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Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions
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[}(~~ (U)~ W~@J~<b ,r
ESSAYS BY
KARL KRAUS
TRANSLATED AND ANNOTATED BY
JONATHAN FRANZEN WITH ASSISTANCE
AND ADDITIONAL NOTES FROM
PAUL REITTER AND DANIEL KEHLMANN
A BILINGUAL EDITION
FOURTH ESTATE • London
Fourth Estate An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers
77-85 Fulham Palace Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8JB
www.4thestate.co.uk
First published in Great Britain by Fourth Estate in 2013
Simultaneously published in the US by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 2013
Copyright© 2013 by Jonathan Franzen Footnotes by Paul Reitter copyright© 2013 by Paul Reitter
Footnotes by Daniel Kehlmann copyright © 2013 by Daniel Kehlmann
2
Jonathan Franzen asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work
The original essays and afterwords in this volume are from Karl Kraus's collection Untergang der Welt durch schwarze Magie, ed. Christoph Wagenknecht
(Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1989). "Man frage nicht ... " appeared in Die Facke/ no. 888, October 1933.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN HB 978-0-00-751743-5 ISBN TPB 978-0-00-751824-1
Designed by Abby Kagan Hand-lettering and illustrations by Matt Buck
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives pk
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior permission of the publishers.
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise
circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being
imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
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TO
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AND IN MEMOR'
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ON
TH
E F
IFT
IET
H A
NN
IVE
RSA
RY
O
F H
IS D
EA
TH
1.Jo
hann
Nes
troy
(180
1-18
62) w
as a
lead
ing
figur
e in
the
gold
en a
ge
of V
ienn
ese
thea
ter,
in t
he f
irst
half
of t
he n
inet
eent
h ce
ntur
y. A
l-th
ough
virt
ually
unk
now
n ou
tsid
e A
ustr
ia (o
win
g in
par
t to
the
Aus
-tr
ian
infle
ctio
n of
his
low
er-c
lass
cha
ract
ers'
lang
uage
), he
was
wid
ely
love
d at
hom
e fo
r his
com
ic g
eniu
s. L
ike
Shak
espe
are,
N es
troy
was
an
Wir
kon
nen
sein
And
enke
n ni
cht f
eier
n, i
ndem
wir
uns
, wie
's ei
ner
Nac
hwel
t zi
emt,
zu e
iner
Sch
uld
beke
nnen
, di
e w
ir a
b-zu
trag
en h
aben
. So
wol
len
wir
sein
And
enke
n fe
iern
, ind
em w
ir
uns
zu e
iner
Sch
uld
beke
nnen
, die
wir
zu
trag
en h
aben
, wir
In-
sass
en e
iner
Zei
t, w
elch
e di
e Fa
higk
eit v
erlo
ren
hat,
Nac
hwel
t zu
sein
...
Wie
sollt
e de
r ew
ige
Bau
herr
nic
ht v
on d
en E
rfah
rung
en
dies
es J
ahrh
unde
rts
lern
en?
Seitd
em e
s G
enie
s gi
bt, w
urde
n sie
als
Tro
cken
woh
ner
in d
ie Z
eit
gese
tzt;
sie z
ogen
aus
und
die
M
ensc
hhei
t ha
tte e
s w
arm
er.
Seitd
em e
s ab
er I
ngen
ieur
e gi
bt,
wird
das
Hau
s un
woh
nlic
her.
Got
t er
barm
e si
ch d
er E
ntw
ick-
lung
! E
r las
se d
ie K
iinst
ler l
iebe
r ni
cht g
ebor
en w
erde
n, a
ls m
it
inve
tera
te b
orro
wer
of w
ell-w
orn
plot
s, w
hich
he
exec
uted
with
un-
apol
oget
ic p
anac
he, a
nd h
e ha
d a
Shak
espe
area
n gi
ft fo
r ren
deri
ng h
is
buff
oons
at o
nce
ridi
culo
us a
nd s
ympa
thet
ic. H
is la
ngua
ge w
as b
ril-
liant
and
his p
lot s
truc
ture
s wer
e cr
isp, b
ut b
ecau
se so
muc
h of
his w
ork
was
mis
taka
ble
for
wha
t K
raus
will
her
e ca
ll "r
outin
e," a
nd b
ecau
se
com
edy
is ev
eryw
here
(an
d es
peci
ally
in G
erm
any)
hel
d in
low
er e
s-te
em th
an tr
aged
y, h
is r
eput
atio
n at
the
tim
e of
Kra
us's
cele
brat
ion
of
him
was
clo
ser t
o G
ilber
t and
Sul
livan
's th
an to
Sha
kesp
eare
's.
In "N
estr
oy a
nd P
oste
rity
" (1
912)
, Kra
us w
as d
oing
the
inve
rse
of
wha
t he'
d do
ne tw
o ye
ars
earl
ier
in "
Hei
ne a
nd t
he C
onse
quen
ces"
-
136
/ N
EST
RO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
l :(, r ~' '' 1: [~
',
__l_\j
' '
We
cann
ot ce
lebr
ate
his
mem
ory
the
way
a po
ster
ity o
ught
to, b
y ac
know
ledg
ing
a de
bt w
e're
calle
d up
on t
o ho
nor,
and
so w
e w
ant t
o ce
lebr
ate
his
mem
ory
by co
nfes
sing
to a
ban
krup
tcy
that
di
shon
ors
us, w
e in
habi
tant
s of
a tim
e th
at h
as lo
st th
e ca
paci
ty
to b
e a
post
erity
...
How
cou
ld th
e et
erna
l Bui
lder
fail
to le
arn
from
the
exp
erie
nces
of t
his
cent
ury?
For
as
long
as
ther
e ha
ve
been
gen
iuse
s, t
hey'
ve b
een
plac
ed i
nto
a tim
e lik
e te
mpo
rary
te
nant
s, w
hile
the
pla
ster
was
stil
l dry
ing;
then
they
mov
ed o
ut
and
left
thi
ngs
cozi
er f
or h
uman
ity.
For
as l
ong
as t
here
hav
e be
en e
ngin
eers
, how
ever
, the
hou
se h
as b
een
getti
ng le
ss h
abit-
able
. God
hav
e m
ercy
on
the
deve
lopm
ent!
Bet
ter
that
He
not
cham
pion
ing
an u
nder
rate
d w
rite
r ra
ther
than
taki
ng d
own
an o
ver-
rate
d on
e. T
he r
eade
r sh
ould
be
war
ned
that
the
Nes
troy
ess
ay is
, in
plac
es, e
ven
dens
er th
an th
e H
eine
. But
her
e ag
ain
Kra
us is
leve
ragi
ng
a se
emin
gly
intr
amur
al li
tera
ry fi
ght i
nto
a ver
y bro
ad cu
ltura
l cri
tique
, w
hich
is t
he e
ssen
ce o
f his
met
hod:
he j
umps
dir
ectly
from
a s
mal
l ill
( the
fact
that
N es
troy
is u
nder
rate
d, m
isrea
d, a
nd su
bsta
ntia
lly fo
rgot
-te
n) to
the
larg
est o
f ills
( the
deh
uman
izat
ions
of t
echn
olog
y, th
e fa
lse
prom
ises
of P
rogr
ess
and
Enl
ight
enm
ent)
. The
sta
kes
here
are
eve
n hi
gher
and
mor
e di
rect
ly re
leva
nt to
our
ow
n tim
es.
NE
STR
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 13
7
dem
Tro
st, w
enn
sie a
uf d
ie N
achw
elt k
omm
en, w
iirde
die
se e
s be
sser
hab
en. D
iese
l V
ersu
che
sie e
s nu
r, si
ch a
ls N
achw
elt z
u fii
hlen
, und
sie
wird
iibe
r die
Zum
utun
g, ih
ren
Fort
schr
itt d
em
Um
weg
des
Gei
stes
zu
verd
anke
n, e
ine
Lach
e an
schl
agen
, die
zu
besa
gen
sche
int:
Kal
odon
t ist
das
Bes
te. E
ine
Lach
e, n
ach
eine
r Id
ee d
es R
oose
velt,
inst
rum
entie
rt v
on B
ernh
ard
Shaw
. Es i
st d
ie
Lach
e, d
ie m
it al
lem
fer
tig u
nd z
u al
lem
fah
ig i
st.
Den
n di
e Te
chni
ker h
aben
die
Brii
cke
abge
broc
hen,
und
Zuk
unft
ist,
was
138
/ N
EST
RO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
". I? :i ! 1~ I\ al
low
arti
sts
to b
e bo
rn th
an w
ith th
e co
nsol
atio
n th
at th
is fu
ture
of
ours
will
be
bette
r for
thei
r hav
ing
lived
bef
ore
us. T
his w
orld
! L
et it
just
try
to fe
el li
ke a
pos
terit
y, a
nd, a
t the
insi
nuat
ion
that
it
ow
es i
ts p
rogr
ess
to a
det
our
of th
e M
ind,
it
will
giv
e ou
t a
laug
h th
at s
eem
s to
say
: Mor
e D
entis
ts P
refe
r Pe
psod
ent.
A
laug
h ba
sed
on a
n id
ea o
f Roo
seve
lt's
and
orch
estra
ted
by B
ern-
hard
2 Sh
aw. I
t's th
e la
ugh
that
's do
ne w
ith ev
eryt
hing
and
can
do
wha
teve
r. Fo
r the
tech
nici
ans
have
bur
ned
the
brid
ges,
and
the
2. S
ic. A
ltho
ugh
it's
no e
xcus
e fo
r m
issp
ellin
g hi
s na
me,
Kra
us h
ated
Sh
aw fo
r som
e of
the
sam
e re
ason
s he
hat
ed H
eine
. "Fo
r Kra
us,"
says
D
anie
l K
ehlm
ann,
"Sh
aw is
the
pro
toty
pe o
f th
e m
odem
, sh
allo
w,
med
ia-c
ompa
tible
joum
alis
t-lit
tera
teur
who
se f
ame
rest
s la
rgel
y on
ha
ving
inte
rest
ing
opin
ions
and
giv
ing
orig
inal
inte
rvie
ws:
who
talk
s to
eve
ry n
ewsp
aper
and
doe
sn't
have
the
leas
t int
eres
t in
lang
uage
it-
self.
" Ev
en in
Pyg
mal
ion,
whi
ch a
ppea
rs t
o be
pre
occu
pied
with
lan-
guag
e, H
enry
Hig
gins
is p
rese
nted
as
a sc
ient
ist o
f spo
ken
Engl
ish.
Sh
aw g
ives
Hig
gins
a b
ig a
nd p
redi
ctab
le e
mot
iona
l blin
d sp
ot-o
ur
eggh
ead
has
a le
sson
to le
arn
abou
t the
hum
an h
eart
, etc
.-w
hile
re-
mai
ning
pal
pabl
y in
fatu
ated
with
Hig
gins
's sm
arty
-pan
ts s
cien
tific
ha
uteu
r. R
egar
ding
Roo
seve
lt, P
aul R
eitte
r com
men
ts: "
No
fan
of A
mer
ica,
K
raus
dis
liked
The
odor
e R
oose
velt,
who
seem
ed so
ver
y A
mer
ican
; he
even
com
men
ted
snid
ely
on R
oose
velt'
s ga
me
atte
mpt
, in
191
0, t
o sp
eak
a lit
tle G
erm
an t
o a
Ger
man
cho
ral g
roup
. In
this
sen
tenc
e,
thou
gh, K
raus
has
in m
ind
Roo
seve
lt's p
ush
for t
echn
olog
ical
prog
ress
, hi
s m
oder
nizi
ng s
treak
. Kra
us w
asn'
t a t
echn
opho
be in
his
eve
ryda
y lif
e. In
1914
, whe
n V
ienn
a had
few
aut
omob
iles a
nd m
any
auto
mob
ile
acci
dent
s (s
ee t
he f
irst
scen
e in
Mus
il's
The
Man
With
out
Qua
litie
s),
Kra
us b
ough
t a c
ar a
nd h
ad h
imse
lf dr
iven
aro
und
by a
chau
ffeu
r. N
or
was
Kra
us a
vers
e, la
ter o
n, to
air
trave
l. B
ut a
roun
d 19
08 h
e ca
me
to
belie
ve th
at o
ur te
chno
logi
cal c
apab
ilitie
s and
our
imag
inat
ive f
acul
ties
wer
e goi
ng in
opp
osite
dir
ecti
ons-
the
form
er w
ere
goin
g up
and
, as a
re
sult,
the
latte
r dow
n-an
d th
is th
ough
t rea
lly s
care
d hi
m. I
t's w
hat
NE
STR
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 13
9
sich
aut
omat
isch
ans
chlie
il.t.
Die
se G
esch
win
digk
eit w
eiil.
nich
t, da
il. ih
re L
eist
ung
nur w
icht
ig is
t, ih
r sel
bst z
u en
trin
nen.
Lei
bes-
gege
nwar
tig, g
eist
esw
ider
war
tig, v
ollk
omm
en w
ie s
ie is
t, di
ese
Zei t,
hof
ft si
e, w
erde
die
nac
hste
sie i
iber
nehm
en, u
nd d
ie K
inde
r, di
e de
r Sp
ort
mit
der
Mas
chin
e ge
zeug
t ha
t un
d di
e Ze
itung
ge
nahr
t, w
iirde
n da
nn n
och
bess
er l
ache
n ko
nnen
. B
ange
ma-
chen
gilt
nic
ht; m
elde
t sic
h ei
n G
eist
, so
heiil
.t es
: wir
sind
kom
-pl
ett.
Die
Wis
sens
chaf
t is
t au
fges
tellt
, ih
nen
die
herm
etis
che
Abs
chlie
il.un
g vo
n al
lem
Jen
seiti
gen
zu g
aran
tiere
n. D
ie K
unst
ve
rjage
ihn
en d
ie S
orge
, wel
chem
Pla
nete
n so
eben
die
Ged
an-
ken
ihre
r Vor
wel
t zug
utek
omm
en. W
as s
ich
da W
elt n
ennt
, wei
l
mad
e hi
m in
to th
e 'ap
ocal
yptic
satir
ist.'
In th
e es
say '
Apo
caly
pse'
( 190
8),
he w
rites
, 'Cul
ture
can'
t cat
ch it
s bre
ath,
and
in th
e en
d a
dead
hum
an-
ity li
es n
ext t
o its
wor
ks, w
hose
inve
ntio
n co
st u
s so
muc
h of
our i
ntel
-le
ct th
at w
e ha
d no
ne le
ft to
put
them
to u
se. W
e w
ere
com
plic
ated
en
ough
to b
uild
mac
hine
s and
too
prim
itive
to m
ake t
hem
serv
e us.
We
oper
ate
a w
orld
wid
e sy
stem
of
traffi
c al
ong
a na
rrow
rou
te i
n th
e br
ain.
"'
Cul
ture
can
't ca
tch
its b
reat
h: to
me
the
mos
t im
pres
sive
thin
g ab
out
Kra
us a
s a
thin
ker m
ay b
e ho
w ea
rly a
nd c
lear
ly h
e re
cogn
ized
the
di-
verg
ence
of t
echn
olog
ical
pro
gres
s fr
om m
oral
and
spi
ritu
al p
rogr
ess.
A s
ucce
edin
g ce
ntur
y of
the
form
er, i
nvol
ving
scie
ntifi
c ad
vanc
es th
at
wou
ld h
ave
seem
ed m
iracu
lous
not
lon
g ag
o, h
as r
esul
ted
in h
igh-
reso
lutio
n sm
artp
hone
vid
eos
of d
udes
dro
ppin
g M
ento
s in
to l
iter
bottl
es o
f Die
t Pep
si a
nd sh
outin
g "W
hoa!
" whi
le th
ey ge
yser
. Tec
hno-
visi
onar
ies
of th
e 19
90s
prom
ised
that
the
Inte
rnet
wou
ld u
sher
in a
ne
w w
orld
of p
eace
, lov
e, a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
, and
Tw
itter
exe
cutiv
es
are
still
ban
ging
the
uto
pian
ist
drum
, cl
aim
ing
foun
datio
nal
cred
it fo
r th
e A
rab
Sprin
g. T
o lis
ten
to th
em, y
ou'd
thin
k it
was
inco
ncei
v-ab
le t
hat E
aste
rn E
urop
e co
uld
liber
ate
itsel
f fro
m t
he S
ovie
ts w
ith-
out t
he b
enef
it of
cell
phon
es, o
r tha
t a b
unch
of A
mer
ican
s re
volte
d ag
ains
t the
Bri
tish
and
prod
uced
the
U.S
. Con
stitu
tion
with
out 4
G
capa
bilit
y.
