WARM UP: SYNTHETIC SNOWBALL

• American Imperialism is like… because……

DAY 2:THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR AND AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM

UNIT 4: RISE TO WORLD POWER (1890-1920)

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR (1898)• Spanish-American War (1898) – officially a war to protect the

rights of Cubans who were being tormented by their Spanish rulers. The controversial sinking of the battleship USS Maine brings America into a war with Spain. The U.S. attacks both Cuban and The Philippines (Spanish possessions). After a U.S. victory, Cuba is liberated and the Philippines become a U.S. territory. The U.S. was able to prove its military power. U.S. enters the world stage as a world power.

REASONS FOR SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

A. American Interests in Cuba • America had millions

invested in Cuban sugar-cane plantations.

• Americans sympathized with Cuban rebels

• Jose Marti – Cuban poet deliberately destroyed property, especially American property in Cuba, hoping to provoke the U.S. into helping Cuba against Spain.

• Valeriano Weyler – (Spanish general) put an estimated 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps so they could not aid Cuban rebels.

REASONS FOR SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

B. Yellow-Journalism – exaggeration of the news• Newspapers exaggerated stories of the Cuban Revolution

in order to sell newspapers. • New York Journal & New York World – told stories of

children being thrown to sharks, poisoned wells and “Butcher” Weyler’s brutality. These two newspapers fueled the fire for war.

REASONS FOR SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

C. De Lome Letter • The Spanish Minister to

the United States writes a letter called President McKinley “weak and a pleaser of the crowd.” A Cuban rebel stole this letter from the post office and leaked it to the newspaper. When the letter was posted in the paper it brought outrage from the American people that someone would talk about the President like that.

REASONS FOR SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

D. Sinking of the Maine• A week after the De Lome letter was printed, the navy

battleship, the U.S.S. Maine was sent to Cuba to pick-up Americans in danger and to protect American property in Cuba. It explodes in the Harbor of Havana, Cuba killing 260 men. American newspapers claimed that the Spanish had blown up the ship but at that time no one really knew the cause of the explosion.

THE FIGHTING

A. War on 2 FrontsCuba (Caribbean Sea) and The Philippines (Pacific Ocean) and the war lasted 4 months.

B. Battle in the Philippines • The 1st battle of the

Spanish – American war took place here. The U.S. won control of the Philippines. Naval Commodore George Dewey led the Navy for the U.S. in the battle.

C. Cuba – revolts against Spain for independence. • Rough Riders – Volunteer

cavalry unit under the command of Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood. The Battle of San Juan Hill was led by an uphill charge by the Rough Riders and two African American regiments. The victory cleared the way for the infantry to attack San Juan Hill. Roosevelt was given credit for being the hero of San Juan Hill despite the fact that he and his men played a minor roll.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

Painting of the Battle of San Juan HillThe Rough Riders

DISCUSSION QUESTION

• How do you think being in the “Rough Riders” and fighting in the Spanish-American War affect Roosevelt’s political career?

RESULTS OF FIGHTING

• Treaty of Paris – Ended the Spanish-American War and gave control of Spanish territories to the U.S.• Spain freed Cuba• Guam – U.S. control• Puerto Rico – U.S. control• Philippines – sold to U.S. for 20 million

AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM

• U.S. expansionism – As industrial might matures, the U.S. looked to new markets in foreign lands and U.S.’s sense of destiny to spread democracy throughout the world. United States economic influence spreads through the Pacific.

• Henry Cabot Lodge – a Republican Senator and friend of Theodore Roosevelt, he supported American expansion as a way to increase national pride, spread civilization, and gain world power.

FOREIGN LANDS AND TERRITORIES UNDER U.S. CONTROL

1. Alaska – William Seward, Secretary of State arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska from Russia in 1867 for 7.2 million dollars. 1959 Alaska becomes a state. Alaska very rich in land, timber, minerals, and oil.

FOREIGN LANDS AND TERRITORIES UNDER U.S. CONTROL

2. Hawaii – •United States placed a coaling station in 1860 for warships crossing the Pacific Ocean. •In the 1890s, American businessmen in conjunction with U.S. officials in Hawaii deposed Queen Liliuokalani and argued for U.S. annexation.

FOREIGN LANDS AND TERRITORIES UNDER U.S. CONTROL

2. Hawaii – •Sanford B. Dole – first president of Republic of Hawaii and helped Hawaii become annexed to the United States•The Spanish-American War revealed Hawaii’s strategic military importance and annexation occurred in 1898.•In Hawaii the U.S. established a naval base at Pearl Harbor. •Hawaii – U.S. places naval stations in Hawaii to protect world trade.

• Missionaries – many missionaries were in China and Hawaii; their work helped link the United States with Asia

FOREIGN LANDS AND TERRITORIES UNDER U.S. CONTROL

3. Puerto Rico•General Nelson A. Miles ran the country under military rule for the U.S. at first.•Foraker Act – ended military rule and set up a civil government controlled by the U.S. The President would appoint a governor and members to the upper house of its legislature. They would be able to elect only members of the lower house.•1917 – Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship and allowed to elect both houses of their legislature.

FOREIGN LANDS AND TERRITORIES UNDER U.S. CONTROL

4. Cuba – Gained independence after the war.•Platt Amendment – U.S. insisted that this be part of Cuba’s Constitution. Cuba becomes a protectorate of the U.S.•Protectorate – A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.•The U.S. wanted to be able to protect American business in Cuba.

FOREIGN LANDS AND TERRITORIES UNDER U.S. CONTROL

5. Philippines •Philippines did not want to be annexed by the U.S.•Rebel for independence •War Lasts 3 years• U.S. sets up a government similar to Puerto Rico and they

gradually move to independence on July 4, 1946.

FOREIGN LANDS AND TERRITORIES UNDER U.S. CONTROL

6. China – was a big market that imperialistic countries pursued.

• Open Door Policy – allowed the U.S. to be able to trade in China• U.S. economy depended

on exports• U.S. had right to intervene

to keep foreign markets open

• Feared that closing of an area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

• Missionaries – many missionaries were in China and Hawaii; their work helped link the United States with Asia

FOREIGN LANDS AND TERRITORIES UNDER U.S. CONTROL

6. China – • Spheres of Influence

– area’s where each nation claimed special rights and economic privileges. The countries that exercised their sphere of influence over China included:• France• Germany• Britain• Japan • Russia

• Boxer Rebellion• Chinese peasants want

to rid China of all foreign influence. Foreign nations combine forces led by the U.S. and defeated the rebels.

CRITICAL WRITING QUESTION #2

• Day 2: What does Sanford Dole and missionaries sent to Hawaii have in common?