warren matthews · worldview: aztecs 33 the absolute 33 rituals and symbols 34 the incas 35...

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Warren MatthewsOld Dominion University, Emeritus

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Australia • Brazil· Japan' Korea' Mexico' Singapore' Spain. United Kingdom • United States

Introduction

I Religions of Tribes and City-States 15CHAPTER 1 Religions of the Amerieas 17

CHAPTER 2 Religions of Afriea 45

11 Religions Arising in India 69CHAPTER 3 Hinduism 71

CHAPTER 4 Buddhism 109

CHAPTER 5 Jainism and Sikhism 151

111 Religions of China and Japan 175CHAPTER 6 China and Japan 177

IV Religions That Injluenced East and West 219CHAPTER 7 Aneient Religions of Iraq and Iran 221

V Religions of the Family of Abraham 243CHAPTER 8 Judaism 245

CHAPTER 9 Christianity 289

CHAPTER 10 Islam 335

VI Religion in the Twenty-First Century 375CHAPTER 11 New Forms of Older Religions 377

CHAPTER 12 Globalization and World Religions 395

Prefaee xxAeknowledgements xxii

Introduetion 1Defining Religion 1

Defining Religious Terms 3

Common Features of Most Religions 5What Is Sacred? 5Sacred Space 5Sacred Stories 5Sacred Writings 6Rituals 6Dance 6Religious Drama 6

Distinctive Features of This Textbook 7

Historical Development 7

Worldview 8

The Point of View of the Text 12Vocabulary 13

Internet Readings 13

I Religions of Tribes and City-States 15CHAPTER 1

Religions o} the Amerieas 17Religions of North America 18

The Naskapi 18The Soul 20The Hunt 21Other Beliefs and Rituals 22

The Powhatan Peoples 22Religion 24

The Cherokees 25Stories of the Cherokees 25

TheHopi 27Two Spirits, Doubly Blessed 28

Religion in the Media 28

Worldview: (ommon Features of North American Religions 29The Absolute 29

The World 29

vii

viii CONTENTS

Humans 29

The Problem for Humans 30

The Solution for Humans 30

Community and Ethics 30

An Interpretation of History 31

Rituals and Symbols 31

Life after Death 31

Relationship to Other Religions 32

Objections to Older Scholarship 32

Religions of Mesoamerica and South America 32The Aztecs 32


Worldview: Aztecs 33The Absolute 33


The Incas 35


Worldview: Incas 36The Absolute 36


Inca Rituals and Symbols 40

Worldview: (ommon Features of Mesoamerican and South American Religions 40The Absolute, the World, and Humans 40

The Problem and the Solution for Humans 40


Questions for Review 41Vocabulary 41Questions for Discussion 42Notes 42Readings 42

CHAPTER 2

Religions of Afriea 45The Ancient Egyptians 47Historical Development 47

Worldview: Ancient Egyptians 48The Absolute 48


Life after Death 51


The Basongye of the Congo 54


Worldview: Basongye 54The Absolute and the World 54

BasongyeReligion and Magie 55

The Zulu Peoples of South Africa 56


Worldview: Zulu Peoples 57Rituals and Symbols: Rites of Passage 58

Deities of the Zulu Peoples 59

The Yoruba Peoples of Nigeria 60



Worldview: Yoruba Peoples 61Community and Individual Responsibilities 61

Deities of the Yoruba Peoples 62

Worldview: Common Features of Religions in Sub-Saharan Africa 62The Absolute 62

The World 63

Humans 63




Rituals andSymbols 64Life after Death 64

Relationship with Other Religions 64

Questions for Review 65

Vocabulary 65

Questions for Discussion 65

Notes 66

Readings 66

Contents ix

II Religions Arising in India 69CHAPTER 3

Hinduism 71Historical Development: The Origins of Hinduism 73

Shruti and Smriti: Revelation and Scriptures 74The Four Collections of the Vedas 75Gods of the Rig-Veda 75Agni 75Indra 76Soma 76Varuna 76Mitra 77

The Brahmanas and Aranyakas 77

The Upanishads 78The Gurus 78Monism or Dualism? 79

Karma, Samsara, and Castes 80

The Bhagavad Gita 81The Path of Work 81

x CONTENTS

The Path of Knowledge 82The Path of Physieal and Mental Discipline 82The Path of Love 82

The Laws of Manu 83

Duties of the Four Stages of Life 84

Four Goals for Hindus Today 85

Popular Hinduism: Four Ways of Salvation 85Karma Yoga 85Jnana Yoga 86Bhakti Yoga 86Raja Yoga 88

Orthodox Hindu Systems of Philosophy 88Sankhya 89Advaita Vedanta 89Other Philosophie Systems 89