140
/ N
EST
RO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
l . . ' . 1··•·
I i "S~ .;/ l
futu
re is
: wha
teve
r fo
llow
s au
tom
atic
ally
.3 Th
is v
eloc
ity d
oesn
't re
aliz
e th
at it
s ac
hiev
emen
t is
impo
rtan
t onl
y in
esc
apin
g its
el£
Pres
ent i
n bo
dy, r
epel
lent
in s
pirit
, per
fect
just
the
way
they
are
, th
ese
times
of
ours
are
hop
ing
to b
e ov
erta
ken
by t
he t
imes
ah
ead,
and
hop
ing
that
the
child
ren,
spa
wne
d by
the
unio
n of
sp
ort a
nd m
achi
ne a
nd n
ouri
shed
by
new
spap
er, w
ill b
e ab
le t
o la
ugh
even
bet
ter t
hen.
The
re's
no s
carin
g th
em; i
f a s
pirit
com
es
alon
g, th
e w
ord
is: w
e've
alre
ady
got e
very
thin
g w
e ne
ed. S
cien
ce
is se
t up
to
guar
ante
e th
eir
herm
etic
iso
latio
n fr
om a
nyth
ing
from
the
bey
ond.
Let
art
cha
se a
way
thei
r wor
ries
abou
t whi
ch
plan
et h
appe
ns to
be
bene
fitin
g fr
om t
he th
ough
ts o
f the
wor
ld
3. N
owad
ays,
the
refr
ain
is th
at "t
here
's no
stop
ping
our
pow
erfu
l new
te
chno
logi
es."
Gra
ssro
ots r
esis
tanc
e to
thes
e tec
hnol
ogie
s is a
lmos
t en-
tirel
y co
nfin
ed to
hea
lth a
nd sa
fety
issu
es, a
nd m
eanw
hile
var
ious
log-
ics-
of w
ar th
eory
, of t
echn
olog
y, o
f the
mar
ketp
lace
--ke
ep u
nfol
ding
au
tom
atic
ally
. We f
ind
ours
elve
s liv
ing
in a
wor
ld w
ith h
ydro
gen
bom
bs
beca
use
uran
ium
bom
bs ju
st w
eren
't go
ing
to g
et th
e job
don
e; w
e fin
d ou
rsel
ves
spen
ding
mos
t of o
ur w
akin
g ho
urs
text
ing
and
e-m
ailin
g an
d tw
eetin
g an
d po
stin
g on
colo
r-sc
reen
gad
gets
bec
ause
Moo
re's
law
sa
id w
e co
uld.
We'r
e to
ld th
at, t
o re
mai
n co
mpe
titiv
e ec
onom
ical
ly, w
e ne
ed to
forg
et a
bout
the
hum
aniti
es a
nd te
ach
our c
hild
ren
"pas
sion
" (t
o us
e Th
omas
Frie
dman
's w
ord
in a
201
3 Ti
mes
col
umn)
for d
igita
l te
chno
logy
and
pre
pare
them
to sp
end
thei
r ent
ire l
ives
ince
ssan
tly re
-ed
ucat
ing
them
selv
es to
kee
p up
with
it. T
he lo
gic
says
that
if w
e wan
t th
ings
like
Zap
pos.
com
or h
ome
DV
R c
apab
ilit
y-an
d w
ho w
ould
n't
wan
t the
m?-
we
need
to sa
y goo
dbye
to jo
b st
abili
ty an
d he
llo to
a lif
e-tim
e of
anxi
ety.
We
need
to b
ecom
e as r
estle
ss as
cap
italis
m it
sel£
N
ot on
ly am
I no
t a L
uddi
te, I
'm n
ot ev
en su
re th
e or
igin
al L
uddi
tes
wer
e Lud
dite
s. (T
hey h
ad n
o sy
stem
atic
bee
f with
tech
nolo
gy; i
t sim
ply
seem
ed p
ract
ical
to th
em to
smas
h th
e st
eam
-pow
ered
loom
s tha
t wer
e pu
tting
them
out
of w
ork.
) In
dev
elop
ing
this
boo
k, I
'm r
elyi
ng o
n so
ftwar
e an
d si
licon
to fa
cilit
ate
disc
ussi
ons w
ith K
ehlm
ann
and
Rei
t-te
r in
two
othe
r tim
e zo
nes,
and
I'm
enc
hant
ed w
ith e
very
thin
g ab
out
NE
STR
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 14
1
es i
n fil
nfzi
g T
agen
sic
h se
lbst
ber
eise
n ka
nn, i
st fe
rtig,
wen
n es
si
ch b
erec
hnen
kan
n. U
m d
er F
rage
: Was
dan
n? g
etro
st in
s Aug
e zu
seh
en, b
leib
t ihr
noc
h di
e Zu
vers
icht
, mit
dem
Unb
erec
hen-
bare
n fe
rtig
zu w
erde
n. S
ie d
ankt
den
Aut
oren
, die
ihr d
as P
rob-
lem
, sei
es
durc
h Ze
itver
trei
b ab
nehm
en, s
ei's
durc
h B
estr
eitu
ng.
Abe
r sie
mui?
, jen
em fl
uche
n, d
em s
ie -
tot o
der
lebe
ndig
-al
s M
ahne
r od
er S
piel
verd
erbe
r zw
isch
en G
esch
aft u
nd E
rfol
g be
-ge
gnet
. Und
wen
ns z
um F
luch
nic
ht m
ehr
lang
t -de
nn z
um
Fluc
hen
geho
rt A
ndac
ht -
, so
lang
t's z
um V
erge
ssen
. Und
kau
m
besi
nnt s
ich
einm
al d
as G
ehir
n, d
ai?, d
er T
ag d
er g
roi?.
en D
urre
an
gebr
oche
n is
t. D
ann
vers
tum
mt
die
letz
te O
rgel
, abe
r no
ch
saus
t die
letz
te M
asch
ine,
bis
auc
h sie
stil
le s
teht
, wei
l der
Len
-ke
r das
Wor
tver
gess
en h
at. D
enn
der V
erst
and
vers
tand
nic
ht, d
ai?,
er m
it d
er E
ntfe
rnun
g vo
m G
eist
zw
ar in
nerh
alb
der G
ener
atio
n w
achs
en k
onnt
e, a
ber
die
Fahi
gkei
t ver
lor,
sich
for
tzup
flan
zen.
my
new
Len
ovo
ultr
aboo
k co
mpu
ter
exce
pt i
ts n
ame.
(W
orki
ng o
n so
met
hing
calle
d an
Idea
Pad
tem
pts m
e to
refu
se to
hav
e ide
as.)
I don
't m
ind
tech
nolo
gy a
s m
y se
rvan
t; I m
ind
it o
nly
as m
y m
aste
r. B
ut n
ot
long
ago
, whe
n I w
as i
ntem
pera
te e
noug
h to
cal
l Tw
itter
"du
mb"
in
publ
ic, t
he r
espo
nse
ofT
wit
ter a
ddic
ts w
as to
cal
l me
a L
uddi
te. N
yah,
ny
ah, n
yah!
I tw
as as
ifl'd
said
it w
as "
dum
b" to
smok
e cig
aret
tes,
exce
pt
that
in th
is c
ase
I had
no
med
ical
evid
ence
to
back
me
up. P
eopl
e di
d w
orry
, for
a w
hile
, tha
t cel
l pho
nes
mig
ht c
ause
bra
in c
ance
r, bu
t the
pu
rpor
ted
link
has b
een
reve
aled
to b
e fe
eble
to
none
xist
ent,
and
now
no
body
has
to w
orry
any
mor
e.
142
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
D D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
r Ji.__
ante
rior
to t
hem
.4 Th
is t
hing
that
cal
ls i
tsel
f a w
orld
bec
ause
it
can
tour
its
elf i
n fif
ty d
ays
is fi
nish
ed a
s so
on a
s it
can
do
the
mat
h.5
To
look
the
ques
tion
"Wha
t the
n?" r
esol
utel
y in
the
eye,
it
stil
l ha
s th
e co
nfid
ence
to
reck
on w
ith
wha
teve
r do
esn'
t ad
d up
. It
's gr
atef
ul t
o th
e au
thor
s w
ho r
elie
ve i
t of
the
prob
lem
, w
heth
er b
y di
vers
ion
or b
y di
sput
e. B
ut it
has
to c
urse
the
on
e-
livin
g or
dea
d-w
hom
it e
ncou
nter
s as
adm
onis
her o
r spo
ilspo
rt
betw
een
busi
ness
and
suc
cess
. And
whe
n cu
rsin
g no
long
er s
uf-
fice
s-be
caus
e cu
rsin
g im
plie
s re
vere
nce-
it's
eno
ugh
to fo
rget
. A
nd t
he b
rain
has
bar
ely
an i
nklin
g th
at t
he d
ay o
f th
e gr
eat
drou
ght h
as d
awne
d. T
hen
the
last
org
an fa
lls s
ilent
, but
the
last
m
achi
ne g
oes
on h
umm
ing
until
eve
n it
sta
nds
still
, bec
ause
its
oper
ator
has
forg
otte
n th
e W
ord.
6 Fo
r the
inte
llect
did
n't u
nder
-st
and
that
, in
the
abse
nce
of sp
irit,
it
coul
d gr
ow w
ell
enou
gh
wit
hin
its o
wn
gene
ratio
n bu
t wou
ld lo
se th
e ab
ility
to re
prod
uce
4. N
o m
atte
r how
man
y tim
es I
read
it, I
can
't m
ake
full
sens
e of
this
se
nten
ce, a
lthou
gh it
does
hel
p, a
littl
e bit,
to p
lug i
n th
e exa
mpl
e of t
he
ante
rior t
houg
hts o
f the
Fra
mer
s of o
ur C
onst
itutio
n an
d th
eir b
enef
it to
our
cur
rent
pla
net.
Keh
lman
n al
so h
elpf
ully
not
es: "
The
sent
ence
el
abor
ates
on
a lin
e of t
houg
ht th
at K
raus
beg
an in
his
poem
'To
Eter
-na
l Pea
ce':
that
ther
e's n
othi
ng m
ore
nobl
e th
an th
e pl
easu
re (a
ple
a-su
re e
xper
ienc
ed b
y K
ant,
who
m th
e po
em is
abo
ut) o
f kno
win
g th
at
futu
re g
ener
atio
ns w
ill h
ave
thin
gs b
ette
r tha
n on
e's o
wn.
Our
pres
ent
does
exa
ctly
the
oppo
site,
not
onl
y no
t wor
king
for l
ater
gen
erat
ions
bu
t act
ually
mak
ing
thin
gs w
orse
for t
hem
."
5. K
ehlm
ann
cons
ider
s it a
nea
r cer
tain
ty th
at so
mew
here
in a
n ea
rlier
ed
ition
of D
ie F
acke
/ is
a re
fere
nce
to s
omeo
ne's
havi
ng c
ircle
d th
e w
orld
in fi
fty d
ays-
a re
fere
nce t
hat K
raus
's re
ader
s wou
ld h
ave r
ecog
-ni
zed
here
. Rei
tter s
uspe
cts t
he re
fere
nce i
s to J
ules
Ver
ne's
Arou
nd th
e W
orld
in
Eigh
ty D
ays,
amen
ded
to f
ifty
beca
use
it's
fifty
yea
rs sin
ce
Nes
troy's
dea
th.
6. "T
he p
hras
e ab
out t
he o
pera
tor
forg
ettin
g th
e W
ord
com
es f
rom
G
oeth
e's p
oem
'The
Sor
cere
r's A
ppre
ntic
e."' -P
R
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
143
Wen
n zw
eim
al z
wei
wir
klic
h vi
er is
t, w
ie s
ie b
ehau
pten
, so
ver-
dank
t es
dies
es R
esul
tat d
er T
atsa
che,
dail
, Goe
the
das
Ged
icht
»M
eere
sstil
le"
gesc
hrie
ben
hat.
Nun
abe
r w
eig
man
so
gena
u,
wie
viel
zw
eim
al z
wei
ist
, dail
, m
an e
s in
hun
dert
Jah
ren
nich
t m
ehrw
ird
ausr
echn
en k
onne
n. E
s mug
etw
as in
die
Wel
t gek
om-
men
sei
n, w
as e
s ni
e fr
iiher
geg
eben
hat
. E
in T
eufe
lsw
erk
der
Hum
anit
at. E
ine
Erfi
ndun
g, d
en K
ohin
oor
zu z
ersc
hlag
en, u
m
144
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
D D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
r ,~ f _j__
itsel
£7 I
f tw
o tim
es t
wo
real
ly is
fou
r, th
e w
ay th
ey s
ay it
is, i
t's
owin
g to
the
fac
t th
at G
oeth
e w
rote
the
poe
m "
Still
ness
and
Se
a." B
ut n
ow p
eopl
e kn
ow th
e pr
oduc
t of t
wo
times
two
so e
x-ac
tly t
hat i
n a
hund
red
year
s th
ey w
on't
be a
ble
to fi
gure
it o
ut.
Som
ethi
ng t
hat
neve
r be
fore
exi
sted
mus
t ha
ve e
nter
ed t
he
wor
ld. A
n in
fern
al m
achi
ne o
f hum
anity
. 8 A
n in
vent
ion
for s
hat-
teri
ng t
he K
oh-i
-noo
r to
mak
e its
lig
ht a
cces
sibl
e to
eve
ryon
e
7. H
ere's
a li
ttle
glim
pse
of w
hat's
get
ting
lost
in tr
ansl
atio
n: in
the
orig
inal
, "th
e in
telle
ct d
idn'
t und
erst
and"
is t
he b
eaut
ifully
repe
titiv
e de
r Ver
stand
ver
stan
d ni
cht.
Alth
ough
the
trans
lato
r is m
ostly
just
grin
-ni
ng a
nd b
earin
g th
ese l
osse
s, he
thou
ght h
e'd m
entio
n th
is o
ne.
8. In
the o
rigin
al, f
or "h
uman
ity,"
Kra
us u
nexp
ecte
dly u
ses t
he L
atin
ate
Hum
anit
iit r
athe
r tha
n th
e G
erm
anic
Men
schl
ichk
eit.
Keh
lman
n sa
ys:
"My
gues
s is
that
it's
an e
cho
of N
ietz
sche
, 'O
Vol
taire
, o h
uman
ity
[Hum
aniti
it], o
idio
cy!' A
ll of
Kra
us's
cont
empo
rary
read
ers w
ould
have
he
ard
a fa
int e
cho
of N
ietz
sche
and
his
loat
hing
of E
nlig
hten
men
t in
that
wor
d. B
ut th
at's
just
a gu
ess."
Fol
low
ing
a tip
from
a fe
llow
scho
lar,
Rei
tter n
otes
that
Kra
us is
also
pro
babl
y ec
hoin
g an
ofte
n-ci
ted
rhym
e by
the
Aus
trian
writ
er F
ranz
Gril
lpar
zer (
1791
-187
2 ):
Der
J#g
der n
euer
n Bi
/dun
g geh
t: Vo
n H
uman
itiit,
D
urch
Nat
iona
litiit
, Zu
r Bes
tialit
iit.
(The
road
of m
odem
educ
atio
n le
ads:
From
hum
anity
, Th
roug
h na
tiona
lity,
To
bar
barit
y.)
I'd li
ke to
unp
ack
this
sen
tenc
e fr
agm
ent f
urth
er, s
ince
, of a
ll of
K
raus
's lin
es, i
t's p
roba
bly
the
one
that
has
mea
nt th
e m
ost t
o m
e. A
n "i
nfer
nal m
achi
ne" i
s an
expl
osiv
e or
des
truct
ive
devi
ce c
onst
ruct
ed to
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
145
sein
Lic
ht al
len,
die
es n
icht
hab
en, z
ugan
glic
h zu
mac
hen.
Fi.i
nf-
zig J
ahre
lauf
t sch
on d
ie M
asch
ine,
in d
ie v
orn
der G
eist
hin
ein-
geta
n w
ird,
um
hin
ten
als
Dru
ck h
erau
szuk
omm
en, v
erdi
.inne
nd,
verb
reite
nd, v
erni
chte
nd.
