrines are in 3 types:

1- Mud Made Latrines (Pit): Common Issue in this type of Latrines are the pits, as per limitation of digging

equipment people were not able to dig a pit more than 3 m (Maximum) in depth and 1m in radius that

requires frequent emptying on a monthly basis but people are not using water and clean themselves with

stone are mud fragments that makes the pits full much faster. This type of Latrines is permanent and people

could not change the location of latrine. This type of latrine is also not safe for most vulnerable groups

people especially women because no doors are provided and there is no proper privacy in using them.

Construction of this type of Latrines is easy in the field because of availability of local resource.


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2- Wood + Tarpaulin: This type of latrines are an emergency Latrines which were provided by

DACAAR/MRRD/Unicef made from Wooden frame and COVERED by Tarpaulin. The effective life span of

this type of latrine isn’t more than 6 months therefore, most of these type of latrines are semi destroyed

or completely damaged. Preparing and Installation of this type of latrine is easy and a significant

disadvantage is its short efficient life span especially in a climate condition like Herat/West Region of

Afghanistan (Hot Summer windy season and Cold winter).

3- Metallic Latrine: Recently NRC has designed a new type of metallic boot shape latrines and provided

Metallic Latrines at Zone A Shahrak-e-Sabz Settlement area. This type of Latrine is more durable and

easy/safe using. MRRD/Unicef also provided Metallic Latrine/Bath Facilities but they combined Bath with

Latrine. Another advantage of this type of latrine is the relocation availability and easy to transport and

reinstallation of this type of latrine.

108

6777 77

49

62%

38%

71% 71%

45%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Community haveaccess to latrine

Community Don’t have access to latrine

Functional Latrines Shared latrine Not functional

LATRINE


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Figure 11: Latrine Availability and accessibility

Also related to these practices, direct observations in the 175 HH/communities shows that in as much as all of

them problem vectors (flies, mosquitoes) are common.

The use of open defecation in area can pose a serious risk to health, especially during summer season and its

content may be dispersed into the environment. Improved latrines, even if the more basic ones, can help

prevent this problems, providing also a more suitable and private place for defecation.

Environmental sanitation is also not good in most of the HH/Communities visited, with excrements seen in the

surroundings of the facilities; risks of contamination for kids are increased when this happens nearby the

house/play areas.

31%

51%

14%

22%27%

55% 55%

35%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Not safe togo

Septictank/pit full

Far away Squattingpan broken

Over flowing Door/wallbroken

Bad smell blocked

MAIN PROBLEMS FOR NOT ACCESSABLE LATRINES


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Figure: Open Defecation

A predictable scenario where the newly Relocated IDPs from Kahdestan to Shahrak-e-Sabz are still not covered

with latrines (According to Sphere Minimum Standard it should be 20 pers/lat)

Moreover, open defecation and defeating in ditch/uncover pits are present and wide seen in most of the

locations (Kahdestan and Zone B,C,D of Shahrak-e-Sabz and Regretion) except Zone A of Shahrak-e-Sabz.


12

3.1.3 Hygiene


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Visual inspection by the Assessor shows that most HH (69%) use jerry cans/water containers for water storing,

preventing possible contamination at the HH level of drinking water.

28% of HH use Bucket for storing the Water and not a save prevention of water contamination:

And 3% of Assessed HH don’t have any standard water storage containers.

10

3

30 29

5

48

0

20%

6%

61%59%

10%

98%

0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Lid Good 10 litres 20 litres Broken Open >20 litres

BUCKET STORING OF WATER DETAIL

42

61

101

79

30

52

2

35%

50%

83%

65%

25%

43%

2%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Lid Good 10 litres 20 litres Broken Open >20 litres

Jerry Can water Storing details


14

30% of Interviewed People confirmed progress of Hygiene Promotion by NGOs and 70% of people claim there

isn’t any Hygiene promotion conduct by NGOs at their communities.

81% of interviewed people confirmed availability of some Hygiene Material for their use but 19% confirmed

that they don’t have any hygiene materials for their daily use.

43 44 35

144

10725%25%

20%

82%

61%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Washing hand withsoap after defecation

and disposal ofchildren faeces.

Use of soap Keeping good personalhygiene

Covering drinkingwater

Covering of food

Common Hygiene practices among the affected population

29

4137

5

62

7 9

6920%

29%26%

4%

44%

5%6%

49%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Tooth paste Laundry soap watercollection and

storagecontainers

Latrinecleaning kit

Shampoo Kitchenutensil and

cleaningmaterial

Sanitarynapkins

Bathing soap

Hygiene Materials use by people


15

Once again it is noteworthy comment that the Zone A- Shahrak-e-Sabz population are better off in the access

to Hygiene Items than the recently relocated IPD’s, showing once again the efforts of the WASH actors in the

Zone A- Shahrak-e-Sabz.

Solid waste management is done by communities by dumping the waste straight into their surroundings or into

pits. Some people of the HH respond that they burn their rubbish.

A higher percentage of IDPs burn their rubbish for cooking and heating, this practice, in the IDP sites have the

potential of creating fires, especially during the dry season.