Hindu Responses to Western Influence 90Ramakrishna 91Mohandas K. Gandhi 92Sri Aurobindo 92

Historical Development: Independent India 93


Worldview: Hinduism 95The Absolute 96

The World 97

Humans 97






Rituals and Symbols 100Life after Death 102

Hinduism and Other Religions 103

Historical Development: Hinduism and the United States 104Questions für Review 105

Vocabulary 105

Questions für Discussion 105

Notes 106

Readings 107

Internet Readings 107

CHAPTER4

Buddhism 109Historical Development: The Life of the Buddha 111

The Birth of the Buddha 111

Prince Siddhartha 111

The Great Renunciation 112

The Enlightenment 113

The First Sermon at Benares 114

The First Disciples 114

The Buddha's Ministry 116

The Four Noble Truths 117Dukkha 118Tanha 118The End of Suffering 119The Eightfold Path 120

The Buddha on Samsara and Karma 120

The Buddha and Metaphysics 121Historical Development: Buddhism after the Buddha 121

The Buddhist Scriptures 122

The First Buddhist Councils 122

Two Ways of Experiencing the Buddha 123Theravadin Buddhism 123Mahayana Buddhism 124A Comparison of Theravadin and Mahayana Buddhism 124The Madhyamika School 125The Yogacara School 127

Buddhism in Asia 127Buddhism in China 128

Tian Tai 128Hua-Yen 129Jingtu (Ching-t'u) 129Chan (Ch'an) 129

Buddhism in Japan 130Tendai 130Shingon 130Jodo 131Shinran 131Zen 132Nichiren 132

Buddhism in Tibet 133

Historical Development: Buddhism and the West 136


Worldview: Buddhism 138The Absolute 138

The World 139

Humans 139




Women in Buddhism 142

Rituals and Symbols 143An Interpretation of History 144


Life after Death 145

Buddhism and Dther Religions 145

Contents xi

xii CONTENTS

Questions for Review 146Vocabulary 146Questions for Discussion 147Notes 147Readings 148Internet Readings 149

CHAPTER 5Jainism and Sikhism 151Historical Development: Jainism 152

The Life of Mahavira 153

Jain Scriptures 155

Worldview: Jainism 156The Absolute 156

The World 157

Humans 157





Jainism and Other Religions 161

Historical Development: Sikhism 161The Life of Guru Nanak 162

The Teachings of Guru Nanak 164

The Nine Gurus after Nanak 165


Worldview: Sikhism 169The Absolute 169

The World and Humans 169





Sikhism and Other Religions 172


BI Religions of China and Japan 175CHAPTER6China and Japan 177Beliefs in China before the Sages 178

Daoism 180Historical Development: Daoism 180

Oao Oe Jing 181

Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) 183

Religious, Sectarian Oaoism 184

Worldview: Daoism 185The Absolute 185

The World 185

Humans 185





Confucianism 187Historical Development: Confucianism 188

The Life of Confucius 188

The Teachings of Confucius 189Principles of the Junzi 190Confucius and Religion 191

Other Teachings in the Time of Confucius 192The Mohists 192The Fajia (Fa-Chia or Legalists) 193The Daoists 193Confucius and the State 194

Confucianism after Confucius 194Mengzi (Mencius) 194Xunzi (Hsun Tsu) 195Neo-Confucianism 196

Historical Development: The Rise and Fall of Confucianism 196


Worldview: Confucianism 198The Absolute 198

The World 198

Humans 199





Life after Oeath 201

Shinto 201Historical Development: Shinto 202

Prehistoric Japan 202

Visitors from Korea 202

The Myths of Shinto 203

Buddhist Influence on Shinto 204

The Bushido Code of the Samurai 205

Reactions to Foreign Religions 205

State Shinto 206Recent Shinto and New Religions 207

Contents xiii

xiv CONTENTS

Worldview: Shinto 208The Absolute 209

The World 209

Humans 209





Rituals and Symbols: A visit to a Shinto Shrine 211Life after Death 211

Shintoism and Other Religions 212


IV Religions That Injluenced fast and WestCHAPTER 7

Ancient Religions o} Ifaq and Iran 221Mesopotamian Religion 222

Historical Development: Mesopotamian Civilizations 222Myths of Mesopotamia 224Gilgamesh 225

Worldview: Mesopotamia 226The Absolute 226


Humans 228


Iranian Religion 229

Historical Development: Zoroastrianism 230The Life of Zarathustra 230

Teachings of Zarathustra 231

Zoroastrianism after Zarathustra 232


Worldview: Zoroastrianism 234The Absolute 234

The World 234

Humans 235





219



Questions for Review 239Vocabulary 239Questions fm Discussion 240Notes 240Readings 241Internet Readings 241