Der
Geb
er v
erlie
rt, d
ie B
esch
enkt
en
vera
rmen
, und
die
Ver
mitt
ler h
aben
zu
lebe
n. E
in Z
wis
chen
ding
ha
t si
ch e
inge
bi.ir
gert,
um
die
Leb
ensw
erte
geg
enei
nand
er z
u Fa
lle z
u br
inge
n. U
nter
dem
Pes
thau
ch d
er In
telli
genz
schl
id?.
en
Kun
st u
nd M
ensc
hhei
t ihr
en F
ried
en ...
Ein
Gei
st, d
er h
eute
fii
nfzi
g Ja
hre
tot
ist
und
noch
im
mer
nic
ht l
ebt,
ist
das
erst
e O
pfer
die
ses
Freu
denf
este
s, i.
iber
das
sei
t da
mal
s sp
alte
nlan
ge
Ber
icht
e er
sche
inen
. Wie
es
kam
, dai?
. sol
ch e
in G
eist
beg
rabe
n
delib
erat
ely
caus
e ha
rm;
the
Ger
man
ter
m,
Teuf
elsw
erk
(lite
rally
"d
evil's
wor
k"),
shar
pens
the
Kra
usia
n pa
rado
x of
the
phra
se "
of h
u-m
anity
." K
raus
in th
is p
assa
ge is
evo
king
the
Sorc
erer
's A
ppre
ntic
e--
the u
nint
ende
d unl
eash
ing o
f sup
erna
tura
lly de
struc
tive c
onse
quen
ces.
Alth
ough
he's
talk
ing
abou
t the
mod
em n
ewsp
aper
, his
criti
que
ap-
plie
s, if
anyt
hing
, eve
n be
tter t
o co
ntem
pora
ry te
chno
-con
sum
eris
m.
For K
raus
, the
infe
rnal
thin
g ab
out n
ewsp
aper
s w
as th
eir f
raud
ulen
t co
uplin
g of
Enl
ight
enm
ent i
deal
s with
a re
lent
less
and
inge
niou
s pur
-su
it of
prof
it an
d po
wer
. Wit
h te
chno
-con
sum
eris
m, a
hum
anis
t rhe
t-or
ic o
f "em
pow
erm
ent"
and "
crea
tivity
" and
"fre
edom
" and
"con
nect
ion"
an
d "d
emoc
racy
" abe
ts th
e fra
nk m
onop
olis
m o
f the
tech
no-ti
tans
; the
ne
w in
fern
al m
achi
ne se
ems
incr
easin
gly
to o
bey
noth
ing
but i
ts ow
n de
velo
pmen
tal l
ogic
, and
it's
far
mor
e en
slavi
ngly
add
ictiv
e, a
nd fa
r m
ore p
ande
ring t
o pe
ople
's w
orst
impu
lses,
than
new
spap
ers e
ver w
ere.
Inde
ed, w
hat K
raus
will
late
r say
ofN
estro
y cou
ld n
ow b
e sai
d of K
raus
hi
mse
lf: "
He
atta
cks
his
smal
l env
irons
with
an
aspe
rity
wor
thy
of a
late
r cau
se."T
he p
rofit
s and
reac
h of
Mor
iz B
ened
ikt,
the
publ
ishe
r of
the
Neu
e Fr
eie
Pres
se, w
ere
pitif
ully
sm
all b
y th
e st
anda
rds
of to
day's
te
ch a
nd m
edia
gia
nts.
The
sea o
f triv
ial o
r fals
e or
empt
y da
ta is
thou
-sa
nds o
f tim
es la
rger
now
. Kra
us w
as m
erel
y pr
ogno
stic
atin
g w
hen
he
envi
sione
d a
day
whe
n pe
ople
had
forg
otte
n ho
w to
add
and
subt
ract
;
146
/ N
EST
RO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
r \ _i_
who
doe
sn't
have
it.9
For
fifty
yea
rs n
ow it
's be
en r
unni
ng, t
he
mac
hine
into
whi
ch th
e M
ind
is pu
t in
the
fron
t to
emer
ge a
t the
re
ar a
s pr
int,
dilu
ting,
dis
trib
utin
g, d
estro
ying
. The
giv
er lo
ses,
the
reci
pien
ts a
re im
pove
rish
ed, a
nd th
e m
iddl
emen
mak
e a
liv-
ing.
A h
ybri
d th
ing
has
settl
ed in
to s
ubve
rt th
e va
lues
of l
ife b
y tu
rnin
g th
em a
gain
st e
ach
othe
r. In
the
pes
tilen
tial
mia
sma
of
the
inte
llect
, art
and
man
kind
mak
e th
eir p
eace
...
A s
piri
t who
's be
en d
ead
for f
ifty
year
s to
day,
and
who
stil
l isn
't al
ive,
is th
e fir
st
vict
im o
f thi
s fe
stiv
al o
f joy
, abo
ut w
hich
repo
rts
by th
e co
lum
n ha
ve a
ppea
red
ever
sin
ce.
How
it
happ
ened
tha
t a
spir
it lik
e th
is w
as b
urie
d:10
it c
ould
onl
y be
the
eno
rmou
s co
nten
t of h
is
now
it's
hard
to g
et th
roug
h a
mea
l with
frie
nds
with
out s
omeb
ody
reac
hing
for
an iP
hone
to r
etrie
ve th
e ki
nd o
f fac
t it u
sed
to b
e th
e br
ain's
resp
onsib
ility
to re
mem
ber.
The
tech
no-b
oost
ers,
of co
urse
, see
no
thin
g w
rong
her
e. T
hey
poin
t out
that
hum
an b
eing
s ha
ve a
lway
s ou
tsou
rced
mem
ory-
to b
ards
, hi
stor
ians
, sp
ouse
s, bo
oks.
But
I'm
en
ough
of a
child
of t
he si
xties
to se
e a d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n le
tting
your
sp
ouse
rem
embe
r you
r nie
ces'
birth
days
and
han
ding
ove
r bas
ic m
em-
ory
func
tion
to a
glob
al c
orpo
rate
syste
m o
f con
trol.
9. T
he K
oh-i-
noor
, at 1
06 m
etric
car
ats,
was
onc
e th
e la
rges
t kno
wn
diam
ond.
It no
w re
sides
in th
e cr
own
of B
ritai
n's ~
een
Eliz
abet
h II
. 10
. Rei
tter
note
s: "W
hen
Kra
us p
ublis
hed
'Nes
troy
and
Poste
rity,
' in
May
of 1
912,
Nes
troy w
as g
ener
ally
cons
ider
ed, f
or a
ll his
popu
larit
y, to
be
no
mor
e tha
n an
auth
or sk
illed
at v
erna
cula
r far
ces-
a fun
and
som
e-tim
es v
ulga
r fo
rm o
f ent
erta
inm
ent t
hat d
idn'
t ulti
mat
ely
have
muc
h de
pth.
Onl
y K
raus
and
a fe
w ot
hers
thou
ght h
e was
a gr
eat a
rtist.
" K
ehlm
ann
cont
inue
s: "K
raus
's pe
rsis
tent
cha
mpi
onin
g of
Nes
troy
ha
d co
nseq
uenc
es: N
estro
y to
day
is ac
know
ledg
ed to
be
perh
aps
the
grea
test
com
ic g
eniu
s in
Aus
trian
lite
ratu
re. H
is p
lays
are
prod
uced
an
d he
's re
ad in
scho
ol; h
e's a
clas
sic w
hose
lite
rary
stat
us is
no
long
er in
di
sput
e--a
t lea
st in
Aus
tria.
In G
erm
any,
peo
ple
may
be k
now
just
the
nam
e. H
is p
lays a
re n
eith
er re
ad n
or pr
oduc
ed. A
nd th
is h
as n
othi
ng to
NE
STR
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 14
7
wur
de:
es m
iii?.t
e de
r gr
oi?.e
Inh
alt
sein
es s
atiri
sche
n D
enke
ns
sein
, und
ich
glau
be, e
r dic
htet
wei
ter.
Er,
Joha
nn N
estro
y, k
ann
es s
ich
nich
t gef
alle
n la
ssen
, dai?
. alle
s bl
ieb,
wie
es
ihm
miM
alle
n ha
t. D
ie N
achw
elt w
iede
rhol
t sei
nen
Text
und
ken
nt ih
n ni
cht;
sie l
acht
nic
ht m
it ih
m, s
onde
m g
egen
ihn
, sie
wid
erle
gt u
nd
best
atig
t di
e Sa
tire
durc
h di
e U
nver
gang
lichk
eit
dess
en,
was
St
off i
st. N
icht
wie
Hei
ne, d
esse
n W
itz
mit
der
Wel
t lau
ft, d
er
sie d
ort
traf,
wo
sie g
ekitz
elt
sein
wol
lte, u
nd d
em s
ie i
mm
er
gew
achs
en w
ar, n
icht
wie
Hei
ne w
ird
sie N
estr
oy ii
berw
inde
n.
Sond
em w
ie d
er F
eige
den
Sta
rken
iibe
rwin
det,
inde
m e
r ih
m
davo
nlau
ft un
d ih
n du
rch
eine
n Li
tera
rhis
tori
ker
ansp
ucke
n lai
?.t. G
egen
Hei
ne w
ird m
an u
ndan
kbar
sein
, man
wird
die
Rec
hte
der M
ode
gege
n ih
n ge
ltend
mac
hen,
man
wir
d ih
n ni
cht m
ehr
trage
n. A
ber i
mm
er w
ird
man
sage
n, da
i?, e
r den
Hor
izon
t hat
te,
dai?.
er e
in B
efre
ier w
ar, d
ai?. e
r sic
h m
it M
inis
tem
abg
egeb
en h
at
und
zwis
chen
durc
h no
ch d
ie G
eist
esge
genw
art
hatte
, Li
ebes
-
do w
ith
thei
r be
ing
hard
to
follo
w:
the
righ
t way
to p
rodu
ce h
im, a
s K
raus
him
self
will
poi
nt ou
t, is
not i
n A
ustr
ian
dial
ect b
ut in
clea
r Hig
h G
erm
an w
ith
a sl
ight
Aus
tria
n in
tona
tion.
The
pro
blem
is t
hat
the
Prus
sian
can
on h
as, i
n ge
nera
l, ve
ry li
ttle
roo
m fo
r A
ustr
ian
wri
ters
an
d, in
par
ticul
ar, n
o in
tere
st in
hum
or. T
his i
s a su
bjec
t too
com
plex
to
be tr
eate
d pr
oper
ly e
ven
in fo
otno
tes
as d
evia
nt a
s ou
rs. B
ut G
oeth
e an
d Sc
hille
r wer
e ex
plic
itly
oppo
sed
to h
umor
in li
tera
ture
, the
re w
as
neve
r a
Vol
tair
e in
Ger
man
lette
rs, a
nd e
ven
a co
mic
gen
ius l
ike
Nes
-tr
oy o
r a
mas
ter
of w
itty
pole
mic
like
Kra
us f
inds
ver
y lit
tle t
ract
ion
wit
h re
ader
s an
d th
eate
rgoe
rs in
Ger
man
y. G
erm
ans
and
hum
or:
the
old,
gre
at, s
ad p
robl
em ..
. !"
"Kra
us h
imse
lf ha
d qu
ite a
bit
to sa
y ab
out t
his p
robl
em,"
Rei
tter
ad
ds. "
He w
as p
redi
ctab
ly h
ard
on w
hat h
e onc
e cal
led
'the o
verw
helm
-
148
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
D D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
r •
satir
ical
thin
king
, and
I be
lieve
he
cont
inue
s to
cre
ate.
He,
Joha
nn
Nes
troy,
can
not t
oler
ate
that
eve
ryth
ing
he fo
und
into
lera
ble
re-
mai
ned
in p
lace
. Pos
terit
y re
peat
s hi
s te
xt a
nd d
oesn
't re
cogn
ize
him
; it
doe
sn't
laug
h w
ith h
im, i
t lau
ghs
agai
nst h
im, i
t ref
utes
an
d co
nfirm
s his
sat
ire th
roug
h th
e un
dyin
g na
ture
of t
he su
bjec
t m
atte
r.11
Unl
ike
Hei
ne, w
hose
wit
agre
es w
ith t
he w
orld
, who
to
uche
d it
whe
re it
wan
ted
to b
e tic
kled
, and
who
m it
cou
ld a
l-w
ays
hand
le-t
he w
orld
won
't va
nqui
sh N
estr
oy th
e w
ay it
did
H
eine
. It
will
do
it t
he w
ay t
he c
owar
d ov
erco
mes
the
str
ong
man
, by
run
ning
aw
ay f
rom
him
and
get
ting
a lit
erar
y hi
sto-
rian
to
spit
on h
im. P
eopl
e w
ill b
e un
grat
eful
to
Hei
ne, t
hey'
ll en
forc
e th
e la
ws
of fa
shio
n ag
ains
t hi
m,
they
won
't w
ear
him
an
ymor
e. B
ut th
ey'll
alw
ays
say
that
he
had
wid
e ho
rizon
s, th
at
he w
as a
n em
anci
pato
r, th
at h
e ru
bbed
sho
ulde
rs w
ith s
tate
s-m
en a
nd st
ill h
ad th
e pr
esen
ce o
f min
d to
wri
te a
love
poe
m n
ow
ing
hum
orle
ssne
ss o
f Ger
man
lite
ratu
re.' A
nd w
here
it d
id a
ttem
pt to
be
funn
y, a
ccor
ding
to h
im, i
t ten
ded
to b
e fil
thy
in th
e m
ost p
ueril
e w
ay: '
No
expe
rienc
e is
mor
e im
port
ant t
o G
erm
an h
umor
ists
than
the
proc
ess o
f dig
estio
n."'
11. B
y "su
bjec
t mat
ter,"
Kra
us ap
pear
s to
mea
n "th
e obj
ect o
r con
tent
of
satir
e" (w
e're
up a
gain
st th
e tri
cky
wor
d "St
off"
agai
n), b
ut I
don'
t thi
nk
he gi
ves u
s eno
ugh
info
rmat
ion
here
to u
nder
stan
d th
e fin
al p
hras
e. I'
d un
ders
tand
it b
ette
r if h
e'd w
ritte
n "p
eren
nial
fasc
inat
ion"
inst
ead
of
"und
ying
nat
ure,
" bu
t unf
ortu
nate
ly h
e di
dn't.
Keh
lman
n's
com
men
t m
ay n
ever
thel
ess b
e illu
min
atin
g:"'
Stof
f' is a
key
wor
d fo
r Kra
us. I
n hi
s op
inio
n, w
e sh
ould
n't b
e la
ughi
ng a
t the
con
tent
of s
atire
, bec
ause
the
only
thin
g th
at m
atte
rs is
our
aes
thet
ic e
njoy
men
t of h
ow th
e co
nten
t is
arr
ange
d-th
e fo
rm, i
n ot
her w
ords
."
NE
STR
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 14
9
.,.-
----
----
---,
~=
=~
----
:: ::. -
--
-
gedi
chte
zu
mac
hen.
And
ers
Nes
troy.
Kei
nen
Kad
osch
wird
m
an s
agen
. Kei
nem
Frie
djun
g w
ird e
s ge
linge
n, n
achz
uwei
sen,
da
£ D
er e
ine
polit
isch
e G
esin
nung
hat
te, g
esch
wei
ge d
enn
jene
,
150
/ N
EST
RO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
r j
and
then
. Not
so N
estro
y. N
o K
addi
sh w
ill b
e sa
id.12
No
Frie
d-ju
ng13
will
suc
ceed
in d
emon
stra
ting
that
he h
ad a
pol
itica
l out
-lo
ok, l
et a
lone
the
kind
of o
utlo
ok th
at tu
rns
a po
litic
al o
utlo
ok
12. P
retty
clea
rly a
refe
renc
e to
Hei
ne's
trans
form
ativ
e im
port
ance
to
late
r gen
erat
ions
of G
erm
an-J
ewis
h w
riter
s, a
nd to
the m
aint
enan
ce o
f hi
s re
puta
tion
by n
ewsp
aper
s co
ntro
lled
and
subs
tant
ially
wri
tten
by
Ger
man
Jew
s. "
They
take
car
e of
thei
r ow
n," i
s pe
rhap
s th
e un
savo
ry
impl
icat
ion
here
, "an
d N
estro
y, b
eing
Gen
tile,
doe
sn't
have
that
adva
n-ta
ge."
Rei
tter a
dds:
"At l
east
som
e ofK
raus
's re
ader
s wou
ld ha
ve k
now
n th
at 'n
o K
addi
sh w
ill be
said
' is a
Hei
ne q
uota
tion.
