WARM UP – after EXAM copy and answer the 3 questions below

Once you finish warm-up you can start your homework by reading pages 272-285.

What are the ways that a nation increases its territory?

What are some reasons countries expand their borders?

What might be benefits or drawbacks of expansion?

Expanding Markets and Moving West

Chapter 9Section 1Market Economy

Samuel F. B. Morse … _ .._. (Known as Morse Code)

Morse began his communication system using 10 miles of copper wire

The government gave him $30,000 to increase it to 40 miles

The first message went between Baltimore and DC

Industrialism

During the mid 1800s, America went from being primarily agricultural to more industrial

Workers left farms and cottage industries to work in mills, often textile mills

Farming

Farmers were more efficient after they specialized, growing only 1 or 2 crops (called specialization)

Market Economy – Market Revolution

(19th century new way people acquired goods)

People now went to a market to exchange their goods and services

They no longer needed to be self-sufficient

The open market allowed the American economy to grow

Factors of ProductionLandLaborCapitalEntrepreneurshipTechnologyA market economy/capitalism

allows individuals to own all the above

Entrepreneurial Spirit (comes from

the French word “entrepreneur” which means to undertake)

Capitalism – people control the factors of production and allow them to keep the profits

Francis Cabot Lowell pooled money with other investors to open textile mills

Entrepreneurial Spirit

Entrepreneurs can make a lot of money, but they assume all of the risk

Charles Goodyear died in debt after developing rubber and developed the process of vulcanization.

Risk does not always pay off

Other Inventions

Elias Howe - sewing machine

I M Singer - foot treadleRobert Fulton -steam boat

allowed for goods to be transported upriver, against the tides

Telegraph

Using a system of dots and dashes,carrried across copper wire, messages could be tapped across the country

Trains used the telegraph to keep schedules and relay updated prices

Canals

Canals were dug to connect waterways

Flatboats were pulled by animals

With the rise of railroads, canals were soon replaced

Erie Canal – Clinton’s Ditch

Trains….Trains…..

Shipping goods by train was more expensive than by wagon or flatboat, but speed was the key

Trains ran everyday and in all seasons.

Consumer prices fell

Farming in the Midwest

The Midwest was covered with fertile soil

John Deere’s steel plow allowed animals to cultivate the soil

Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper (usually shipped in parts) did the harvesting of 5 men

Trains….Trains…..

Canals, roads and railroads connected cities and regions

Regional specialization created goods for the market

Most advances occurred in the North

WARM UP – copy and answer:

1. What led to the rise of Capitalism?2. Describe the impact of the market revolution on potential customers3. How did new products, communications methods, and transportation methods help the U.S. economy?4. How did the transportation revolution bind U.S. regions to one another and to the rest of the world?

1. What led to the rise of Capitalism? Investors were willing to risk their own money in new industries, standing to earn huge profits if successful2. Describe the impact of the market revolution on potential customers. The cost of consumer goods dropped, so more workers became consumers3. How did new products, communications methods, and transportation methods help the U.S. economy? New products led to a growing number of consumers. New methods of communication and transportation made the operation of business more efficient and profitable4. How did the transportation revolution bind U.S. regions to one another and to the rest of the world? Canals, railroads, and improved roads reduced the price of shipping and the linked the country’s interior to international ports like New York City.

Expanding Markets and Moving West

Manifest DestinyChapter 9Section 2

Thomas Jefferson

In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of America

Forty years later, America demanded more land

Manifest Destiny

John L. O’Sullivan coined the term of manifest destiny as our God-given right to own all the land from the Arctic to Latin America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Most Americans agreed

Heading West

Farmers, miners, trappers and merchants headed west of the Rockies

Ports in the Oregon Territory welcomed trade from China and Japan

What about the Indians???

By the 1830s, almost all the Indians had been killed or moved west of the Miss R.

Some joined white cultureSome fought white settlersSome continued to move

Black Hawk War

White settlers wanted to push the Indians out of the upper Midwest

A prophet told Black Hawk of a prophesy where he would lead the Indians to victory

The Indians lost and were moved west of the Miss R.

Middle Ground

Land between Indian and White settlements was called the middle ground

As the Indians were pushed west, the middle ground moved west

The middle ground kept moving

Fort Laramie Treaty

Indians sometimes attacked white settlers

The Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851, gave Indians control of the Plains and the US agreed to abide by the treaty and make annual payments to the Indians

Fort Laramie Treaty

The settlers continued to settle on Indian land, destroy their hunting grounds, kill off the native buffalo and elk, and trample the land.

Subsequent treaties demanded that the Indians move from these lands

Trails West – Santa Fe Trail

Many trails began at Independence, MO. ended

Fearing Indian attacks, most wagon trains banded together

Traders exchanged goods for gold, silver and fur with Mexicans and returned home

Santa Fe

Trails West – Oregon Trail (extended from Independence Missouri to Portland Oregon)

Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, missionaries, told of the fertile land in the Willamette Valley

Hundreds of farmers settled there, arriving by Conestoga

Trails West – Donner Party

Not every trip west was successful

The Reed-Donner party left Independence in May and attempted to take a short-cut to catch up with the rest of the group

Trails West – Donner Party

They did not make it across the mountains before the November snows

By the time they were rescued, only about half survived – by eating the flesh of the dead

Trails West – Mormons

The Mormon religion was established in 1846 by Joseph Smith

Mormons believe that the lost tribes of Israel came to America and blended with the Native Americans

Trails West – Mormons

They also believed in polygamyFor this, they faced

discrimination which forced them to move from New York to little-populated, Nauvoo, IL

Smith and his brother were killed by an angry mob

Trails West – Mormons

The Mormons, under Brigham Young, moved west until they settled in Salt Lake City

They remained isolated until the California gold rush

Oregon Territory

The territory took in all of northwestern America.

It was claimed by Britain and America

James K. Polk, an expansionist, used the slogan, 54° 40’ or Fight” in his presidential campaign

Oregon Territory

It was more land than Polk actually wanted and although he was edging toward war with Britain over his demand, there was no way America could fight a successful war with Britain while fighting Mexico

His bluff worked though

WARM UP – Review “Manifest Destiny” COPY QUESTIONS/ANSWERS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK

1. What motivated Black Hawk to rebel against the United States?2. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.3. What were the effects of the U.S. government policies towards Native Americans in the mid 1800’s?4. What difficulties were faced by families like the Whitmans and the Hauns?5. Why did the Mormons move farther west in their search for a new home?

1. What motivated Black Hawk to rebel against the United States? Black Hawk believed he was destined to lead his people in a rebellion against the U.S.

2. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny. That U.S. expansion in the West was inevitable3. What were the effects of the U.S. government policies towards Native Americans in the mid 1800’s? U.S. government at first agreed to boundaries that protected Native American territories, but later broke these agreements and moved Native Americans to different lands4. What difficulties were faced by families like the Whitmans and the Hauns? Disease, death, fatigue and loneliness5. Why did the Mormons move farther west in their search for a new home? They were fleeing from religious persecution

Expanding Markets and Moving West

Expansion in TexasChapter 9Section 3

Stephen Austin Leads American cotton farmers -

settled in eastern Texas (between the Colorado and Brazos rivers) where “no drunkard, no gambler, no swearer, and no idler” would be allowed

To keep settlement orderly, Mexico gave empresarios, land grants, to others

Stephen Austin’s father received an empresario but died before dividing his land for settlement

Mexico – the early years

The earliest Spanish settlements were missions and trading posts

Their objective was to convert the Indians to Catholicism

After Mexico received their independence from Spain, they outlawed slavery in 1821

Mexico – building a country

Independent Mexico looked for ways to increase their economy

They eased trade restrictions with the US

They encouraged American farmers to settle in Mexico to protect the area from Indians

Mexico – the invasion

The empresarios allowed settlers to buy cheap land

They came by the thousands, pledging to obey Mexican lawNo slavesSpeak SpanishBecome Catholic

