WarmUp #5

• Write the numbers 1-50 in Roman numerals.– i.e. I, II, III etc.

Absolutism on the European Continent

Wars of Religion in France

Wars of Religion in France (1562-1598)

• Catholics vs. Protestants (political & economic)– French monarchy = Catholic

• persecuted French Protestants (Huguenots)• many nobles = Huguenots

– St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• 1589 Henry IV of Navarre (Bourbon) converted from Huguenot to Roman Catholic (“Paris is worth a mass”)

• Edict of Nantes– 1598 Roman Catholicism: official religion of France– Huguenots: right to worship & hold political office

• Henry IV eliminated French debt, created industries, & encouraged trade/agriculture

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

France: pre-Louis XIV

• absolutism: system in which the ruler holds absolute/total/complete power

• Cardinal Richelieu: chief minister for Louis XIII – strengthened the monarchy – took away political/military rights of Huguenots

without taking away their religious rights– setup network to spy on the nobles & crushed

conspiracies of assassinations

Cardinal Richelieu & Louis XIII

Louis XIV: “The Sun King”• Louis XIV became king at age 4• Cardinal Mazarin: chief minister

– 23 years old when Mazarin died (who held absolute power)• “Sun King”: everything came from him• “L’Etat c’est moi” = “I am the State”

• held his royal court at Versailles (just outside Paris)– 3 purposes:

• personal household of the King• offices of the state• visitors & powerful subjects expected to visit King

• gilded cage = nobles help the royal family dress, etc.• ended tolerance of Huguenots & closed their churches• fought 4 wars between 1667-1713

– to gain power & prestige– many countries formed coalitions against Louis XIV to keep him from

controlling all of the European continent

Louis XIV: “The Sun King”

Palace of Versailles

Hall of Mirrors (in Versailles)

Thirty Years’ War• initially, Bohemia (Calvinists in the Czech

Republic) vs. the Holy Roman Empire (Roman Catholic), but spread to be fought within all the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire

• EVERY nation involved except England

• very bloody!

• H.R.E. fought over & plundered for 30 years

• Peace of Westphalia 1648: all German states may determine their own religion & their own foreign policy!

Thirty Years War

Central Europe• Frederick William the Elector

– Prussia (in the Holy Roman Empire)– powerful b/c of strong army

• government-sponsored economic activity (socialism)• civil service: primary occupation for the middle class

• Austrian Hapsburgs: empire in Southeastern Europe– absolutist state, but never centralized– too many ethnicities, so never fully unified

Frederick William

Russia• czars (Caesar)• Ivan the Terrible

– expanded territory– mental illness (killed son & left Russia with no heir)

• Peter the Great:1682– absolutist monarch (Eastern Orthodox)– visited Europe & westernized Russia (~like Europe)– 1703: the building of St. Petersburg (Russia’s new capital)

begins!• finished during Peter’s lifetime

– western customs/manners (men had to shave their beards)– ordered that the state be ruled by law– formed a standing army– created a navy– fought war with Sweden to gain port on Baltic Sea

• access to open water

Ivan the Terrible & Peter the Great