Warm ups What does it mean to be alive? Write down as many characteristics of life as you can think of. Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Abercrombie Halls High School Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy and Physiology INTRODUCTION: - Study of anatomy and physiology is an ever developing science. - Greek and Latin form the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology. DEFINITIONS: A.ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts. B.PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts. Anatomy dictates function! Levels of Organization STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: A.The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen(O)] is the least complex level. An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element. Atoms combine with (react with) other atoms to form... B.molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)]. A molecule is defined as a particle composed of 2 or more joined atoms. Molecules combine with other molecules to form... C.macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule. Macromolecules combine with other macromolecules to form... D.organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes). An organelle is defined as a small organ of a cell, which performs a particular function. Organelles collectively compose... Levels of Organization E.cells The cell is defined as the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms! Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular function (i.e. a red blood cell has a biconcave shape and is a nucleate. This structure increases its surface area, allowing for the transport of more oxygen0. Some cells have all of the machinery that they need to live. Similar cells are arranged into... F.tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous). A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that performs a specialized function. Two or more tissues combine to form... Levels of Organization G.organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain). An organ is defined as a structure consisting of a group of tissues that performs a specialized function. Two or more organs combine to form... H.organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular). An organ system is defined as a group of organs that act together to carry on a specialized function. There are 11 organ systems. The eleven organ systems collectively form the... I.human organism An organism is the most complex level of organization and is defined as an individual living thing. J.The levels of hierarchy could be further extended to include; populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Levels of Organization : BODY SYSTEMS Integumentary system Major Organs: skin hair nails sweat glands sebaceous glands Major Functions: protect tissue regulate body temperature support sensory receptors Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Skeletal system Major Organs: bones ligaments cartilages Major Functions: provide framework protect soft tissue provide attachments for muscles produce blood cells store inorganic salts Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Muscular system Major Organs: muscles Major Functions: cause movement maintain posture produce body heat Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Nervous system Major Organs: brain spinal cord nerves sense organs Major Functions: detect changes receive and interpret sensory information stimulate muscles and glands Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Endocrine system Major Organs: pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands adrenal glands pancreas ovaries testes pineal gland thymus Major Functions: control metabolic activities of body structures through the release of hormones Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Cardiovascular system Major Organs: heart arteries capillaries veins Major Functions: move blood through vessels and transport substances throughout the body Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Lymphatic system Major Organs: lymphatic vessels lymph nodes thymus spleen Major Functions: return tissue fluid to blood carry certain absorbed food molecules defend the body against infection Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Digestive system Major Organs: mouth tongue teeth salivary glands pharynx esophagus stomach liver and gallbladder pancreas small and large intestines Major Functions: receive, breakdown, and absorb food eliminate unabsorbed material Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Respiratory system Major Organs: nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs Major Functions: intake and output of air exchange gases between air and blood Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Urinary system Major Organs: kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra Major Functions: remove waste from blood maintain water and electrolyte balance store and transport urine Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Male reproductive system Major Organs: scrotum testes epididymides ductus deferentia seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands urethra penis Major Functions: produce and maintain sperm cells transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract Levels of Organization: BODY SYSTEMS Female reproductive system Major Organs: ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina clitoris vulva Major Functions: produce and maintain eggs cells receive sperm cells support development of an embryo function in the birth process Characteristics of Life Movement change in position; motion Responsiveness reaction to a change Growth increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction production of new organisms and new cells Respiration obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods Characteristics of Life Continued Digestion breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Maintenance of Life Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing Maintenance of Life Homeostasis 1.Definition = the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment ***i.e. Happy State 2.All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis. 3.Homeostatic Control Mechanisms monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: a.Receptor senses change in environment b.Control Center Regulates set-point of variables c.Effector organ that acts in response to changes 4. Example = maintenance of body temperature at 98.6 F/37 C. 5.There are two (2) types: 1. Negative feedback mechanisms 2. Positive feedback mechanisms Maintenance of Life Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative Limits chaos in the body by creating stability Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation Maintenance of Life Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body Produces more instability in the body Produces more chaos in the body There are only a few types necessary for our survival Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments Considered to be the uncommon loop Examples: blood clotting and child birth Maintenance of Life Receptors Control center (set point) Effectors (muscles or glands) Response (Change is corrected.) Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) (Change is compared to the set point.) 27 Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at Organization of the Body ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY HUMAN BODY AXIAL PORTION APPENDICULAR PORTION head arms neck legs trunk The Axial Portion contains various cavities. Organization of the Body Axial Portion DORSAL CAVITYVENTRAL CAVITY CRANIAL CAVITYTHORACIC CAVITY brain lungs mediastinum VERTEBRAL CANALthymus spinal cordheart esophagus trachea * Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITYPELVIC CAVITY stomach urinarybladder liver internal reproductive spleen organs gallbladder small intestine large intestine * Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL. Organization of the Body Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes 1.Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either: a.covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE b.lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE 2.There is a space between a visceral and parietal membranes into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication. Organization of the Body There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs: Serous Membranes of the LUNGS: - The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. - The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura. - The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. Organization of the Body Serous Membranes of the HEART: -The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium. -The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called parietal pericardium. -The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. Organization of the Body Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS: -The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum. -The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum. -The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. Organization of the Body Anatomical Terminology ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY A. Definition = a language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication. B.Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward. REMEMBER: ALWAYS use the patients perspective NOT YOUR OWN!!! Anatomical Terminology Relative Position that is, always in relation to another location 1.Superior = above; Inferior = below; 2.Anterior = front; Posterior = back; 3.Ventral = front; Dorsal = back; 4.Medial = center; Lateral = side; 5.Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side 6.Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk; 7.Superficial = surface; Deep = internal. Anatomical Terminology Body Sections (cuts, planes) 1.Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions. midsagittal (median) = equal right and left portions. 2.Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into superior and inferior portions 3.Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. 4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object 5.Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object 6.Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object Anatomical Terminology Your Mission ( Alien anatomy ): You are to draw and label the first captured alien invaders with as many funny labeled body parts (i.e. suction cups=chogglenappers and claws = poppadontplays) as you can think of. You must draw it in correct anatomical position and label the following (correctly; no new terms here): I. Axial/Appendicular portions II. Thoracic Cavity and all cavities included within III. Abdominopelvic Cavity and all cavities included within IV. At least 6 examples of Anatomical Positioning Terminology I.E. the chogglenappers are superior to the poppadontplays V. At least 3 examples of Body Cuts/Planes VI. ALL QUADRANTS Be sure to make the RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, and LLQ larger and see-through! Anatomical terminology assignment Compose a page-long story in which YOU are a medical professional examining a patient for an injury/illness in your office. The problem and diagnosis may be fictitious, but the directional terms of your initial examination must be correct. You will receive 1 point for each directional term that is used correctly for a total possible score of 20 points.