The
sour
ce is
Hei
ne's
poem
'Mem
oria
l Ser
vice
' ('G
edac
htni
sfei
er').
" 13
. "H
einr
ich
Frie
djun
g (1
851-
1920
) was
an
assi
mila
ted J
ewis
h hi
sto-
rian
and
jour
nalis
t who
wro
te fo
r the
Neu
e Fr
eie
Pres
se a
nd s
hare
d its
du
al c
omm
itmen
ts to
libe
ralis
m a
nd a
Ger
man
pat
riot
ism
that
cou
ld
go o
ver i
nto
a sab
er-r
attli
ng n
atio
nalis
m. H
e ha
d, in
shor
t, al
l the
mak
-in
gs o
f a K
raus
targ
et. B
ut it
was
thro
ugh
a se
nsat
iona
l act
of g
ullib
ility
th
at F
ried
jung
got
Kra
us's
full
atte
ntio
n. In
190
9, i
t loo
ked
as i
f the
Se
rbia
n re
spon
se t
o A
ustri
a's a
nnex
atio
n of
Bos
nia
mig
ht g
ive
the
Aus
tria
n-H
unga
rian
gov
ernm
ent
the
oppo
rtun
ity t
o in
vade
Ser
bia.
Th
us th
e go
vern
men
t fou
nd it
self
in n
eed
of a
mor
al ju
stifi
catio
n fo
r th
e w
ar it
wan
ted.
The
Aus
tria
n fo
reig
n m
inis
ter t
urne
d to
non
e ot
her
than
Fri
edju
ng, h
andi
ng h
im fo
rged
doc
umen
ts th
at h
e pr
ocee
ded
to
run
with
. Wri
ting
in th
e Neu
e Fr
eie
Pres
se, F
ried
jung
trie
d to
mak
e th
e ca
se th
at th
e Aus
tro-
Hun
gari
an re
gion
al ad
min
istr
atio
n in
Bos
nia h
ad
ente
red
into
a c
onsp
iracy
with
the
anti-
Hab
sbur
g go
vern
men
t in
Bel
-gr
ade.
Soo
n, ho
wev
er, t
he S
erbs
bac
ked d
own.
The
thre
at o
f war
abat
ed,
whe
reup
on th
e re
gion
al a
dmin
istr
atio
n th
at F
ried
jung
had
acc
used
of
trea
son
brou
ght
a lib
el s
uit
agai
nst
him
-and
won
. Fo
r K
raus
, th
e re
ally
dam
ning
thin
g was
a p
oint
that
F ri
edju
ng h
ad m
anag
ed to
pro
ve
in h
is de
fense
: he
hadn
't kn
own
that
the d
ocum
ents
on
whi
ch h
e'd b
ased
hi
s cl
aim
s w
ere
forg
erie
s. K
raus
's es
say
on t
he a
ffair
('The
Tri
al o
f Fr
iedj
ung,
' 190
9) c
onta
ins
som
e m
emor
able
rem
arks
abo
ut th
e fo
rces
dr
ivin
g A
ustr
ian
hist
ory-
'its
even
ts a
re a
func
tion
of th
e co
nflic
t be-
twee
n st
upid
ity a
nd m
ndom
ness
'-but
his
focu
s is
on th
e re
late
d is
sue
NE
STR
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 15
1
I I' j: I
die
die
poli
tisc
he G
esin
nung
ers
t zu
r G
esin
nung
mac
ht.
Was
la
g ih
m a
m H
erze
n? S
o vi
el, u
nd d
arum
nic
hts
vom
Fre
isin
n.
Wah
rend
dra
ui?,
en d
ie S
chus
ter f
ur d
ie id
eals
ten
Gii
ter k
iim
pfte
n,
of th
e st
ate
of re
adin
g in
Aus
tria
. 'A
ustr
ia in
orb
e ul
tima:
in
a w
orld
th
at's
been
dec
eive
d, A
ustr
ia h
as k
ept i
ts c
redu
lity
long
er th
an a
nyon
e el
se. I
t is j
ourn
alis
m's
mos
t will
ing
vict
im, f
or it
not
onl
y be
lieve
s wha
t it
sees
in p
rint
, it b
elie
ves
the
oppo
site
whe
n it
sees
that
in p
rint
, too
.' Th
e re
ason
Fri
edju
ng m
erits
onl
y on
e m
entio
n in
'Nes
troy
and
Pos
-te
rity
' is t
hat K
raus
had
just
wri
tten
an e
ssay
dea
ling
excl
usiv
ely
with
Fr
iedj
ung'
s (19
08) a
ttem
pt to
inte
rpre
t Nes
troy
as a
'moc
king
bird
' with
a
liber
al o
utlo
ok. U
nsur
pris
ingl
y, K
raus
was
n't a
bout
to le
t sta
nd th
e ul
timat
e ba
d re
ader
's re
adin
g of
Nes
troy
, but
her
e, a
ccor
ding
to K
raus
, Fr
iedj
ung
may
act
ually
hav
e be
en a
war
e of
the
tend
entio
usne
ss o
f his
in
terp
reta
tion.
Fin
ding
som
e da
rk so
lace
in th
at, K
raus
writ
es, '
Onl
y th
is ti
me
it is
n't q
uite
bel
ieva
ble
that
Her
r Fr
iedj
ung
is ac
ting
out o
f ho
nest
belie
f.'" -
PR
152
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
D D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
" l I I \1 ---
--i,j]L
into
an
outl
ook
in t
he f
irst
pla
ce. W
hat
mat
tere
d to
him
? So
m
uch,
and
ther
efor
e no
thin
g o
f lib
eral
ism
.14 W
hile
the
cobb
lers
ou
tsid
e w
ere
figh
ting
for
the
mos
t ide
al o
f war
es, h
e w
as h
avin
g
14. "
So, w
as K
raus
, who
se e
xper
imen
tal s
tyle
inf
luen
ced
Bre
cht a
nd
Scho
nber
g, a
reac
tiona
ry m
oder
nist
? Wal
ter B
enja
min
onc
e sug
gest
ed
as m
uch.
His
ess
ay'K
arl K
raus
' (19
31) d
escr
ibes
its s
ubje
ct's
wor
k as
a
mix
of'r
eact
iona
ry th
eory
and
revo
lutio
nary
pra
ctic
e.' B
ut as
Ben
jam
in
him
self
knew
, thi
s for
mul
atio
n w
as m
isle
adin
g.
"The
ori
gina
l mot
to o
f Die
Fac
kelw
as 'W
hat w
e ki
ll.' I
n 18
99, o
n th
e fir
st p
age
of th
e fir
st is
sue,
Kra
us p
rocl
aim
ed th
at 'n
othi
ng' w
ould
m
ove
him
from
a 's
tand
poin
t' th
at w
as o
penl
y po
lem
ical
and
radi
cally
in
depe
nden
t--a
s op
pose
d to
Vie
nna'
s be
tter
new
spap
ers,
whi
ch
feig
ned
open
ness
and
impa
rtia
lity
but i
n fa
ct a
dher
ed to
libe
ral p
ietie
s an
d pl
ayed
to th
e m
ater
ial i
nter
ests
of t
heir
bac
kers
. Beh
olde
n to
no
one
and
to n
o pa
rty
line,
Kra
us w
ould
be
able
to
'car
ry o
ut p
olem
ics
from
all
pers
pect
ives
,' as
he
put i
t a li
ttle
late
r. Y
et e
ven
as h
e un
der-
scor
ed h
is in
depe
nden
ce, h
e di
dn't
shy
from
tyin
g it
to a
n ag
enda
that
in
vite
d hi
m to
be
take
n fo
r a p
rogr
essi
ve re
form
er. I
n th
e fir
st is
sue
of
Die
Fac
kel h
e an
noun
ced
his
inte
ntio
n to
exp
ose
the
obfu
scat
ions
of
the
esta
blis
hed
pres
s so
that
it w
ould
be
easi
er to
'rec
ogni
ze th
e ur
gent
so
cial
mat
ters
.' Ano
ther
ear
ly m
issi
on s
tate
men
t em
phas
ized
that
Die
Fa
ckel
wou
ld 'g
ive
the
oppr
esse
d a v
oice
.' "K
raus
was
ted
no ti
me
in m
akin
g go
od o
n hi
s pl
edge
s. H
e ha
m-
mer
ed aw
ay at
all s
ides
in re
port
ing
on th
e dy
sfun
ctio
n in
Aus
tria'
s par
-lia
men
t, an
d in
190
0 he
took
up
the
caus
e of
the
Gal
icia
n co
al m
iner
s w
ho h
ad g
one
on st
rike
agai
nst '
thei
r exp
loite
rs.' T
his h
elpe
d w
in h
im a
follo
win
g am
ong
wor
kers
' gro
ups
in V
ienn
a. I
f the
re h
ad b
een
Vie
n-ne
se p
rost
itute
s' gr
oups
, he
mig
ht h
ave
had
a fo
llow
ing
amon
g th
em,
too.
The
plig
ht o
f pro
stitu
tes r
eson
ated
with
Kra
us, a
nd h
e ad
dres
sed
it
repe
ated
ly in
cov
erin
g w
hat h
e sa
w as
em
blem
atic
inst
ance
s of
dise
n-fr
anch
isem
ent a
nd in
just
ice.
In h
is e
ssay
'Med
al o
f Hon
or' (
1909
), he
re
late
s th
e st
ory
of a
pros
titut
e w
hose
clie
nt d
idn'
t tip
her
but
inst
ead
gave
her
a de
cora
tive
med
al, w
hich
she
pro
ceed
ed to
put
on.
Unf
ortu
-na
tely
for h
er, t
his w
as p
oten
tially
aga
inst
the
law. I
t als
o 'a
rous
ed,' t
o
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
153
--
---=
--
-~-~--:--
----
~ ...
--
--~
--
use
Kra
us's
phra
sing
, th
e in
dign
atio
n of
the
brot
hel's
pat
rons
, who
tu
rned
her
in. A
t her
seco
nd tr
ial-
the
first
judg
e pr
onou
nced
her
in-
noce
nt, b
ut th
e pr
osec
utor
app
eale
d th
e de
cisi
on-t
he ju
dge
rein
ter-
pret
ed th
e st
atus
of t
he d
ecor
ativ
e cr
oss,
and
the
pros
titut
e w
as f
ined
tw
enty
crow
ns fo
r 'un
auth
oriz
ed w
eari
ng o
f a m
ilita
ry m
edal
.' As
Kra
us
saw
it, t
he ca
se il
lust
rate
d no
t jus
t the
ext
rem
e fat
uous
ness
and
hyp
oc-
risy
of th
e le
gal
syste
m's
atte
mpt
s to
pre
serv
e de
cenc
y, b
ut a
lso
the
syste
m's
perv
erse
tend
ency
to c
ome
dow
n ha
rdes
t on
the v
ery
peop
le it
fa
iled
to p
rote
ct. H
e en
ds th
e pi
ece
by d
ecla
ring
that
the
real
'who
re' i
n th
e st
ory
is ju
stic
e in
Aus
tria.
"O
f cou
rse,
Kra
us to
ok o
ther
kind
s of s
tand
s, to
o. H
e he
aped
scor
n on
the
supp
orte
rs o
f Alf
red
Dre
yfus
. He
belit
tled
the
wom
en's
mov
e-m
ent {
and w
rote
unk
ind
apho
rism
s abo
ut w
omen
: 'at
nig
ht, a
ll co
ws a
re
blac
k, e
ven
the
blon
d on
es').
And
in th
e ye
ars
befo
re th
e Fi
rst W
orld
W
ar, w
hich
he
fam
ousl
y de
crie
d, K
raus
sid
ed w
ith t
he o
ld A
ustr
ian
soci
al o
rder
. Aft
er th
e w
ar, h
e w
ent t
hrou
gh s
omet
hing
of a
soc
ialis
t ph
ase,
but
then
, to
Ber
tolt
Bre
cht's
dis
may
, he
gave
his
impr
imat
ur to
En
gelb
ert
Dol
lfu6
, Aus
tria's
rig
ht-w
ing
chan
cello
r fr
om 1
932
until
19
34; K
raus
bel
ieve
d th
at D
ollf
u6 m
ight
effe
ctiv
ely
resi
st th
e re
ach
of
Naz
i G
erm
any
and
was
thu
s th
e 'le
sser
evi
l' in
Aus
tria
n po
litic
s. B
ut
Kra
us's
polit
ical
int
erve
ntio
ns,
or r
eally
his
per
egri
natio
ns u
p an
d do
wn
the
polit
ical
spec
trum
, are
n't t
he m
ain
reas
on he
's so
har
d to
pla
ce
polit
ical
ly. H
e ha
d tw
o pr
imar
y pr
ogra
ms i
n tr
ying
to im
prov
e so
ciet
y,
and
whi
le th
ese
prog
ram
s wer
e al
way
s int
erde
pend
ent,
they
had
diff
er-
ent p
oliti
cal v
alen
ces.
Rea
ctio
nary
theo
ry a
nd r
evol
utio
nary
pra
ctic
e di
dn't j
ust c
oexi
st in
Kra
us 's
wor
k: th
ey fe
d of
f eac
h ot
her.
"For
Kra
us-a
s fo
r, sa
y, M
arx-
libe
ral f
aith
in
prog
ress
was
the
w
orst
sor
t of
ideo
logy
. Tec
hnol
ogic
al p
rogr
ess
was
bei
ng d
rive
n by
hu
bris
and
gre
ed, a
nd it
was
incr
easi
ng c
ivili
zatio
n's
dest
ruct
ive
capa
-bi
litie
s, n
ot ju
st it
s pr
oduc
tive
ones
, and
Kra
us w
as f
righ
tene
d by
the
enor
mou
s po
tent
ial f
or a
buse
. An
apho
rism
from
aro
und
1908
read
s:
'Pro
gres
s cel
ebra
tes t
he p
yrrh
ic v
icto
ry o
ver n
atur
e.' A
noth
er: 'P
rogr
ess
will
mak
e w
alle
ts o
ut o
f hum
an s
kin.
' A k
ey fa
ctor
for
Kra
us w
as th
at
tech
nolo
gy a
nd m
oder
niza
tion
wer
e di
min
ishi
ng t
he s
pace
tha
t th
e im
agin
atio
n ne
eded
to th
rive.
Onc
e th
e po
pula
r im
agin
atio
n ha
s at
ro-
154
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
O D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
'!""" l
phie
d, th
e lik
elih
ood
that
tech
nolo
gy w
ill b
e m
isus
ed h
arde
ns in
to a
ce
rtain
ty. L
amen
ting A
ustri
a's r
elat
ions
hip
to G
erm
any,
in 19
08, K
raus
w
rote
, 'Unt
il th
e hyp
ertr
ophy
of o
ur te
chno
logi
cal d
evel
opm
ent,
whi
ch
our b
rain
s ca
n't h
andl
e, le
ads
to a
gen
eral
cat
astr
ophe
, it i
s th
e fa
te o
f pe
ople
who
eat
mea
t and
wer
e bo
rn to
mot
hers
to b
e sw
allo
wed
up
by
peop
le w
ho w
ere
born
to m
achi
nes
and
are
nour
ishe
d by
them
.'Whe
n th
e ge
nera
l cat
astr
ophe
then
arr
ived
, in
the
form
of t
he F
irst
Wor
ld
War
, Kra
us b
elie
ved
that
it w
as c
ause
d in
larg
e pa
rt b
y a
failu
re o
f the
A
ustr
ian
imag
inat
ion,
whi
ch w
asn'
t str
ong
to b
egin
with
, and
whi
ch
had
been
fata
lly e
nfee
bled
by
the
mas
s pr
ess,
at a
mom
ent o
f unp
aral
-le
led
tech
nolo
gica
l mig
ht. N
ot lo
ng af
ter t
he w
ar b
egan
, Kra
us c
laim
ed
that
the v
ery
sign
atur
e of
our t
ime
is th
e th
reat
our
lack
of i
mag
inat
ion
has
com
e to
pos
e: 'i
n th
is ti
me
in w
hich
wha
t peo
ple
coul
d no
long
er
imag
ine
is p
reci
sely
wha
t hap
pens
, an
d in
whi
ch w
hat
they
can
no
long
er im
agin
e ha
s to
hap
pen,
and
if t
hey
coul
d ha
ve i
mag
ined
it, i
t w
ould
n't h
ave
happ
ened
... '
"Par
t of K
raus
's re
spon
se to
this
dia
gnos
is m
ight
be c
hara
cter
ized
as
rom
antic
con
serv
atis
m. O
ften
with
nos
talg
ia fo
r be
tter d
ays
he h
adn'
t ex
perie
nced
him
self,
Kra
us f
ough
t to
keep
ope
n sp
ace
for t
he im
agin
a-tio
n by
cam
paig
ning
aga
inst
the
mod
em th
ings
that
got
in it
s way
: the
fe
uille
ton,
with
its
addi
ctiv
e, a
nd th
us lu
crat
ive,
off
erin
g of
prep
acka
ged
emot
iona
l res
pons
es t
o th
e ne
ws;
psyc
hoan
alys
is, w
hich
, acc
ordi
ng to
K
raus
, 'an
alyz
es th
e dr
eam
s in
to w
hich
the
disg
ust i
t elic
its tr
ies
to e
s-ca
pe';
etc.
