warm up 8.) we are moving into the progressive era from the problems that rose in society &...
TRANSCRIPT
Warm Up
8.) We are moving into the Progressive Era from the problems that rose in society & politics during the Gilded Age. As one progressive explained, the “real heart” of the progressive movement was to:
a.) preserve world peace.b.) use the government as an agency of welfare.c.) ensure the Jefferson style of government.d.) reinstate the policy of laissez-faire.CORRECT ANSWER: B
Unit 7.1 Notes:
The Progressive Era
U.S. History & The Constitution
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-4:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the industrial development & the consequences of that development on society & politics during the second half of the nineteenth & the early twentieth centuries.
USHC-4.6: Compare the accomplishments & limitations of the women’s suffrage movement & the Progressive Movement in affecting social & political reforms in America, including the roles of the media & of reformers such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Jane Addams, & Presidents Theodore Roosevelt & Woodrow Wilson.
Progressivism
Progressivism
- A reform movement focused on improving living and working conditions, increasing education, stopping political corruption, & giving women the right to vote.
- “Roots” in the Populist Party.
Muckrakers
Muckrakers
- Writers who attempted to expose abuses in business & corruption by using their writing.
- Very important to the Progressive Movement.
- Their work helped educate the public about needed change.
“The Jungle” Leads to Food Regulation
- After reading “The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair, President Theodore Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
- The book told of unsafe & unsanitary working conditions in meat processing plants = caused public uproar.
- The Act mandated cleaner working conditions
Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906
- Mandated safe & sanitary conditions for food preparation & packing
- Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
- Put regulations on food and medicines
- Took medicines with cocaine & other harmful ingredients off the market.
- Jacob Riis: photographer who exposed the horrors of tenement life in
“How the Other Half Lives”.
- Described poverty, disease, & crime in immigrant neighborhoods in NYC.
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis’ Photos
Ida Tarbell Exposes the Power of Oil
Ida Tarbell
- Wrote the “History of the Standard Oil Company”.
- Brought the company’s monopoly to light &
eventually led to a government antitrust suit
against the company.
- