Warmup 8/25

1. What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after?

ManConcrete

2. What other types of energy are probably present?

• What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after?• Balloon• Water• Person

• What other types of energy are probably present?

Warmup 8/25

What helps us understand space?• Actual samples from space• Particle accelerators• Telescopes

• All wavelengths of light

What is Light?• Energy• Electromagnetic wave

• Can travel without a medium (matter)• Transverse waves

• Electromagnetic spectrum• All travel at the speed of light (3x108 m/s)• Vary in wavelength and frequency

Many Types of Light

• Radio

• Microwave

• Infrared

• Visible

• Ultraviolet

• X-ray

• Gamma

Types and Uses

• Which set of “hills” takes more energy to run?• High energy

• Short wavelength• High frequency• Large amplitude

Energy in Waves

Really Muscular Idiots

Ultra X-treme Grannies

Visualize

•Used to write really BIG or small numbers easily.

• For example...

100000000000000000000000 stars in the universe

Easier…

1 x 1024 stars in the universe

That means 1 followed by 24 zeros.

Scientific Notation

The Better Way

• How can we use this for all numbers?

Earth to Pluto – 4,670,000,000 miles

- There are 9 numbers after the 4 so… 109

- Since the non-zero numbers are 467…

4.67 x 109

• Standard form to scientific notation

• 7,345

• 0.000007

• Can you go backwards?

Scientific notation to standard form

• 9.807 x 1012

• 2.11 x 10-6

1. List the types of light in the Electromagnetic spectrum in order. Which type of light do you think is the most useful to humans and WHY?

2. Change 6,200,000,000 scientific notation.

3. Change 7.31 x 103 to standard notation.

Warmup 8/26-27

How has our “picture” of the universe changed?

• Greeks• Aristotle

• Earth-centered• Rotating spheres

Early Scientists

•Galileo•Copernicus•Kepler•Newton

• Mathematical laws about movement of planets

• First to use telescope in astronomy

• Calculation of gravity• Sun-centered universe

Next generation of scientists…

• Einstein• Calculations• Universe changing size• Disbelieved

• Added a constant to his equations

• Results = static universe

• Friedmann• Removed Einstein’s

constant• Universe changing shape• Won Einstein’s approval

http://wouterdeheij.wordpress.com/2013/04/27/famous-innovation-quotes-from-steve-jobs-gunter-pauli-einstein-henry-ford-and-many-others/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Fridman.png

The Big Bang Theory

• Lemaitre• Priest and physicist• Universe began as a

single point• Expanded since that time

• Hubble• Astronomer• Published around same time• Provided evidence

http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/01/05/q-a-how-is-the-universe-so-big/

Spectroscopy Activity

Draw the lines that you see• Make sure the # of lines, color of the lines and order is accurate

Write a conclusion – based on your observations, what can you conclude about the different materials and light you see the material produce?

How is a spectrum created?• All objects emit light• Pure light from a source• Continuous spectrum

• If light passes through gas or dust• Light absorbed• Excites/heats atoms• Emit own light• Makes an emission spectrum

• Unique

https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~jbattat/a35/cont_abs_em.html

What does a spectrum tell us?

• Each chemical or atom has a unique spectrum.• Like a fingerprint

• What chemicals are present

http://www.umsl.edu/~physics/Lab%20Connection/Electricity%20and%20Magnetism%20Lab/12-lab13.html

How do astronomers use spectra?• Look at light from

• Stars (gas in outer layers)• Nebula

• Determine chemical composition• Can also determine movement of object

http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-236/

Mercury

Lithium

Hydrogen

Sodium

Unknown

Warm Up #2

•Why are emission spectra important?•How are emission spectrum created?•What 2 things can astronomers learn by looking at the spectrum from a star?

Hubble’s Evidence - Redshift• Change in emission spectrum

• Same pattern• Shifted from where it should be

http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/Bima/doppler.html

Relating back to light…• Blue-shift

• Moving towards us• Wavelength shortens

• Red-shift• Moving away from us• Wavelength lengthens• Bigger the shift the further

away it has come from• Hubble only saw red-shifted

spectra

Hubble’s Conclusions• Universe

moving away from us

• Things further away are moving away faster

• Expansion rate has

since beginning

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1967

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation• Further evidence of the big

bang• Picture =

• Universe all same temp• Very cold• Not what we actually see

• Where else could the microwaves come from?• Extreme red-shift

• From a high energy wave

• Travel long distances• Oldest light we observe• Time when universe was all the

same temp.• The Big Bang

“Why do we use/have to learn about the Metric System?”

Scientists need a universal way to communicate data.

195 countries in the world use metric system. 3 don’t.

Other countries’ companies are refusing to buy products from the U.S.A. if they are not labeled in metric units.

MYANMARLIBERIA

UNITED STATES

Who do we think we are?

“What does the Metric System measure?” Length - meters, m Mass – grams, g Volume - liters, L Time - seconds, s Temperature - Celsius, ºC

Kilo (k)1000units

Hecto (h)100units

Deka (da)10

unitsBasic Unit

(m, g, L)Deci (d)

0.1units

Centi (c)0.01units

Milli (m)0.001units

Metric Conversion (Staircase Method)

To convert to a smaller unit, movedecimal point to the right

To convert to a larger unit, movedecimal point to the left

For example…7000 mg = ____ g

Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase.

Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams.

Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.

Kilo (k)1000units

Hecto (h)100units

Deka (dk)10

unitsBasic Unit

(m, g, L)Deci (d)

0.1units

Centi (c)0.01units

Milli (m)0.001units

For example…7000 mg = ____ g

Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase.

Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams.

Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.

Kilo (k)1000units

Hecto (h)100units

Deka (dk)10

unitsBasic Unit

(m, g, L)Deci (d)

0.1units

Centi (c)0.01units

Milli (m)0.001units

Let’s practice…

.15 L = _________ mL

20 cm = _________ m

.47 km = _________ mm

Warm-up

Orion Nebulahttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr1995044a/

Large Magellanic Cloudhttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr2006055a/

What is Space?• Is it empty?

• Brainstorm a list with your neighbor

of 5 things you might find in space …

• Interstellar medium • Dust and Gas• Nebulas

Nebular Hypothesis

• How do we get from Point A to Point B?• Random collisions of atoms• Areas of growing mass

• Spherical shape• Pull in more matter• Increase in

• Temperature• Pressure

• Spin• Creates a bulge in the sphere

http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/FG06_17.jpg

Nuclear Fusion

• High temperatures• 2 particles become 1• Releases a lot of energy• Video clip

• Particle accelerators• Man-made• Create new elements• Find smallest particles

Fermi National Labhttp://www.wired.com/playbook/2012/08/olympics-physics-hammer-throw/

http://www.universetoday.com/52696/nuclear-fusion-power-closer-to-reality-say-two-separate-teams/

Color and Temperature• What did you see as a pattern?• Objects give off a variety of light• Peak depends on temperature

• Peak shows most common type of light

http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-colorandtemp.html

H-R Diagram Graphing Activity•Look for patterns

http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram

http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1017b/

Main Sequence Stars• Find group on H-R

diagram• Wide variety• Highest # of stars• Stars stay here the

longest• Actively fusing hydrogen

into helium• Outward pressure from

fusion• Inward pressure from

gravity• Equal in these stars• Maintain size

http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram

http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/the-science-of-the-supernova/

How do we know how far away that is?• Parallax effect

• Compare distant stars to nearby stars

• Measure shift as Earth orbits the Sun

• Calculate the distance

• Further away = less of a shift

• Better technology = see smaller shifts = measure larger distances

http://lifeng.lamost.org/courses/astrotoday/CHAISSON/AT301/HTML/AT30105.HTM

http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/aruiter/ASTRONOMY110/parallax.gif

Looking Back in Time• If a star is 10 light years

away• How old is the light we see

today?• Is that star still there today?

• If an alien is on a planet 10 million light years away• If they could see with the

Earth with great detail, what would they see right now?

• When we observe light from a star 2 billion light years away….what does that mean?

http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1214c/

• Distances in space are very large• Created new unit - Light year

• Distance• 9.5×1012 km or 5.9×1012 mi

• Proxima Centauri : 2.5 x 1013 miles

Light-Years

Daily Review #6

What happens to our Sun?

• Form red giants• Fusing helium• Core collapsing• Outer layers

spread out• Cools

http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg

http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/StarLife/Page7.html

What then?• Forms a white dwarf

• Ran out of helium• No more fusion

• Outer gasses moving away• Planetary nebula

• Leaves a hot, dense corehttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/white_dwarfs.html

Ring Nebulahttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004032d/

Cat’s Eye Nebulahttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004027a/

What about the fate of larger stars?• Become red supergiants

• Fuse elements larger than helium• All the way to iron

• Short lives

• Supernova• No more fusion• Core violently explodes• Fuses heavier atoms• Very bright, short time• Spreads out material

http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg

http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/supernova_remnant/pr2005037a/

What then?

• Forms a neutron star• If a lower mass core• Very dense

• Not very big• Lots of gravity

• Can produce gamma and x-rays when it pulls items into it

Neutron star in supernova Cassiopeia Ahttp://www.space-pictures.com/view/pictures-of-space/pictures-of-stars/neutron-star/index.php

http://www.clccharter.org/maya1/Supernova/supernova.html

Or…• Forms a black hole

• Higher mass cores• Infinitely dense• Need to travel faster than the speed

of light to escape

• How can we see?• Will bend light from nearby stars• See dust and gas swirling around

• Hot enough to give off x-rays

• Probably at the center of most galaxies• Including ours!

• Video

Whirlpool Galaxyhttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/pr2001010a/

http://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html

Warm Up #4

• What is happening inside a red supergiant star?

• What happens in a supernova?• How is a neutron star different from a black hole?

• Why should we not be able to see a black hole?

• Why can we “see” a black hole?

Age of the Universe• Rocks on Earth

• 4.2 billion years

• Oldest stars• 10-12 billion years

• Universe must be older• Estimate backwards• 13.8 billion years

http://www.universeadventure.org/big_bang/conseq-ageofuniv.htm

http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/07/31/the-size-of-the-universe-a-har/

What happens next?• Big Crush

• Stops expanding• Gravity causes to crush• Repeat the process

• Big Chill• Expand at slowing rate• Get cooler as expands

• Big Rip• Expand at increasing rate• Everything gets ripped apart

http://sandeepdmisra.wordpress.com/2011/04/

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/eli_sonafrank/Expansion_-_Fate_of%23168EE9.html

What else is out there?• Visible matter• Dark matter

• Does not give off light• Things weigh more than they should

• Dark energy• Causing the increase in expansion

rate seen in most recent data• Thus fate of the universe is…

• Big Rip

• Adding these items makes models better fit actual observations

http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-what_is_dark_energy.php

Warm Up #3

•What makes a star a main sequence star?

•Why does the size of the core of a main sequence star not change?

•What will eventually happen to our Sun and why?

Metric System Olympics

• Create a data table to organize the following items (one per group)• You will be doing the following “events” – paper plate “discus”, straw “javelin” and long jump

• For each “event” you will need a measurement, then you will change that measurement to another unit, and you will write this last unit in scientific notation