Warm Up Read the NPR article and do the

response. The prompt on your handout is worded

wrong, it should say… Should parents be forced to testify

against their children? Why or why not? Answer in your writer’s notebook. Give at least two reasons why they should or shouldn’t be forced to testify against their children. Use evidence (examples) either from the article or your own knowledge to back up your claims (reasons).

Ethos, Pathos, and LogosENGLISH II

What is rhetoric?rhet·o·ric /ˈrɛt ər ɪk/–noun

1. (in writing or speech) the undue use of exaggeration or display; bombast.

2. the art or science of all specialized literary uses of language in prose or verse, including the figures of speech.

3. the study of the effective use of language.

4. the ability to use language effectively.

5. the art of prose in general as opposed to verse.

6. the art of making persuasive speeches; oratory.

7. (in classical oratory) the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience.

Origin: 1300–50; < L rhētorica  < Gk rhētorikḕ  ( téchnē ) rhetorical (art); r. ME rethorik  < ML rēthorica,  L rhētorica,  as above

Source: The Random House Dictionary, 2010

Why are we studying rhetoric?

To help us analyze the persuasive techniques used by the characters in Antigone.

To help us notice the persuasive techniques being directed at us as we read, hear and view text and other media every day, in and outside of school.

To help us craft our own persuasive writing and speech.

What is a rhetorical strategy?

A way of using language that is designed to influence an audience’s thoughts about an issue

We will study three major rhetorical strategies: logos

pathos

ethos

What is Logos?

***This is the most important rhetorical strategy.***

Logos - Appealing to the audience’s sense of logic or intelligence.

When identifying Logos, look for:

1. The Author’s Central Claim (Thesis)

2. Supporting Reasons

-General statements that prove the central Claim.

3. Supporting Evidence

-statistics

-facts/data

-graphs

-examples

More to look for…

4. Counterarguments

-Anticipate opposing views, and refute (deny) the validity of the argument.

5. Persuasive Situation

-Intended audience and topic (Triangle)

-Occasion: what is the time and place?

-Purpose

What is the EFFECT on the Audience?

Logos evokes a rational response. Readers think, “Oh, that makes sense” or “Hmm, that doesn’t really prove anything”.

Pathos

Pathos-Appealing to the Audience’s sense of emotion using descriptive language.

When identifying PATHOS, look for:

-imagery/figurative language-connotations with word choice and

phrases-personal anecdotes (stories)-emotionally loaded language (vivid

descriptions)-imagery-diction (word choice)-emotional tone: (humor, sarcasm,

disappointment, excitement, etc.)

***BEWARE OF…***

Propaganda-an argument that appeals ONLY to the emotions is by definition WEAK. Although sometimes pathos alone can be powerfully persuasive, propaganda is generally considered to be an empty tactic, as it manipulates, rather than appeals to, the audience’s emotions.

What is the EFFECT on the audience?

Pathos evokes an emotional response, persuading using the Audience’s emotion, and usually conjures emotions such as fear, sympathy, empathy, or anger.

Ethos

Ethos-Belongs to the Speaker; appeals to the Speaker’s credibility and character by showing his/her expertise, knowledge, experience, training, etc.

When identifying ETHOS, look for:

-Speaker’s profession/background-valid qualifications

-Appropriate vocabulary, correct grammar

-Evidence of shared values between Speaker and Audience

-Speaker is morally/ethically likeable

-Appropriate tone of the text/making a good impression)

-Thoroughness of information

What is the EFFECT on the audience?Ethos helps the reader to see the audience as reliable,

trustworthy, competent, and credible; therefore, the reader might respect the author’s views.

Antigone Scene III: Annotation Guide

PMark P for Pathos

when a character appeals to emotion

EMark E for Ethos

when a character appeals to his own authority

LMark L for Logos

when a character appeals to logic

By Bree Rolfe

Step One: Draw the Robot Man

Persuasive Writing Structure

Persuasive EssayAn essay that states your stance on a particular issue and then argues for that stance with logical reasons and evidence.

Intro:Present theproblem orsituation.

The HEAD of our EssayFor example:

Almost every day on the morning announcements, Ms. Smith reminds the students toclean up after themselves duringlunch. However, not all students are helping keep the school clean and safe.

The NECK of our Essay

This is your THESIS. You may include your three reasons in your thesis or you may leave it off to save space.

For example:Students need to take pride in their school and treat it with respect. OR… Students need to clean up after themselves during lunch because the custodians already work too hard, trash on the ground I a safety hazard and a messy school reflects badly on its students.

What is your opinion?

Take a Stand!Take a Stand!

Reason #1 for position

Reason #3 for position

Reason #2 for position

The BODY of our EssayGive three reasons

why you are taking your stand.

1. First of all, the custodians clean all day long and are some of the hardest workingpeople in the school.

2. Also, as Ms. Smith has stated many times, trash on the ground is a safety hazard.

3. Finally, a school thatis not clean reflects badly on its students and faculty.

An ARM of our Essay

Support your arguments with evidence and examples. Your English teachers call this elaboration.

Finally, a school that is not clean reflects badly on its students and faculty. There are often visitors touring our school, suchas representatives from prestigious universities, like the University of Texas, that come for college fairs, and we do not want to make a bad impression.

The leg of your essay…

Opposing viewpoints are rebutted. You “shut down” the opposition.

Some people think that it’s the custodians job to pick up trash. However, a custodian’s job involves much more than cleaning. They have to maintain the building. If they are swamped with having to clean up student’s trash, they can’t do other things like change light bulbs in classrooms, move furniture and paint.

The other LEG

of our essay Recapthe staffstance.

Students need to take a more active rolein helping to maintain the schools appearance. Students should encourage one another to be both responsible and respectful by cleaning up after themselves.