Mexico – the broken promises

American settlers did not observe any of Mexico’s requests

Soon the American population surpassed the Tejano (native) population

Presidents John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson offered to buy Texas from Mexico

Mexico – it’s mine, not yours

Mexico refused to sellProtestant, slaveholding,

English-speaking settlers continued to pour into Texas

In 1830, Mexico closed its borders but lacked the security to enforce it

Mexico – Yankee, go home

But the Americans kept coming

By 1836 there were more slaves in Texas than Tejanos

General Santa Anna took over the Mexican government and declared himself dictator

Mexico – they can’t do that

Fearing Santa Anna would enforce Mexican law, the Americans declared independence

Santa Anna marched his army to the Alamo in San Antonio, destroyed the fort and killed all the Americans inside

Alamo

Goliad

SanJacinto

Mexico – the fat lady sings

After two Mexican victories at the Alamo and Goliad, American forces, led by Sam Houston, defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto

The Republic of Texas was born

Mexico – got the short straw

The Tejanos, who fought with the Americans against Santa Anna, now faced discrimation by the Americans

Texas was denied statehood because they wanted to enter the Union as a slave state

Texas – finally a state

James K. Polk ran for president in 1844 as an expansionist

His victory gave him a mandate to admit Texas into the Union

They became a state in 1845

James K Polk

Polk’s ideas to expand America do not end with Texas.

He threatens war with Britain over the Oregon Territory

He sends troops into Mexico to instigate a war – that Mexico cannot win.

Expanding Markets and Moving West

The War with MexicoChapter 9Section 4

Election of 1844

A 3rd Party, the Liberty (anti-slavery) Party pulled enough votes from Whig Henry Clay to cause Clay to lose to Dark Horse candidate, James K. Polk

Polk Urges War

Polk was elected promising to expand the country

He wasted no timeHe believed that a war

with Mexico would allow him to claim AZ, NM and CA too

Buying Mexico?

Gen. Santa Anna was replaced as Mexico’s president

Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City to offer to buy land north and west of the Rio Grande

Mexican officials refused to see him

Buying Mexico?

Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to invade Mexico, crossing the Rio Grande

When Mexico reacted to the invasion, Polk and Congress declared war

Sectional Attitudes

Although most Americans backed the idea of expansion, not everyone was happy about Polk’s aggressiveness

Sectional differences arose

Sectional Attitudes

The North viewed expansion as a way to increase slavery, slaves states and add pro-slavery senators in Congress

The South wanted the additional farmland and Congressional seats

WARM-UP

Chapter 10 – pages 302-303Time Line Discussion – The time line covers events in the U.S. and the world the decade before the Civil War.

What major acts of Congress are shown and when did they occur (there are two)?

Which political party is formed at this time?

What wars were fought in this period (there are two)?

Who was the woman mentioned on the time line and what did she do?

What group of people achieved freedom?

War Begins

Gen. Taylor invades Mexico through Texas

Gen. Kearny invades Mexico in S. California

Gen. Fremont invades Mexico in N. California

War Ends

California fell and became the Bear Flag Republic

Generals Grant and Lee fought in Mexico under Gen. Winfield Scott

Mexico fell after a failed attempt to restore Santa Anna

Spoils of War

Mexico was forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

It gave the US the present-day states of Utah, Arizona, NM, and California

Natives were promised some freedoms

Token Payment to Mexico

Pres. Pierce signed the Gadsden Purchase – giving Mexico $10 million for land that wasn’t for sale

The new southern border is how you see it today

California Gold

Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, outside San Francisco

Gold fever hit miners around the world

The population of CA increased to over 100,000 people

California Gold

People arrived from America, China, Japan and Europe

Most settlers did not get rich from gold, but many merchants and farmers found CA profitable

California’s Statehood

California immediately applied for admission to the Union

The South was outraged at the thought of another free state

California’s Statehood

California became a state in 1850 under the Compromise of 1850