Warm Up Warm Up • Analyze the map on p. 402, regarding Europe

in 1095.

• Answer the “analyze and predict” questions

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Agenda/Obj: Analyze the rise and spread of Islam and its influence on the crusades, as well as Christianity in the Late Middle Ages.

On Islam…• Usually I go into great explanation on this topic as I

heavily studied it in graduate school and also taught an entire course on “Middle Eastern Studies”, thus PLEASE read your textbook for further insight into early Islam and the early Middle East. IT IS FASCINATING and highly misunderstood in our current society due to modern fanaticism and radical people interpreting it in a VERY extreme way.

• Just as the KKK doesn’t represent every white Christian in the USA, the radical Muslims do not represent their whole faith.

Early Arab World

• Nomadic people

• Polytheistic – believed Abraham built

kaaba at Mecca• See picture

• Believed in supreme god called Allah

• John Green-Islam

Mohammed 570-632 AD• Orphaned

– raised by uncle, Abu Talib • Caravan leader (contact with monotheism)• Troubled by gap between rich and poor• Meditated- visions of angel Gabriel from God

– Recorded= Koran (Quran)• Preached in Mecca

– Jews/ Polytheistic people chased him out, fled to Medina 622 AD (hijrah)

• Converted people in Medina – returned to Mecca w/ an army, – conquered city 630 AD, – smashed polytheistic idols– Introduction of Monotheism “al ilah”= the God

Muslim Teachings

• Monotheistic – Allah (“God” in Arabic language)• Holy book –Quran• Islam= “submission”; Muslim= “one who submits”• Must follow 5 Pillars of Islam

– Belief: “there is no god but Allah and Mohammed is his messenger”

– Prayer: 5 times a day facing Mecca– Charity: give to the poor– Fasting: dawn to dusk during Ramadan– Pilgrimage: travel to Mecca once in life (hajj)

• Salvation by following will of Allah– Religion of action (Judaism- heritage; Christianity- belief)

Culture of Islam• Mohammed- last/greatest prophet

– Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus= ALL important in Islam

• Mosques – places of Muslim worship• Trade- main activity

– Islam spread through conquest and trade

• Women had more rights under Islam– pre-Islamic tribal culture was harsh– Women were to be protected within Islam– over time lost rights through interpretation

• Patriarchal – men could have up to 4 wives

Islamic World

Mosque

Creation of the Islamic Empire

After Mohammed’s Death

• No clear successor

• Abu Bakr became caliph – Islamic leader/Mohammed’s successor

• Took over Arabian Peninsula (jihad)– conquered Syria, Egypt, old Persian Empire

• Abu Bakr’s death- series of caliphs

Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 AD

Umayyad Dynasty

• Moved capital to Damascus, Syria• Marched across N. Africa and into Europe

– 700 AD conquered Berbers– 710 AD crossed Gibraltar into Spain– 725 AD controlled Spain, capital at Cordoba– 732 AD defeated by Charles Martel at battle of

Tours (France)

• Built Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem • People felt Umayyads favored certain people,

led to downfall of dynasty

Battle of Tours

Split in Islam

• Hussein led revolt against Umayyad rulers– outnumbered and defeated but led to split in

Islam:

– Shiite Muslims – • only descendents of Ali (Mohammad’s son-in-law)

are true leaders of Islam (imams)• mostly in Iran/Iraq

– Sunni Muslims –believe leader should be chosen by council

Seljuk Turks

• Conquered eastern Arab world by 11th Century AD

• 1055 AD took over Baghdad, proclaimed their ruler sultan – holder of power

• 1071 AD defeated Byzantines to take over Asia Minor

Art, Literature, and Architecture

• Quran seen as greatest literature

– minaret (tower to call people to pray)

• Not allowed to make human images, so repeated geometric patterns to form arabesques

• Palaces- constructed w/ huge fortifications,– borrowed by Europeans for castles

Art and Architecture

ISLAM

What are someareas where Islam has spread?

List the 5Pillars ofIslam

prophet deity Belief in 1 god

Holy book followers

Sunni beliefs:

Shiite/Shia beliefs:

Islamic Beliefs/Practices Umayyad Dynasty

Contact with Christians/ Europeans Islamic Achievements

Islam and the early Arab WorldDirections: Fill in the following boxes using your textbook.

Islamic Beliefs/Practices

Following 5 Pillars of Islam

Not drinking

Have up to 4 wives

Women= modest

Read the Quran in Arabic

Umayyad Dynasty

Expanded Islam

Across Northern Africa

Into Europe

-Spain & France

Contact with Christians/ Europeans

Invasion of Constantinople

Crusades in Middle East/ Jerusalem

Invasion/ occupation of Spain

Battle of Tours- France

Islamic Achievements

Indian number system

Medical knowledge

Algebra

Navigational tools (astrolabe)

Islam and the early Arab WorldDirections: Put the following terms/people/events in the correct box.

The CrusadesMilitary expeditions- European Christians trying to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims

Most European Christians were French

had religious zeal, also wanted wealth, glory, power, bloodlustWere told by the church if they “killed infidels” they would go to heaven.Also attacked Christians and Jews on the way to Jerusalem

Crusades 11th-13th Centuries• Pope Urban II-

– saw Byzantine request for help as excuse to take power, preached 1st Crusade 1095 AD (told people it was “Christian duty” to fight)

• 1st Crusade 1095-1099, bloody fighting, Christians conquered Jerusalem, Antioch– Set up 4 Crusader kingdoms, great trade opportunity for

Venice, Genoa, etc.

• 2nd Crusade, Muslims rebuilt power, attacked and retook all land Christians won in 1st Crusade

3rd Crusade c. 1189 AD

• Led by Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire), Richard I (England), and Phillip II (France) – Big problems, Frederick drowned, Phillip returned to

France, Richard negotiated peace

• Saladin – Muslim leader, great warrior, leader, very merciful– Richard and Saladin had great respect for one

another

3rd Crusade - Acre

4th Crusade and MORE….• Pope Innocent III called for 4th Crusade

– Instead of helping, Crusaders sacked Constantinople and killed Christians

• Byzantines regained control 1261 AD• Children’s Crusade to Rome, sent home

• Effects of Crusades: – Kings took land from knights who didn’t return– Greater trading power to Venice, Italian city-

states– Widespread persecution of Jews in Europe– Knowledge of Muslim culture in Europe