But
anot
her p
art o
fKra
us's
resp
onse
was
to p
rom
ote
Enlig
ht-
enm
ent i
n th
e K
antia
n se
nse-
-tha
t is,
to ca
ll fo
r men
tal m
atur
ity: '
I wan
t th
e fru
it of
my l
abor
s to
be th
at re
adin
g is
done
with
shar
per e
yes.'
Kra
us,
to b
e su
re, s
omet
imes
dire
cted
his
read
ers t
o se
e hi
s wri
ting
as th
e re
sult
of a
kind
of m
ystic
al s
ubm
issi
on to
lang
uage
: 'I h
ave
only
mas
tere
d th
e la
ngua
ge o
f oth
ers.
Lan
guag
e its
elf d
oes w
hate
ver i
t wan
ts to
with
me.
' Y
et h
e st
ress
ed, a
s wel
l, th
at a
n im
port
ant p
urpo
se o
f his
'rev
olut
iona
ry,'
extre
mel
y ch
alle
ngin
g sty
le w
as to
forc
e re
ader
s to
read
mor
e al
ertly
, in
the
hope
of r
evita
lizin
g th
e Aus
tria
n m
ind.
His
audi
ence
'sho
uldn
't ne
c-es
saril
y re
ad d
iffer
ent n
ewsp
aper
s, th
ey sh
ould
read
diff
eren
tly.'
"The
y sh
ould
spe
ak a
nd w
rite
diff
eren
tly, t
oo. K
raus
exh
orte
d hi
s re
ader
s to
thin
k as
har
d as
the
y co
uld
abou
t the
ir li
ngui
stic
opt
ions
.
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
155
-. -
--=::;--
:--_~~~
--:.,:
-·-_ ""
'""'
c'~
---
--
hat e
r die
Sch
neid
er C
oupl
ets
sing
en la
ssen
. Er h
at d
ie W
elt o
ur
in K
lein
gew
erbe
trei
bend
e un
d H
aush
erre
n ei
nget
eilt,
in
Her
-au
fgek
omm
ene
und
Her
unte
rgek
omm
ene,
in v
azie
rend
e H
aus-
knec
hte
und
Parti
kulie
rs. D
ai?, e
s abe
r nic
ht d
er L
eita
rtik
el, s
onde
m
die
Wel
t war
, die
er
so e
inge
teilt
hat
, dai?
. sei
n W
itz
imm
er d
en
Weg
nah
m v
om S
tand
in d
ie M
ensc
hhei
t: so
lch
unve
rsta
ndlic
hes
Kap
itel
iiber
blat
tert
der
Hau
sver
stan
d. B
litze
am
eng
en H
ori-
zont
, so
dai?.
sic
h de
r H
imm
el ii
ber
eine
m G
ewiir
zgew
olbe
off-
net,
leuc
hten
nic
ht e
in. N
estr
oy h
at a
us d
em S
tand
in d
ie W
elt
Doi
ng so
was
, he
belie
ved,
the
best
pra
ctic
e fo
r eth
ical
dec
ision
mak
-in
g. B
ecau
se o
ur d
elib
erat
ing
over
lang
uage
usu
ally
take
s pl
ace
with
ne
ither
the t
hrea
t of p
unis
hmen
t nor
the
pros
pect
of g
ain
hang
ing
over
it,
it ca
n te
ach
us, i
n a u
niqu
ely
unco
nstra
ined
way
, to
hesi
tate
, to
have
'sc
rupl
es,' a
nd to
be
sens
itive
to n
uanc
e an
d th
us to
par
ticul
arity
. The
re
was
a ti
me
whe
n th
ese
idea
s res
onat
ed; m
ore
even
than
Kra
us's
clai
ms
abou
t jou
rnal
ism
and
the
Gre
at W
ar, t
hey'
re w
hat p
rom
pted
criti
cs to
cr
edit
him
with
seei
ng, a
s one
of t
hem
put
it, '
the
conn
ectio
n be
twee
n m
istre
ated
wor
ds a
nd m
istre
ated
bod
ies.'
"I
t's a
lso b
een
said
that
Kra
us's
Enlig
hten
men
t pro
ject
was
a b
ust.
Elia
s C
anet
ti, fo
r exa
mpl
e, ar
gued
that
Kra
us w
as to
o au
thor
itaria
n a
figur
e to
enco
urag
e in
telle
ctua
l ind
epen
denc
e in
othe
r peo
ple,
and
that
hi
s sty
le o
verw
helm
ed re
ader
s mor
e tha
n it
stim
ulat
ed th
eir c
ritic
al fa
c-ul
ties.
That
Kra
us h
ad a
n En
light
enm
ent p
roje
ct, w
hich
is o
ne o
f Ca-
netti
's po
ints
of d
epar
ture
, is h
arde
r to
cont
est.
And
that
Kra
us n
ever
ga
ve u
p on
the
proj
ect,
rega
rdle
ss o
f its
succ
ess o
r uns
ucce
ss, i
s im
pres
-siv
e, es
peci
ally
giv
en h
is lo
w o
pini
on o
f the
peop
le w
hom
he w
as a
ble t
o re
ach.
He
was
onl
y ha
lf jo
king
whe
n he
qui
pped
that
the
wor
st th
ing
his a
udie
nce
mem
bers
cou
ld sa
y ab
out h
im w
as: '
I kno
w K
raus
per
son-
ally
.'" -P
R
Keh
lman
n po
ints
out
that
Die
Fac
kel's
orig
inal
mot
to, "
Was
wir
um
brin
gen,
" is a
play
on
the h
ackn
eyed
new
spap
er m
otto
" 1¼
s wir
brin
-ge
n" -
"Wha
t we
brin
g." S
o I
mig
ht su
gges
t a le
ss li
tera
l tra
nsla
tion:
"W
e bri
ng yo
u th
e no
ose.
"
156
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
D D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
i-·
li:,
---,,IIL
.__
his
tailo
rs s
ing
lam
poon
s.15
He
lim
ited
his
par
titio
ning
of
the
wor
ld to
smal
l bus
ines
smen
and
land
lord
s, to
the
up-a
nd-c
omin
g an
d th
e do
wn-
and-
out,
to p
ensi
oner
s an
d un
empl
oyed
por
ters
. B
ut t
hat
it w
as t
he w
orld
, not
the
edito
rial
pag
e, th
at h
e pa
rti-
tion
ed l
ike
this
; th
at h
is w
it w
as f
orev
er t
akin
g th
e ro
ad f
rom
so
cial
sta
ndin
g to
hum
anity
: co
nven
tiona
l wis
dom
lea
fs p
ast
a ch
apte
r as i
ncom
preh
ensi
ble
as t
hat.
16 F
lash
es o
n a
narr
ow h
ori-
zon
-th
e he
aven
s ope
ning
ove
r a g
roce
ry s
tore
-are
not
enl
ight
-en
ing.
Nes
troy
's th
inki
ng p
roce
eded
fro
m s
ocia
l sta
tus
into
the
15. "
A r
efer
ence
to N
estro
y's
farc
e ab
out t
he r
evol
utio
n of
184
8, 7
he
Lady
and
the
Tailo
r (18
49),
whi
ch F
riedj
ung
had
fram
ed a
s an
expr
es-
sion
ofN
estro
y's l
iber
al co
nvic
tions
. Kra
us w
ould
late
r bac
k aw
ay fr
om
his
atte
mpt
to d
ista
nce
this
par
ticul
ar w
ork,
as w
ell a
s Nes
troy
in g
en-
eral
, fro
m l
iber
al p
oliti
cs.
Dur
ing
the
early
192
0s, w
hen
Kra
us w
as
alar
med
by
the
Fasc
ist m
ovem
ents
in
Ger
man
y an
d A
ustri
a, h
e se
t ab
out s
how
ing
that
the
play
'isn'
t und
emoc
ratic
.'" -P
R
16. T
o re
turn
, in
a rou
ndab
out w
ay, t
o th
e co
nnec
tion
betw
een
Kra
us's
ange
r and
his p
rivile
ge, I
shou
ld n
ote t
hat h
is po
litic
al sy
mpa
thie
s wer
e su
bsta
ntia
lly c
onse
rvat
ive
whe
n he
wro
te th
is e
ssay
. Hen
ce h
is ir
rita-
tion
at th
e sp
ecta
cle
of H
eine
, an
outs
poke
n if
som
ewha
t inc
onsi
sten
t lib
eral
, bei
ng li
oniz
ed b
y th
e la
tter-
day
liber
al p
ress
, whi
ch K
raus
be-
lieve
d ov
erva
lued
Hei
ne's
artis
tic a
chie
vem
ents
bec
ause
his
polit
ics
wer
e co
rrec
t. W
here
con
serv
ativ
e A
mer
ican
crit
ics
such
as
Din
esh
D'S
ouza
dire
ctly
appl
y the
crud
e lab
el "P
C" t
o w
ork l
ike A
lice W
alke
r's,
Kra
us h
ere
mor
e sub
tly, b
ut in
a sim
ilarly
cons
erva
tive s
pirit
, moc
ks th
e w
ord
"enl
ight
ened
." (H
e do
es th
is in
"H
eine
and
the
Con
sequ
ence
s,"
too:
"And
they
wan
t to
be e
nlig
hten
ed ab
out e
very
thin
g, ju
st n
ot ab
out
Hei
ne."
) Sin
ce a
lmos
t eve
ryth
ing
Kra
us sa
ys a
bout
Nes
troy
appl
ies
to
him
self
as w
ell, h
is in
sist
ence
that
Nes
troyw
as n
eith
er li
bera
l nor
ant
i-lib
eral
cle
arly
conn
ects
with
his
ow
n ra
ther
cont
ortio
nist
effo
rts to
re-
mai
n po
litic
ally
inde
finab
le, a
t lea
st in
pub
lic.
In p
rivat
e, K
raus
was
a p
rivile
ged
rent
ier w
ith a
stro
ng st
ake
in th
e st
atus
quo
. Ind
eed,
par
t of w
hat i
ntox
icat
ed h
im a
bout
Sid
onie
Nad
-
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
157
111,
-·-
~----"':
:..
.--
-~
--------
-
hern
y, w
hen
he m
et h
er in
191
3, w
as th
at sh
e be
long
ed to
the
land
ed
aris
tocr
acy:
he
fell
in lo
ve n
ot o
nly w
ith h
er b
ut w
ith h
er fa
mily
's co
un-
try
esta
te. H
is lo
ng-r
unni
ng sa
tiric
pre
occu
patio
n w
ith fi
nanc
ial m
al-
feas
ance
-fir
st w
ith th
e pe
tty c
orru
ptio
ns o
f Vie
nna's
pre
war
libe
ral
pres
s, la
ter w
ith th
e ra
mpa
nt pr
ofite
erin
g, by
Jew
ish
busi
ness
men
espe
-ci
ally
, in
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar-c
an b
e se
en a
s a w
ay o
f ele
vatin
g hi
m-
self
abov
e the
mon
ey-m
inde
d lib
eral
bour
geoi
sie.
It w
as o
nly a
t the
end
of
the
war
that
Kra
us b
ecam
e fu
lly d
isill
usio
ned
with
the
mon
arch
y an
d ca
me o
ut fo
r the
Soc
ialis
ts, a
nd ev
en th
is co
nver
sion
was
shak
y and
shor
t-liv
ed.
The w
orks
ofK
raus
's tw
o pl
ayw
right
her
oes,
Sha
kesp
eare
and
Nes
-tro
y, a
re r
oote
d in
wor
lds
of fix
ed s
ocia
l sta
ndin
g. T
he w
onde
rful
con
-tr
ast b
etw
een
the
dict
ion
ofD
ogbe
rry
and
the
dict
ion
of B
eatri
ce, a
nd
betw
een
Nes
troy'
s se
rvan
ts a
nd N
estro
y's
mas
ters
, dep
ends
on
firm
di
stin
ctio
ns b
etw
een
soci
al cl
asse
s. Sa
tire,
too,
thriv
es o
n co
ntra
sts,
and
so t
he p
rosp
ect o
f lib
eral
dem
ocra
cy, i
n w
hich
eve
ryon
e is
iden
tical
ly
entit
led
and
even
tual
ly c
omes
to s
peak
iden
tical
ly, t
hrea
tene
d K
raus
's ve
ry fo
unda
tions
as
an a
rtist
. Thi
s spe
cter
of u
nifo
rmit
y-m
oder
nity
's
effa
cem
ent o
f dijf
eren
ce--
wou
ld la
ter h
aunt
thin
kers
as
vario
us a
s th
e an
thro
polo
gist
Cla
ude
Levi
-Stra
uss,
with
his
not
ion
of "c
ultu
ral e
n-tro
py,"
and
the
post
mod
ern
nove
list W
illia
m G
addi
s, w
ith h
is la
men
t fo
r a lo
st er
a of S
tatu
s in
whi
ch h
igh
art w
as h
igh
and
low
was
low
. The
un
com
fort
able
dis
sona
nces
of t
heir
pos
ition
s (L
evi-S
traus
s's "
Plea
se
don'
t cha
nge
until
we'v
e th
orou
ghly
stud
ied
you"
and
Gad
dis's
"Ple
ase
hold
still
whi
le I
kick
you"
) are
ver
sion
s of t
he m
ore g
ener
al d
isco
mfo
rt
with
whi
ch c
reat
ive
peop
le v
iew
the
leve
lings
of m
oder
nity
. To
wri
te
wel
l abo
ut s
lum
dw
elle
rs, o
r ab
out A
ndam
an is
land
ers,
you
nee
d to
ha
ve s
ympa
thy
with
them
-pre
cise
ly th
e ki
nd o
f lib
eral
sym
path
y th
at
also
mak
es y
ou w
ant
bette
r sc
hool
s fo
r th
e sl
ums
or W
este
rn-s
tyle
am
eniti
es f
or t
he A
ndam
an I
slan
ds.
Goo
d na
rrat
ive
art
thus
ten
ds
tow
ard
liber
alis
m. B
ut go
od ar
tists
also
cra
ve co
ntra
st. U
nles
s you
wan
t to
tell
the
sam
e st
ory
of gl
obal
mon
ocul
ture
's tr
ium
ph o
ver d
iffer
ence
s, ag
ain
and
agai
n, y
ou w
ant s
lum
dia
logu
e to
keep
soun
ding
dist
inct
ivel
y lik
e the
slum
s, an
d yo
u do
n't w
ant A
ndam
an is
land
ers t
o st
art u
sing
the
sam
e iP
hone
s an
d w
earin
g th
e sa
me
sens
ible
sne
aker
s as
Am
eric
ans;
158
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
D D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
,.,.,.,,
i I I ' _j__
t, '
you
wan
t th
em t
o ke
ep d
oing
inte
nsel
y, i
nter
estin
gly
And
aman
is-
land
er th
ings
. Thi
s mak
es y
ou a
cons
erva
tive.
Or,
actu
ally
, wor
se th
an a
cons
erva
tive,
bec
ause
you
, as a
n ar
tist,
wan
t to
be ab
le to
mov
e lib
eral
ly
and
sym
path
etic
ally
am
ong
vario
us c
lass
es a
nd c
ultu
res-
just
lik
e Sh
akes
pear
e di
d-w
hile
secr
etly
hop
ing
that
ever
yone
who
's no
t an
artis
t w
ill s
tay f
ixed
in pl
ace.
Thi
s is t
he m
onst
rous
sort
of p
rivile
ge th
at ca
n be
cl
aim
ed o
nly
by a
pers
on li
ke C
orde
lia, w
ho fe
els
entit
led
to sp
eak
un-
wel
com
e tru
ths a
nd st
ill b
e lov
ed. I
t's p
art o
f the
dub
ious
mor
al ch
arac
-te
r tha
t arti
sts a
re fa
med
for.