4 Recommendations

4.1 General recommendations In the eyes of interviewed authorities Sanitation, across all the assessed Collective Sites/Communities, is the

priority number one, followed by Water Supply and thirdly hygiene. This view corresponds to general data

collected at the HH/Community level, as reported. Those priorities established, WASH in this set up calls for a

holistic approach of integrated activities; heavily focused on Sanitation, but with significant emphasis in Water

Supply and hygiene habits, specifically Personal hygiene, as a way of improving people’s health.

4.2 WASH

4.2.1 Water Supply

As described in section 3.1.1, water supply in this particularly IDP collective sites is a concern in the visited IDP

Sites, especially those communities which that have just recently relocated from Kahdestan to Shahrak-e-Sabz.

Authorities recognized this during the field visit and a list of priorities was collected during data collection.

Most water points could be improved in the assessed IDP collective sites. Some Water points need to be

repaired and adding more faucets to external pipe scheme shall decrease the rush on Water points. In some

areas it is required to install Water distribution point because of huge number of IDPs settled close to each

other in an overcrowded area. Cultural and Ethnic issue between communities forced some people to collect

water from the back of the truck despite the Water Tanker is available in the area it is because the community

nearest to Water point won’t allow the other communities to collect the water.

More training of Water committees is a need for better Water providing/sharing.

4.2.2 Sanitation

As expressed in section 3.1.2, Sanitation in this IDP collective sites are the primary Concern as open defecation

is observed in the targeted population;

There is also high needs in repairing of existing latrines, as per observation of assessors most of latrines installed

last year in 2018 and there weren’t any proper Maintenance of Latrines so most of IDPs don’t feel safe of using

Latrines because of its bad smell or unprotected place therefore 32% of existing latrines need to be repaired

or upgraded.


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Most of Pits are already blocked or overflowed

Finally, where appropriate Providing New Metallic Latrines could be recommended as a more sustainable way

of latrine in Emergency. NRC is well experienced in Design and Maintain the Metallic Latrines in Emergency

situation.

4.2.3 Hygiene

As seen in section 3.1.3, improved hygiene practices should be reinforced by addressing not only the

unawareness of the target population regarding key messages but also enabling them to access to material

(soap and other hygiene materials) and water in high quantity.

Therefore, construction of latrines is the main recommendations extracted from this assessment, as current

coverage is very low. recommended to carry out a complete programming including campaigns (door-by-door,

mass, media). These campaigns can to be done by empowered, local promoter that can be trained and

monitored by project teams in the field.

construction of Bathing Facility is the main recommendations as well extracted from this assessment, as current

coverage is very low and 17% of available Bathing facilities need to Repair.

Distribution or CBP of NFI (water collection items) and Hygiene kits items (soap, bleach and hygienic towels for

women) is an important enabling factor towards better habits and thus improved health of the population.

5 Gender and Protection At about 30% of respondent were Women despite in the Questionnaire wasn’t any Gender segregation questions.

Women protection and dignity is an important point in all area especially Afghanistan. Cultural behaviors and level

of knowledge are affect dignity and privacy of Women.

- Water Collection Points: Existing water points are with minimum Faucets and almost women staying

long time to collect water and it cause some issue for women.

- Latrine Facilities: Most of existing Latrines are not safe for women because the Mud made Latrines don’t

have entrance door and they are not felling safe with them, then they prefer to practice Open defection

in private area.

- Bathing Facilities: Existing mud made Bath also has the same problems as Latrines and they are not

satisfied with the situation.

People especially women need to bring someone with themselves to stay outside the Latrine/Bath to

inform another people that there is someone using Facilities and it is influence on IDP Hygiene.

- Hygiene: On job hygiene training by Woman Hygiene Promoter should apply door by door for women

because some people (Men) don’t allow their family members (Women) to participate the training in a

public center. Integration of women in hygiene is more important and Women are responsible for the

children hygiene in the communities. Diarrhea and Skin infection were observed in the area and role of

women is more significant to decrease diseases.


17

6 Conclusion As a result, the recommended items needed for IDPs settlements are indicated based on Sphere minimum

standard for humanitarian assistance. Therefore, a total of 30 water tankers, 1619 latrines and 698 baths are

needed to install in the areas. It is mentionable that some facilities required to be repaired or rehabilitated, e.g;

the tarpaulin of latrines should be changed or digging new pit/well is another way to cope with this issue.

Operation and maintenance of Facilities need to establish and train 110 Water/Sanitation Committees to routine

maintenance. Below table and graphs show more detail about needs and existing facilities in the field.

WASH Facility Needs according to Sphere min-

Standard Available Needs Remarks

Water Tanker 108 78 30 5% of available Item also is in need of

repair

Latrine 2299 680 1619 32% of available Item also is in need of

repair

Bath 1150 452 698 17% of available Item also is in need of

repair

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

needs according to Spheremin-Stndrd

Available Needs

108 78 30

2299

680

1619

1150

452

698

WASH needs

Water Tanker Latrine Bath


18

7 Annexes

WASH questions

From Assessment.docx

WASH Assesment

data.xlsx

For further information or access to raw data, please contact:

159 163

128 134

171

125 132

170

91%93%

73%77%

98%

71% 75%

97%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Tooth paste Laundry soap watercollection and

storagecontainers

Latrinecleaning kit

Shampoo Kitchenutensil and

cleaningmaterial

Sanitarynapkins

Bathing soap

Needs of Hygiene Items

wash assessment report

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