Contents xv

v Religions o} the Family o} Abraham 243CHAPTER 8

Judaism 245The Jewish Bible 246

Interpreting the Bible 247

Historical Development: Studying Judaism 248

Abraham 248

Historical Development: Life under the Egyptians 249

Moses 250

Historical Development: Settlement in Canaan 252

The Hebrew Prophets 253

Historical Development: Destroyed Kingdoms. Exiled leaders 255Editing the 5criptures 255

Creating Congregations 256

Postexilic Judaism 257The Greeks 258

Wisdom Literature 258

The Maeeabean Revolt 259

The Romans 259

Rabbinic Judaism 260

Medieval Judaism 263Maimonides 264

The Kabbalah 265

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in 5pain 266

Judaism in the Modern Age 267Reform Judaism 267

Conservative Judaism 268

Reconstruetionism 268

Orthodox Judaism 268

Hasidism 269

Zionism 269

The Holocaust 270

Israel 271The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Confliet 271


xvi CONTENTS

Worldview: Judaism 274The Absolute 275

The World 276

Humans 277





Judaism and Other Religions 283


CHAPTER9

Christianity 289Historical Development: Jesus of Nazareth 290

The Teachings of Jesus 291Jesus' Authority and the Gospel of John 293

The Last Week of Jesus' Life 294

The Apostles and the Growth of the Church 298

Saul of Tarsus 298

Roman Persecution and Acceptance 301

Formation of the New Testament 304

Age of the Church Fathers 305Christian Platonists of Alexandria 305

Ecumenical Councils 306

Grace of God for the Sin of Man 307

Monasticism 308

The Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Traditions 310St. Thomas Aquinas 311

The Crusades 312

Protestant and Reformed Churches 313Martin Luther 314

John Calvin 314

King Henry VIII 315

The Catholic Reformation 316Religious Diversity in North America 317

New Forms of Protestant Christianity 318

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 319Jehovah's Witnesses 320

Major Roman Catholic Reforms 320

Christianity and Liberation 321


Worldview: Christianity 322The Absolute 322

The World 324

Humans 324The Problem and the Solution for Humans 324




Rituals and Symbols 328Life after Death 330Christianity and Other Religions 330

Questions fm Review 331Vocabulary 331Questions for Discussion 331Notes 332Readings 333Internet Readings 333

CHAPTER 10

Islam 335Historical Development: The Background of Islam 337

The Life of Muhammad 337

The Pillars of Islam 344

The Beginnings of Sunni and Shi'a 346

The Expansion of Islam 348The Shari'a in Muslim Lands 349

Muslim Spiritual Experiences 350Sufis 350

AI-Ghazali 351

Islam and Other Religions: The Middle Ages 352The Crusades 353

Cooperation 354

Islam in India 354

Muslim Responses to Modernism 355

Comparison of Shi'ites and Sunnis in the Twenty-First Century 357

Islam in the United States 358Muslims in the Midwest 358Muslims on the East Coast 359BlackMuslims 359


Worldview: Islam 361The Absolute 361

The World 361

Humans 362


Contents xvii

xviii CONTENTS





A Pillar of Islam: The Pilgrimage to Mecca 367Islam and Other Religions 368

Islam and the Future 370Secularismin Islam 371Arab Spring 371Questions for Review 372Vocabulary 372Questions for Discussion 373Notes 373Readings 374Internet Readings 374

VI Religion in the Twenty-First Century 375

CHAPTER 11

New Forms of Older Religions 377Baha'i 378

Cao Dai 379

Church of Satan 379

Church of Scientology 380Druids 381

Falun Gong 383

Orishas in the New World: Candomble, Santeria, and Vodun 384Rastafarians 385

Theosophical Society 386

The Unification Church/Family Federation for World Peaceand Unification 387

Wicca 389


Questions for Review 391Vocabulary 392Questions für Discussion 392Notes 392Readings 393Internet Readings 393

CHAPTER 12

Globalization and World Religions 395An Illustration of Globalization 395

Globalization: A View from the Third World 396

Globalization: Another View 397

The Sciences and Globalization 398Science:The Language of Globalization 398

An Example: Creationism Versus Evolution 399An Example: Science's Influence on Philosophy and Religion 399

Scienceas Religion: Psychology 400Two Examples: Spirituality and Eclecticism 400

The Sciences:Human Welfare 401


Rights for Men and Women 401

Globalization: The Environment 402

Religion and Violence 404

Globalization: Rapid Growth at What Cost? 404The Great Recession of the Twenty-First Century 405

Religion in the Media 406Other Trouble Spots 407

Worldview: The Problem tor Humans 408

The Solution tor Humans 408


Questions for Review 409Vocabulary 410Questions for Discussion 410Notes 410Readings 411

Glossary 412Photo Credits 425Index 427

Contents xix

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