And
it he
lps m
akes
sens
e of h
ow fu
rious
ly
Kra
us r
ejec
ted
polit
ical
cat
egor
ies.
He
was
n't j
ust
resi
stin
g th
e lin
-gu
istic
ally
deb
ased
slo
gane
erin
g of
pol
itics
. He
was
ins
istin
g on
the
artis
t's u
niqu
ely
priv
ilege
d pl
ace i
n so
ciet
y. H
e ar
gued
for m
aint
aini
ng
diff
eren
ces
beca
use
he k
new
tha
t hi
s ki
nd o
f ar
t-m
aybe
all
good
ar
t-de
pend
s on
it.
Cliv
e Ja
mes
, in
a pe
rcep
tive
piec
e in
the
Aust
ralia
n Li
tera
ry R
e-vi
ew, c
onte
nds
that
afte
r the
Fir
st W
orld
War
Kra
us b
egan
to lo
se h
is
way
as a
satir
ist.J
ames
not
es th
at K
raus
's hu
mor
and
his a
nger
with
the
liber
al b
ourg
eois
ie, e
spec
ially
the J
ewis
h bo
urge
oisi
e, re
mai
ned
viab
le
only
as
long
as t
he g
ente
el o
ld o
rder
surv
ived
: Kra
us c
ould
saf
ely
in-
dulg
e in
a lit
tle a
ntis
emiti
sm b
ecau
se th
e an
tisem
ites w
ere
still
arg
uing
w
ithin
the
rul
e of
law
, and
bec
ause
he
coul
d do
ant
isem
itism
mor
e de
ftly
and
wic
kedl
y th
an th
e an
tisem
ites
them
selv
es. E
ven
the
titan
ic
horr
or o
f the
Fir
st W
orld
War
was
susc
eptib
le to
his
met
hods
, bec
ause
pe
ople
of a
ll et
hnic
ities
wer
e co
llect
ivel
y su
ffer
ing;
bec
ause
wha
t Kra
us
calls
Ver
stand
(int
elle
ct, r
easo
n), i
n th
e fo
rm o
f war
theo
ry, w
as re
spon
-sib
le fo
r it;
and
beca
use,
as R
eitte
r poi
nts o
ut, h
is sa
tiric
al ta
rget
s did
n't
chan
ge a
ll th
at m
uch.
(Rei
tter n
otes
that
"wha
t Kra
us h
ad d
ecrie
d be
-fo
re th
e w
ar w
as a
lso o
pera
ting
duri
ng th
e war
: the
ben
ight
edne
ss a
nd
inco
mpe
tenc
e of
aris
tocr
atic
lead
ers,
the
post
urin
g an
d co
mpl
icity
of
the
bour
geoi
s lite
rati,
the
glee
ful c
ruel
ty o
f the
trog
lody
te e
lem
ents
in
Aus
tria
n so
ciet
y, a
nd, o
f cou
rse,
the
rapa
city
and
war
ping
effe
cts o
f the
pr
ess."
) But
then
alo
ng c
ame
the
irra
tiona
l Naz
is a
nd d
emol
ishe
d th
e ol
d V
ienn
ese
orde
r tha
t Kra
us h
ad ra
ged
agai
nst a
nd th
rived
in.
Tha
t Kra
us h
ad "n
othi
ng to
say"
abo
ut H
itler
is a
fact
so w
idel
y ac
-ce
pted
that
it on
ce cl
eare
d Th
e New
Yor
ker's
fact
-che
cker
s and
appe
ared
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
159
in it
s pag
es. I
t's tr
ue th
at h
e di
d on
ce w
rite
"I ca
n't t
hink
of a
nyth
ing
to
say
abou
t Hitl
er."
But
this
was
the
first
line
of a
hoo
k-le
ngth
doc
umen
t ab
out H
itle
r and
the
Naz
is. P
ublis
hed
post
hum
ousl
y as
7he
Thi
rd W
al-
purg
is N
ight
, it
bra
vely
and
cle
ar-s
ight
edly
take
s th
eir
mea
sure
, and
D
anie
l Keh
lman
n co
nsid
ers
it K
raus
's fin
est w
ork.
To
me,
thou
gh, i
t ha
s the
feel
of a
des
pair
ing
exer
cise
. The
pro
blem
, as J
ames
poi
nts o
ut,
is th
at th
e N
azis
wer
e no
t lyi
ng (
ten
year
s be
fore
the
Fina
l Sol
utio
n,
they
wer
e al
read
y sa
ying
pla
inly
wha
t the
y in
tend
ed to
do
to th
e Jew
s)
or w
ere
so o
bvio
usly
lyin
g as
not
to re
quire
sat
irica
l exp
osur
e, a
nd th
at
they
wer
e ge
nera
lly to
o da
nger
ous t
o be
laug
hed
at. A
nd so
Kra
us's
last
bo
ok is
n't f
unny
the
way
so m
uch
of hi
s ear
lier w
ork
was
, and
its t
ake-
away
-tha
t the
Naz
is w
ere
evil
and
insa
ne--
does
n't r
etai
n th
e bi
ting
rele
vanc
e of
his
ide
as a
bout
lite
ratu
re o
r of
his
crit
ique
of
mod
em
med
ia.
Jam
es d
oesn
't cl
aim
tha
t K
raus
's ar
tistic
dile
mm
a vi
s-a-
vis
the
Naz
is w
as u
niqu
e. In
deed
, he
seem
s to
sugg
est t
hat n
o fo
rm o
f wri
ting
can
be e
ffec
tive
in th
e fa
ce o
f irr
atio
nal a
nd g
enoc
idal
vio
lenc
e--t
hat
only
the
coun
ter-
appl
icat
ion
of ra
tiona
l vio
lenc
e w
ill a
vail.
(H
is p
iece
w
as p
ublis
hed
duri
ng th
e Ir
aq W
ar.)
Wha
t thi
s sa
ys to
me
abou
t art
is
that
it's
the
child
of a
wel
l-or
dere
d ho
use.
Kra
us w
as th
e ki
nd o
f priv
i-le
ged
child
who
was
ang
riest
, and
ther
efor
e fu
nnie
st, e
n Jam
i/le.
Whe
n so
met
hing
alie
n or
irra
tiona
l com
es a
long
and
sm
ashe
s th
e ho
use's
win
dow
s, th
e ga
me
ceas
es to
be
fun.
T
o w
hich
Rei
tter i
llum
inat
ingl
y ad
ds:
"One
of t
he d
isor
ient
ing
thin
gs a
bout
read
ing
Kra
us to
day
is th
at
he o
ften
soun
ds si
mul
tane
ousl
y un-
PC a
nd P
C. I
n a P
C w
ay, h
e bas
hes
the
liber
al c
ultu
re o
f the
pre
ss fo
r its
leve
ling
of di
ffer
ence
, but
he
does
th
is in
a w
ay th
at's
calc
ulat
ed to
sou
nd w
ildly
un-
PC (w
hich
of c
ours
e ha
s th
e ef
fect
of i
ntro
duci
ng m
ore
diff
eren
ce in
to th
e di
scus
sion
). H
is
criti
que
in 'H
eine
and
the
Con
sequ
ence
s' is
a gr
eat e
xam
ple:
the
prob
-le
m w
ith
feui
lleto
nist
s is
at o
nce
thei
r m
indl
ess
wor
ship
of a
can
on
(Hei
ne) a
nd th
eir d
iffer
ence
-leve
ling
false
sub
ject
ivity
. The
feui
lleto
n-is
ts a
ll 'ta
ste
alik
e.' T
he e
arly
Fac
kel i
s ful
l of s
uch
lines
: 'th
e ne
wsp
aper
sp
eaks
like
the w
orld
, bec
ause
the w
orld
spea
ks li
ke th
e ne
wsp
aper
, "th
e to
ne is
alw
ays
the
sam
e.' T
hus
Kra
us's
PC-s
eem
ing
pred
ilect
ion
for
160
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
O D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
l l , Jl____
min
or a
nd m
argi
naliz
ed f
orm
s (v
aude
ville
, Je
wis
h-di
alec
t th
eate
r, N
estro
y, e
tc.)
is ve
ry m
uch
in k
eepi
ng w
ith
his h
atre
d of
the
liber
al c
ul-
ture
of t
he ti
me,
whi
ch h
e sa
w a
s an
ass
imila
tion-
driv
en, i
mpo
ssib
ly
snob
bish
age
nt o
f con
form
ity, w
ith a
nar
row
and
cul
tura
lly c
hauv
inis
t no
tion/
fetis
h of
Bi/d
ung.
It's
also
wor
th n
otin
g th
at K
raus
's ea
rly (a
nd
pers
pica
ciou
s) c
ritiq
ue o
f Zio
nism
was
that
it w
as o
ften
ass
imila
tion-
ism
mas
quer
adin
g as
a m
ovem
ent
devo
ted
to s
usta
inin
g di
ffer
ence
. Zi
onis
m w
as t
he J
ews'
'imita
tion
natio
nalis
m,'
to c
ite a
phr
ase
that
K
raus
like
ly in
spire
d. T
his c
an b
e a p
retty
PC
arg
umen
t the
se d
ays,
and
KK
mad
e it
in 1
898!
"A
nd h
ere's
a s
ad ir
ony:
Kra
us's
fight
aga
inst
the
clic
he h
as le
nt it
-se
lf to
bei
ng c
hara
cter
ized
in c
liche
d te
rms.
Eve
n C
live
Jam
es d
oes
som
e of
that
, for
all
the
perc
eptiv
enes
s of
his
piec
e. T
o re
ad Ja
mes
on
Die
Fac
kel,
you'
d th
ink
that
Kra
us 't
irele
ssly
' wen
t aft
er ev
ery
plat
itude
an
d sl
oppy
form
ulat
ion
that
bot
here
d hi
s ear
s. Th
us, '
Not
hing
got
pas
t hi
m.'
Or
at le
ast,
'Any
one
who
let s
lip a
loos
e ph
rase
live
d to
rue
it if
K
raus
cau
ght h
im.'
Wha
t the
se w
ell-
wor
n ov
erst
atem
ents
obs
cure
is
that
Kra
us w
as in
tere
sted
in th
e em
blem
atic
infe
liciti
es, t
he o
nes
that
he
cou
ld re
veal
to b
e bo
th a
sym
ptom
and
a c
ause
of s
ocia
l ills
. At i
ts
best
, Kra
us's
cultu
ral c
ritic
ism
pre
sent
s us w
ith a
feed
back
loop
whe
rein
ba
d ci
rcum
stan
ces a
nd m
otiv
es le
ad to
bad
pro
se th
at m
akes
the w
orld
va
stly
wor
se. T
he p
ress
may
hav
e beg
un to
gai
n th
e up
per h
and,
the v
ir-
tual
real
ity o
f the
med
ia m
ay ha
ve b
egun
to d
eter
min
e the
exte
rnal
real
-ity
that
it's
supp
osed
to c
over
-'sha
dow
s now
thro
w bo
dies
,' in
Kra
us's
form
ulat
ion-
but K
raus
did
n't i
mag
ine
that
the
lang
uage
of t
he p
ress
de
velo
ped
inde
pend
ently
of i
ts m
ater
ial c
ondi
tions
. Oft
en, i
n fa
ct, t
he
impo
rtan
ce o
flan
guag
e m
isus
e is
that
it al
low
s us
to re
cogn
ize
a da
n-ge
rous
und
erly
ing
corr
uptio
n: 't
hat o
ne is
a m
urde
rer d
oesn
't ne
cess
ar-
ily te
ll us
som
ethi
ng ab
out h
is s
tyle
; but
his
sty
le c
an te
ll us
that
he's
a
mur
dere
r.' B
ecau
se Ja
mes
mis
ses
this
poi
nt, i
t's e
asy
for h
im to
acc
use
Kra
us o
f bei
ng m
ore
one-
side
d ab
out h
isto
rica
l cau
salit
y th
an h
e w
as.
Acc
ordi
ng to
Jam
es, K
raus
, the
lang
uage
-obs
esse
d sa
tiris
t, fa
iled
to ap
-pr
ecia
te su
ffic
ient
ly th
at 't
he w
orld
is m
ade
up o
f mor
e th
an la
ngua
ge.'
Sim
ilarly
,Jam
es re
proa
ches
Kra
us fo
r com
ing
'clos
e to
sugg
estin
g th
at
the w
ar h
ad b
een
caus
ed b
y ba
d jou
rnal
ism
,' the
n ad
ds, w
ith an
impl
ied
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
161
!j
geda
cht,
Hei
ne v
on d
er W
elt
in d
en S
taat
. Und
das
ist
meh
r.
Nes
troy
ble
ibt
der
Spai
?,m
ache
r, de
nn s
ein
Spa£
., de
r vo
n de
r H
obel
bank
zu
den
Stem
en sc
hlug
, kam
von
der
Hob
elba
nk, u
nd
von
den
Stem
en w
isse
n w
ir n
icht
s. E
in i
rdis
cher
Pol
itike
r sa
gt
uns
meh
r al
s ei
n ko
smis
cher
Han
swur
st. U
nd d
a un
s di
e V
er-
meh
rung
uns
erer
int
elle
ktue
llen
Hau
smac
ht a
m H
erze
n lie
gt,
habe
n w
ir n
icht
s da
gege
n, da
R. d
ie ir
disc
hen
Han
swur
ste
Nes
troy
ge
lege
ntlic
h zu
m P
oliti
ker
mac
hen
und
ihn
zwin
gen,
das
Be-
kenn
tnis
jene
r lib
eral
en B
ezir
ksan
scha
uung
nac
hzut
rage
n, o
hne
sigh
ofi
mpa
tienc
e, 'i
f onl
y it
had
been
that
sim
ple.
' Jam
es a
lso c
onje
c-tu
res t
hat K
raus
'mig
ht ha
ve fo
und
inst
ruct
ion
in th
e des
potic
pas
t, ha
d he
bee
n m
ore
hist
oric
ally
min
ded.
' "T
here
's ce
rtain
ly so
met
hing
to th
e las
t cla
im. K
raus
show
ed n
o in
-cl
inat
ion
for t
rack
ing
how
his
toric
al ev
ents
unf
old
over
tim
e, o
r for
fig-
urin
g ou
t how
com
plex
web
s of
fact
ors
prod
uce
them
. You
cou
ld s
ay
that
he
anal
yzed
key
feat
ures
of h
is ag
e in
a se
ries o
f aph
oris
ms,
som
e fu
nny
and
som
e no
t, w
hich
he
supp
orte
d w
ith th
ousa
nds
of pa
ges
of
com
men
tary
and
pai
nsta
king
, oft
en b
reat
htak
ing
wor
k w
ith th
e ev
i-de
nce,
but
whi
ch h
e did
n't t
ry to
put
into
mea
ning
ful n
arra
tive c
onte
xts
(see
'Hei
ne a
nd th
e C
onse
quen
ces')
. For
me,
wha
t's st
rikin
g ab
out T
he
Thir
d W
alpu
rgis
Nig
ht is
n't s
o m
uch
the l
ack o
f hum
or o
r effe
ctiv
e sat
ire
as t
he a
bsen
ce o
f aph
oris
tic in
sigh
ts. T
his
abse
nce,
inci
dent
ally
, may
ex
plai
n th
e bo
ok's
odd
shap
e. W
itho
ut s
uch
insi
ghts
to g
roun
d hi
m
(he
ofte
n bu
ilt u
pon
the
apho
rism
s th
at h
e in
serte
d in
to h
is es
says
), K
raus
app
ears
to
be a
t sea
. He
goes
on
and
on:
The
Thir
d W
alpu
rgis
Nig
ht is
pro
babl
y fiv
e tim
es lo
nger
than
Kra
us's
seco
nd-lo
nges
t ess
ay.
Of c
ours
e, m
uch
of w
hat K
raus
writ
es in
it h
as m
erit.
The
boo
k is,
in-
deed
, 'cle
ar-e
yed.
'lt co
ntai
ns d
etai
led
acco
unts
ofN
azi v
iole
nce,
and
it
forc
eful
ly c
alls
out c
ultu
ral a
utho
riti
es-m
en su
ch a
s G
ottf
ried
Ben
n an
d M
artin
Hei
degg
er-w
hose
sup
port
hel
ped
legi
timat
e th
e N
azi
mov
emen
t by c
onfe
rrin
g upo
n it
the c
ache
t of p
oetr
y and
philo
soph
y in
the
coun
try
that
fanc
ied
itsel
f the
land
of
Dic
hter
und
Den
ker.
But
K
raus
's pe
rfor
man
ce n
ever
thel
ess
feel
s 'w
rong
-foo
ted,
' to
use
Jam
es's
162
/ N
ES
TR
OY
UN
D D
IE N
AC
HW
EL
T
r' I I 1 Li -------
wor
ld,
Hei
ne's
fro
m t
he w
orld
int
o th
e st
ate.
And
tha
t is
mor
e.17
Nes
troy
rem
ains
a j
oker
bec
ause
his
joke
s, w
hich
sho
t fr
om th
e w
orkb
ench
to th
e st
ars,
cam
e fr
om th
e w
orkb
ench
and
w
e kn
ow n
othi
ng o
f the
sta
rs. A
n ea
rthl
y po
litic
ian
says
mor
e to
us
tha
n a
cosm
ic b
uffo
on. A
nd s
ince
wha
t m
atte
rs t
o us
is i
n-cr
easi
ng o
ur s
tore
s of
con
vent
iona
l w
isdo
m,
we
don'
t m
ind
if
som
e ea
rthl
y bu
ffoo
ns o
ccas
iona
lly m
ake
Nes
troy
into
a p
olit
i-ci
an a
nd fo
rce
him
to s
peak
the
kind
of l
iber
al p
reci
nct-
opin
ion
wit
hout
whi
ch w
e ca
n no
long
er c
once
ive
of a
dead
sat
iris
t. T
he
wor
d. L
iber
ally
tran
slat
ed, K
raus
's op
enin
g lin
e re
ads '
No
idea
s ab
out
Hitl
er o
ccur
to m
e' ('M
ir fa
llt z
u H
itler
nic
hts
ein'
), an
d it
prov
es to
be
an a
pt w
arni
ng. K
raus
was
n't a
ble
to m
uste
r for
Naz
ism
the
kind
s of
pr
ovoc
ativ
e ap
horis
tic d
istil
latio
ns th
at se
rve
as th
e ba
sis fo
r so
muc
h of
his w
ork.
The
clo
sest
he
gets
in T
he T
hird
Wal
purg
is N
ight
is th
at fa
-m
ous f
irst s
ente
nce.
" R
ight
. The
wit
of K
raus
's ap
horis
ms
was
gro
unde
d in
a c
ompr
e-he
nsib
le w
orld
and
was
alw
ays
ther
efor
e, a
t so
me
leve
l, op
timis
tic.
To sa
y th
at "s
hado
ws n
ow th
row
bod
ies"
is n
ot o
nly
to in
voke
a fo
rmer
w
orld
in
whi
ch b
odie
s th
rew
sha
dow
s bu
t to
impl
y th
at th
is p
rope
r re
latio
n co
uld
be re
stor
ed if
peop
le w
ould
stop
swal
low
ing
the
med
ia's
man
ipul
atio
n of
rea
lity.
Naz
i id
eolo
gy w
as b
eyon
d an
y su
ch r
e-de
mpt
ion-
ther
e w
as n
o w
ay to
flip
it o
ver,
via
para
doxi
cal a
phor
ism
, in
to so
met
hing
pot
entia
lly m
elio
rabl
e.
I m
ight
add
tha
t Jam
es n
ot o
nly
prop
agat
es a
sm
alle
ning
clic
he
abou
t Kra
us b
ut im
plic
itly b
uys i
nto
an ag
gran
dizi
ng cl
iche
abo
ut S
ad-
dam
Hus
sein
-nam
ely,
that
his
thre
at to
the
wor
ld b
ore
com
paris
on
with
Hitl
er's.
Bad
jour
nalis
m m
ay n
ot h
ave
caus
ed th
e Ir
aq in
vasi
on
( whi
ch Ja
mes
seem
s to
belie
ve w
as a
nec
essa
ry re
spon
se to
Hitl
er-le
vel
evil)
, but
Judi
th M
iller
's sh
oddy
repo
rtin
g on
WM
Ds,
in th
e Ti
mes
, did
do
a lo
t to
neut
raliz
e opp
onen
ts o
f the
war
. Her
WM
D sh
adow
s thr
ew
bodi
es.
17. I
n ot
her w
ords
, Hei
ne is
mor
e "i
mpo
rtan
t" th
an N
estro
y. K
raus
m
eans
this
iron
ical
ly, a
s the
follo
win
g se
nten
ces m
ake c
lear
.
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
163
die
wir
uns
ein
en t
oten
Sat
irike
r ni
cht
meh
r de
nken
kon
nen.
D
ie P
hras
eure
und
Ris
eure
geb
en d
ann
gem
zu, d
ail, e
r ein
Spo
tt-vo
gel w
ar o
der
dail,
ihm
der
Sch
alk
im N
acke
n sa
K U
nd d
en-
noch
sail,
er n
ur ih
nen
im N
acke
n un
d bl
ies
ihre
Kal
abre
ser u
m.
Und
den
noch
sei
jene
n, d
ie s
ich
zur
Kun
st h
erab
lass
en u
nd ih
r de
n Sp
ielr
aum
zw
isch
en d
en H
oriz
onte
n go
nnen
, so
von
der i
n-di
vidu
elle
n N
ullit
at b
is zu
r so
zial
en Q
yant
itat,
mit
ziem
liche
r G
ewiil
,hei
t ge
sagt
: W
enn
Kun
st n
icht
das
ist
, was
sie
glau
ben
und
erla
uben
, so
nder
n di
e W
egw
eite
ist
zw
isch
en e
inem
Ge-
scha
uten
und
ein
em G
edac
hten
, von
ein
em R
inns
al z
ur M
ilch-
strai
l,e d
ie k
iirze
ste
Ver
bind
ung,
so
hat
es n
ie u
nter
deu
tsch
em
Him
mel
ein
en L
aufe
r ge
gebe
n w
ie N
estro
y. V
erst
eht
sich
, nie
un
ter d
enen
, die
mit
lach
ende
m G
esic
ht z
u m
elde
n ha
tten,
dail
, es
im L
eben
hai
l,lic
h ei
nger
icht
et se
i. W
ir w
erde
n se
iner
Bot
scha
ft de
n G
laub
en n
icht
des
halb
ver
sage
n, w
eil
sie e
in C
oupl
et w
ar.
Nic
ht e
inm
al d
esha
lb, w
eil e
r in
der G
esch
win
digk
eit a
uch
dem
H
orer
etw
as z
ulie
be g
esun
gen,
wei
l er
mit
Ver
acht
ung
der
Bed
iirfn
isse
des
Pub
likum
s sie
bef
ried
igt
hat,
um u
ngeh
inde
rt
empo
rden
ken
zu k
onne
n. O
der w
eil e
r se
in D
ynam
it in
Wat
te
wic
kelte
und
sei
ne W
elt
erst
spr
engt
e, n
achd
em e
r sie
in
der
Obe
rzeu
gung
bef
estig
t ha
tte, d
ail,
sie d
ie b
este
der
Wel
ten
sei,
und
wei
l er
die
G
emiit
lichk
eit
zuer
st e
inse
ifte,
wen
n's
ans
Hal
sabs
chne
iden
gin
g, u
nd s
onst
nic
ht w
eite
r in
kom
mod
iere
n w
ollte
. Auc
h w
erde
n w
ir, d
ie n
icht
dar
auf a
us s
ind,
der
Wah
rhei
t di
e E
hre v
or d
em G
eist
zu g
eben
, von
ihm
nic
ht d
esha
lb g
erin
ger
denk
en,
wei
l er
oft
mit
der
Unb
eden
klic
hkei
t de
s O
rigin
als,
da
s W
icht
iger
es v
orha
t, si
ch d
as S
tichw
ort v
on T
heat
erw
erke
rn
brin
gen
lieK
Der
Vor
wur
f, de
r Nes
troy
gem
acht
wur
de, i
st a
lber
-ne
r als
so m
anch
e Fa
bel,
die
er e
inem
fran
zosi
sche
n H
andl
ange
r
164
/ N
EST
RO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
"". j \ I l l
phra
seur
s and
rise
urs a
re th
en h
appy
to a
dmit
that
he
was
a m
ock-
ingb
ird
and
a cu
tup.
And
nev
erth
eles
s, h
e w
as o
nly
cutti
ng th
em
dow
n an
d bl
owin
g of
f the
ir C
alab
rian
hat
s.18
And
nev
erth
eles
s,
to th
ose w
ho c
onde
scen
d to
art
and
gra
nt it
free
pla
y be
twee
n th
e ho
rizo
ns-t
hat i
s, fr
om th
e in
divi
dual
nul
lity
to th
e so
cial
qua
n-ti
ty-l
et it
be
said
with
con
side
rabl
e ce
rtain
ty: I
f art
is n
ot w
hat
they
conc
eive
and
con
done
but
inst
ead
is th
e st
retc
h fr
om s
ome-
thin
g se
en t
o so
met
hing
tho
ught
-the
sho
rtes
t lin
k fr
om t
he
gutte
r to
the
Milk
y W
ay-t
hen
ther
e ha
s ne
ver
been
a r
unne
r un
der
the
Ger
man
sky
like
Nes
troy.
Nev
er, i
t goe
s w
ithou
t say
-in
g, a
mon
g th
ose
who
bro
ught
the
new
s, w
ith l
augh
ing
face
s, th
at li
fe is
arr
ange
d in
an
ugly
way
.19 W
e w
on't
deny
cre
denc
e to
hi
s m
essa
ge b
ecau
se i
t was
a la
mpo
on. N
ot e
ven
beca
use,
in h
is
rush
, he
also
san
g so
met
hing
for t
he li
sten
er; b
ecau
se, i
n hi
s co
n-te
mpt
for t
he n
eeds
of t
he a
udie
nce,
he
satis
fied
them
, so
that
his
th
ough
ts c
ould
soar
unh
inde
red.
Or b
ecau
se h
e sw
addl
ed h
is d
y-na
mite
in c
otto
n an
d bl
ew u
p hi
s wor
ld o
nly
afte
r rei
nfor
cing
its
conv
ictio
n th
at it
was
the
best
of a
ll pos
sibl
e w
orld
s, an
d be
caus
e he
laid
on
the
soft
soap
of c
onge
nial
ity b
efor
e he
sta
rted
slit
ting
thro
ats,
and
oth
erw
ise
didn
't w
ish
to in
conv
enie
nce
anyo
ne. N
or,
not
bein
g in
tere
sted
in
hono
ring
tru
th b
efor
e sp
irit,2
° w
ill w
e th
ink
less
of h
im b
ecau
se h
e of
ten,
with
the
car
eles
snes
s of
an
orig
inal
who
has
mor
e im
port
ant t
hing
s on
his
min
d, b
orro
wed
pu
nch
lines
from
sta
geha
nds.
The
repr
oof t
hat w
as le
vele
d ag
ains
t N
estr
oy is
sill
ier t
han
any
plot
line
he li
fted
from
a F
renc
h flu
nky,
18.
"Cal
abri
an h
ats
(Kal
ahre
ser)
wer
e th
e fe
lt ha
ts f
avor
ed b
y th
e re
volu
tiona
ries
ofl
848.
"-P
R
19. I
.e.,
peop
le li
ke H
eine
. 20
. Keh
lrna
nn, t
he V
ienn
ese a
nd m
ajor
Kra
us fa
n: "I
hav
e no
idea
wha
t he
mea
ns w
ith th
is p
hras
e. It
doe
sn't
mak
e sen
se to
me.
"Nor
to m
e. B
ut
the
sens
e of
the
sent
ence
as a
who
le is
that
the
orig
inal
ity o
fNes
troy
's
spir
it m
atte
rs m
ore t
han
the
non-
orig
inal
ity o
f his
plo
ts.
NE
ST
RO
Y A
ND
PO
ST
ER
ITY
/
165
abna
hm, a
lbem
er a
ls si
ch ir
gend
eine
s de
r Qio
dlib
ets
im D
ruck
lie
st, d
ie e
r de
m V
olk
hinw
arf,
das
zu a
llen
Zeite
n de
n H
umor
er
st u
nges
chor
en la
g t, w
enn
es a
uch
den
Ham
ur b
ekom
mt,
und
dam
als s
ich
erst
ent
scha
digt
wug
te, w
enn
es m
it ei
nem
Viv
at d
er
vers
amm
elte
n H
ochz
eits
gast
e na
ch H
ause
gin
g. E
r na
hm d
ie
Scha
blon
e, d
ie a
ls Sc
habl
one
gebo
ren
war
, um
sei
nen
Inha
lt zu
ve
rste
cken
, der
nic
ht S
chab
lone
wer
den
konn
te. D
ag a
uch
die
nied
rige
Thea
terw
irkun
g hi
er ir
gend
wie
der
tief
eren
Bed
eutu
ng
zugu
te k
am, i
ndem
sie
das
Publ
ikum
von
ihr s
epar
ierte
, und
dag
es
sel
bst w
iede
r tie
fere
Bed
eutu
ng h
at, w
enn
das
Orc
hest
er d
ie
Philo
soph
ie m
it Tu
sch
vera
bsch
iede
t, sp
iiren
die
Lite
rarh
isto
-rik
er n
icht
, di
e w
ohl
fahi
g si
nd, N
estr
oy z
u ei
ner
polit
isch
en
Obe
rzeu
gung
, abe
r nic
ht, i
hm z
u de
m T
ext z
u ve
rhel
fen,
der
sein
un
ster
blic
h Te
il de
ckt.
Er
selb
st h
atte
es
nich
t vor
gese
hen.
Er
schr
ieb
im S
tegr
eif,
aber
er
wug
te n
icht
, d
~ d
er R
itt i
iber
s R
eper
toire
hin
ausg
ehen
wer
de.
Er
mug
te n
icht
, wie
woh
l jed
e N
estro
ysch
e Ze
ile d
avon
zeu
gt, d
aB e
r es
geko
nnt h
atte
, sic
h in
ki
inst
leris
che
Selb
stzu
cht v
or je
nen
zurii
ckzi
ehen
, die
ihn
nur f
ur
eine
n Lu
stig
mac
her h
ielte
n, u
nd d
er m
ilder
e St
oB d
er Z
eit v
er-
sagt
e de
r A
ntw
ort
noch
das
Bew
ugts
ein
ihre
r En
dgilt
igke
it,
jene
n se
ligen
Anr
eiz,
die
Rac
he a
m S
toff
im G
enug
der
For
m z
u
166
/ N
EST
llO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
'!l!'r.
silli
er t
han
the
prin
ted
look
of a
ny o
f tho
se p
otpo
urris
tha
t he
used
to to
ss to
the
peop
le, w
ho, t
hen
as n
ow, w
on't
give
hum
or a
fre
e pa
ss u
nles
s th
ey're
also
giv
en th
eir h
ardy
-har
-har
, and
who
, in
thos
e da
ys, w
eren
't co
nvin
ced
they
'd g
ot th
eir m
oney
's w
orth
un
less
they
wen
t hom
e w
ith a
che
er fo
r the
ass
embl
ed w
eddi
ng
gues
ts.21
He
chos
e th
e ro
utin
e, w
hich
had
bee
n bo
rn as
a ro
utin
e,
in o
rder
to c
once
al h
is su
bsta
nce,
whi
ch c
ould
nev
er b
e a
rout
ine.
Th
at ev
en th
e lo
w th
eatri
cal e
ffec
ts h
ere
som
ehow
cont
ribu
ted
to
the
deep
er m
eani
ng, b
y se
para
ting
the
audi
ence
fro
m i
t-an
d
that
, ag
ain,
the
re's
deep
er m
eani
ng e
ven
in t
he f
anfa
re w
ith
whi
ch t
he o
rche
stra
sen
ds o
ff p
hilo
soph
y-es
cape
s th
e lit
erar
y hi
stor
ians
, who
may
wel
l be
capa
ble
of he
lpin
g N
estro
y to
a p
o-lit
ical
con
vict
ion,
but
not
to t
he t
ext t
hat e
ncom
pass
es t
he i
m-
mor
tal p
art o
f him
.22 H
e hi
mse
lf h
adn'
t bar
gain
ed f
or t
his.
He
wro
te o
n th
e fly
, but
he
didn
't kn
ow th
e fli
ght w
ould
ext
end
be-
yond
the
rep
erto
ire. A
lthou
gh e
very
Nes
troya
n lin
e at
test
s th
at
he w
as c
apab
le o
fit,
he d
idn'
t hav
e to
with
draw
into
arti
stic
sel
f-di
scip
line
in th
e fa
ce o
f tho
se w
ho c
onsi
dere
d hi
m n
othi
ng m
ore
than
a h
umor
ist,
and
the
mild
er ja
rrin
g of
his
times
den
ied
his
resp
onse
the
cons
ciou
snes
s of
its f
inal
ity-
that
ble
ssed
ince
ntiv
e
21. U
ntra
nsla
tabl
e wor
dpla
y in
her
e. In
the
orig
inal
, "hu
mor
" is H
umor
an
d "h
ardy
-har
-har
" is
Ham
ur, w
hich
was
Vie
nnes
e sla
ng fo
r "hu
mor
."
The
impl
icat
ion
is th
at V
ienn
ese
audi
ence
s wou
ld fo
rgiv
e ge
nuin
e w
it
in a
pla
ywri
ght o
nly i
fhe o
r she
als
o ga
ve th
em co
mfo
rtin
g, ea
rthy
, low
-cl
ass l
augh
s. 22
. "Fo
r all
Kra
us's
dism
issi
vene
ss to
war
d lit
erar
y hi
stor
ians
, his
rel
a-ti
ons
wit
h th
em w
eren
't all
bad
. Ott
o R
omm
el, w
ho w
as t
he le
adin
g N
estr
oy sc
hola
r in
Kra
us's
day,
publ
icly
stat
ed h
ow m
uch
he a
dmir
ed
Kra
us;
and
whe
n, in
pri
vate
, Rom
mel
told
Kra
us t
hat h
e ha
d m
ade
it po
ssib
le fo
r hi
m t
o un
ders
tand
Nes
troy
, Kra
us p
roud
ly r
epor
ted
this
ac
know
ledg
men
t in
the
Fack
el."
-PR
NE
STll
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 16
7
besi
egel
n. E
r ha
tte, w
are
er s
pate
r ge
bore
n, w
are
er i
n di
e Z
eit
des
jour
nalis
tisch
en S
prac
hbet
rugs
hin
eing
ebor
en w
orde
n, d
er
Spra
che
gew
isse
nhaf
t er
stat
tet,
was
er
ihr
zu v
erda
nken
hat
te.
Die
Zei
t, di
e da
s ge
istig
e Te
mpo
der
Mas
se v
erla
ngsa
mt,
hetz
t ih
ren
satir
isch
en W
ider
part
. Die
Zei
t hat
te ih
m k
eine
Zei
t meh
r zu
ein
er so
bei
lauf
igen
Aus
trag
ung
blut
iger
Feh
de g
elas
sen,
wie
sie
die
Biih
ne e
rlau
bt u
nd v
erla
ngt,
und
kein
Orc
hest
er w
are
mel
odis
ch g
enug
gew
esen
, den
MiE
ton
zwis
chen
sei
ner
Nat
ur
und
der n
achg
ewch
sene
n W
elt z
u ve
rsoh
nen.
Sei
n Ei
gent
lichs
tes
war
der
Wit
z, d
er d
er B
iihne
nwir
kung
wid
erst
rebt
, die
ser p
lane
n Ei
nmal
igke
it, d
er es
gen
iigen
muE
, das
Sto
ffiic
he d
es W
itze
s an
de
n M
ann
zu b
ring
en, u
nd d
ie i
m r
hyth
mis
chen
Wur
f das
Zie
l vo
r de
m G
edan
ken
triff
t. A
uf d
er B
iihne
, wo
die
Hof
lichk
eit
gege
n da
s Pu
blik
um i
m N
eglig
e de
r Sp
rach
e ei
nher
geht
, war
N
estro
ys W
itz
nur
zu e
iner
Spr
echw
irku
ng a
uszu
miin
zen,
die
, w
eita
b vo
n de
n M
ittel
n ei
ner
scha
uspi
eler
isch
en G
esta
ltung
, w
iede
r nur
ihm
selb
st g
elin
gen
konn
te. S
ein
Eige
ntlic
hste
s ha
tte
eine
zer
split
tert
e Z
eit z
ur s
tark
eren
Kon
zent
rier
ung
im A
pho-
168
/ N
EST
RO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
"""". i
to se
al re
veng
e on
the
mat
eria
l in
his e
njoy
men
t of f
orm
.23 I
fhe'
d be
en b
orn
late
r, if
he'd
bee
n bo
rn in
to th
ese
times
of j
ourn
alis
tic
lang
uage
frau
d, h
e w
ould
hav
e co
nsci
entio
usly
repa
id e
very
thin
g he
ow
ed to
lang
uage
. Tim
es th
at re
tard
the
inte
llect
ual t
empo
of
the
mas
ses
inci
te t
heir
sat
irica
l cou
nter
part
. The
se t
imes
wou
ld
have
left
him
no
time
for a
s cas
ual a
pro
secu
tion
of a
bloo
dy fe
ud
as t
he s
tage
per
mits
and
insi
sts
on, a
nd n
o or
ches
tra w
ould
hav
e be
en h
arm
onio
us e
noug
h to
reso
lve
the
diss
onan
ce b
etw
een
his
natu
re a
nd th
e w
orld
that
gre
w u
p af
ter i
t. H
is e
ssen
ce w
as t
he
joke
that
runs
cou
nter
to th
e st
age
effe
ct, t
he fl
at o
ncen
ess
that
ha
s to
be
satis
fied
with
find
ing
a m
ate
for t
he jo
ke's
mat
eria
l and
w
hich
, in
its r
hyth
mic
salv
o, h
its th
e ta
rget
bef
ore
the
thou
ght.24
On
the
stag
e, w
here
pol
itene
ss t
owar
d th
e au
dien
ce p
arad
es
arou
nd in
the
negl
igee
of l
angu
age,
Nes
troy'
s w
it c
ould
onl
y be
co
ined
in th
e cu
rren
cy o
f rhe
toric
, whi
ch, f
ar r
emov
ed fr
om t
he
acto
r's t
ools
of
char
acte
rizat
ion,
was
som
ethi
ng a
gain
onl
y he
co
uld
pull
off.25
Fra
gmen
ted
times
wou
ld h
ave
driv
en h
is e
ssen
ce
23. I
invi
te th
e re
ader
to sk
ip o
ver t
he se
cond
hal
f of t
his
sent
ence
. As
Keh
lman
n sa
ys, "
The
sent
ence
is o
veri
nstr
umen
ted.
Bas
ical
ly K
raus
is
sayi
ng th
at N
estr
oy li
ved
in b
ette
r tim
es, w
hich
is to
say l
ess a
poca
lyp-
tic ti
mes
, and
so h
e was
spar
ed th
e fe
elin
g of
final
ity a
nd d
idn'
t hav
e to
use f
orm
( the
satir
ical
bri
llian
ce o
f the
sent
ence
s) to
reve
nge h
imse
lf on
hi
s co
nten
t (th
e th
ings
he
was
wri
ting
abou
t). N
ot a
gre
at s
ente
nce
of
Kra
us's,
I do
n't t
hink
. But
the
next
sent
ence
bel
ongs
with
it a
nd h
elps
m
ake s
ense
ofi
t."
24. K
ehlm
ann
agai
n: "
My g
uess
abo
ut w
hat K
raus
mea
ns b
y 'on
cene
ss'
is th
at a
n au
dien
ce h
ears
a s
tage
line
onl
y on
ce a
nd c
an't
go b
ack
and
rere
ad i
t, w
hich
mea
ns t
hat y
ou h
ave
to b
e si
mpl
e an
d im
med
iate
ly
unde
rsta
ndab
le w
hen
you
wri
te fo
r th
e th
eate
r."
25. T
here
's a
who
le li
ttle
out
brea
k of
subp
ar s
ente
nces
in h
ere.
Keh
l-m
ann'
s be
st g
uess
abo
ut th
is o
ne: "
It's
poss
ible
that
Kra
us m
eans
that
N
estr
oy a
chie
ves
rhet
oric
al e
ffec
ts s
o st
rong
that
they
func
tion
inde
-pe
nden
tly o
f the
qua
lity
of th
e ac
tor."
Rei
tter
add
s: "O
n se
cond
(or
NE
STR
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 16
9
rism
us
und
in d
er G
loss
e ge
trieb
en,
und
das
viel
falti
gere
G
ekre
isch
e de
r Wel
t hat
te se
iner
ins I
nner
ste
des A
ppar
ats
drin
-ge
nden
Dia
lekt
ik n
eue T
onfi
lle z
ugef
ilhrt.
Sei
ner S
atire
gen
iigte
vo
rwie
gend
ein
bes
timm
ter
Rhy
thm
us,
um d
aran
die
Fad
en
eine
r w
ahrh
aft
geis
tigen
Bet
rach
tung
auf
zusp
ulen
. Man
chm
al
aber
sie
ht s
ich
die
Nes
troys
che
Klim
ax a
n, a
ls ba
tten
sich
die
Te
rmin
i des
jew
eils
per
orie
rend
en S
tand
esbe
wuB
tsei
ns z
u ei
ner
Him
mel
slei
ter g
estu
ft. Im
mer
ste
hen
dies
e vi
fen
Ver
trete
r ihr
er
Ber
ufsa
nsch
auun
g m
it ei
nem
FuB
in
der
Prof
essi
on, m
it d
em
ande
rn in
der
Phi
loso
phie
, und
wen
n sie
auc
h st
ets
ein
ande
res
fifth
) th
ough
t, I'm
not
so
sure
. I
thin
k th
at K
K is
stil
l re
ferr
ing
to
Nes
troy
the a
ctor
her
e. H
is p
oint
is th
at, a
s an
acto
r, N
estr
oy h
ad a
par
-tic
ular
tal
ent f
or t
he r
heto
rica
l par
t of t
he p
erfo
rman
ce. T
his
crea
tes
anot
her l
ink
betw
een
Nes
troy
and
Kra
us, s
ince
Kra
us's
publ
ic re
adin
gs
wer
e es
sent
ially
rhe
tori
cal p
erfo
rman
ces
who
se s
ucce
ss w
asn'
t a fu
nc-
tion
sim
ply
of hi
s wri
ting
but o
f his
voi
ce a
nd d
eliv
ery
as w
ell."
I m
ust s
ay th
at it
's a
relie
f to
see
Keh
lman
n an
d R
eitt
er st
rugg
ling
with
Kra
us's
lang
uage
. I fi
rst s
tart
ed tr
ansl
atin
g K
raus
in 1
983,
entir
ely
on m
y ow
n, a
nd b
ecau
se s
o m
any
of h
is s
ente
nces
yie
lded
bea
uty
and
mea
ning
ifl
enga
ged
in su
ffic
ient
sol
itary
stru
ggle
with
them
, I n
atu-
rally
ass
umed
it w
as m
y fa
ult w
hen
som
e of
them
did
n't;
I was
n't a
na-
tive
Ger
man
spe
aker
, aft
er a
ll. B
ut th
is is
the
dan
gero
us t
hing
abo
ut
liter
ary
diffi
culty
: the
fart
her
the
wri
ter
mov
es a
way
from
tran
spar
ent,
read
ily gr
aspa
ble l
angu
age (
and
you
can'
t mov
e muc
h fa
rthe
r aw
ay th
an
Kra
us d
id a
nd st
ill h
ope
to c
onve
y co
here
nt th
ough
ts),
the
grea
ter
the
tem
ptat
ion
to c
ut c
omer
s. I
don'
t thi
nk K
raus
him
self
cuts
ver
y m
any,
bu
t on
ce y
ou s
tart
wri
ting
sent
ence
s th
at a
re d
elib
erat
ely
opaq
ue o
n fir
st r
eadi
ng, t
he d
oor
is op
en to
wri
ting
sent
ence
s tha
t rem
ain
opaq
ue
on th
e hun
dred
th re
adin
g. T
here
's a k
ind
of m
oral
haz
ard
here
--lit
erar
y di
ffic
ulty
inc
lines
rea
ders
to
excu
se t
he w
rite
r, s
ince
neg
ativ
e st
ate-
men
ts ("
Ther
e is
no co
ncei
vabl
e way
to m
ake
sens
e of t
his"
) are
not
ori-
ousl
y res
ista
ntto
pro
of-a
nd it'
s one
that
less
scru
pulo
us av
ant-
gard
ists
st
ill ex
ploi
t in
a bi
g way
.
170
/ N
EST
RO
Y U
ND
DIE
NA
CH
WE
LT
!"""'"
to c
once
ntra
te i
tsel
f in
apho
rism
and
glo
sses
, and
the
wor
ld's
mor
e va
ried
scre
echi
ngs w
ould
hav
e in
trod
uced
new
cade
nces
to
his
dial
ectic
in it
s pe
netr
atio
n to
the
core
of t
he a
ppar
atus
.26 I
n hi
s sa
tire,
one
par
ticul
ar r
hyth
m a
bove
all
suffi
ces
as a
win
ding
po
st fo
r th
e th
read
s of
an o
bser
vatio
n th
at is
tru
ly o
f the
spi
rit.
But
som
etim
es a
Nes
troya
n cl
imax
will
look
as i
f the
term
inol
o-gi
es o
f cla
ss fe
elin
g, p
eror
atin
g in
succ
essi
on, h
ad a
rran
ged
them
-se
lves
as
the
step
s of
a Ja
cob'
s la
dder
. The
se li
vely
exp
onen
ts o
f th
eir p
rofe
ssio
nal p
oint
of v
iew
are
alw
ays s
tand
ing w
ith o
ne fo
ot
in t
heir
tra
de a
nd t
he o
ther
in p
hilo
soph
y, a
nd i
f the
ir fa
ce i
s
26. "
Acc
used
by
Fran
z W
erfe
l of
letti
ng a
Yid
dish
ism
slip
int
o hi
s pr
ose,
Kra
us re
spon
ded
that
the w
ord
in q
uest
ion
was
n't a
ctua
lly a
Yid
-di
shis
m, a
nd e
ven
if it
wer
e on
e, s
o w
hat?
'My
style
scr
eech
es w
ith
all
the
nois
es o
f th
e w
orld
,' K
raus
boa
sted
els
ewhe
re.
Som
ethi
ng
like
that
sta
tem
ent g
oes
for N
estro
y's
styl
e as
wel
l, in
Kra
us's
read
ing
ofi
t."-
PR
K
raus
, who
se o
wn
spec
ialti
es w
ere
apho
rism
s an
d gl
osse
s, is
mak
-in
g a
rath
er o
utra
geou
sly
self-
just
ifyin
g cl
aim
in
this
sen
tenc
e: "
If
Nes
troyw
ere w
ritin
g no
w, h
e'd b
e doi
ng w
hat I
'm d
oing
." O
r, co
nver
sely
, "I
fl'm
not
wri
ting
play
s lik
e N
estr
oy di
d, it
's be
caus
e I li
ve in
mor
e ur
-ge
ntly
bad
tim
es."
Kra
us d
id, t
o be
sur
e, w
rite
one
mon
umen
tal p
lay,
Th
e Las
t Day
s of M
anki
nd, a
satir
e of
Aus
tria
n co
rrup
tio~
and
lies
and
self-
dece
ptio
ns in
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar, b
ut it
's re
mar
kabl
y la
ckin
g in
co
nven
tiona
l dra
ma.
Its
bac
kbon
e co
nsis
ts o
f ver
tabi
m q
uota
tion
and
exag
gera
ted
mim
icry
of a
rem
arka
ble
varie
ty o
f sou
rces
, alo
ng w
ith
glos
ses a
nd a
phor
ism
s pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e ch
arac
ter o
f the
Gru
mbl
er. I
t's
quite
a p
resu
mpt
ion
to im
agin
e th
at th
is is
the
kind
of t
hing
Nes
troy
w
ould
hav
e wri
tten
if he
'd b
een
born
seve
nty-
five y
ears
late
r. A
nd y
et,
says
Keh
lman
n, "
I co
mpl
etel
y ag
ree
with
Kra
us a
bout
N
estro
y's p
artic
ular
gifts
as a
writ
er. I
t's tr
ue th
at hi
s pla
ys ar
e ful
ly co
n-ve
ntio
nal f
rom
the
stan
dpoi
nt o
f sto
ry, b
ut h
is li
ngui
stic
cre
ativ
ity, h
is
wit,
and
his
aph
oris
tic p
ower
are
trem
endo
us; a
t the
ir b
est,
they
real
ly
are
com
para
ble
only
to S
hake
spea
re's.
Nes
troy
isn'
t a b
orn
dram
atis
t, a
NE
STR
OY
AN
D P
OS
TE
RIT
Y
/ 17
1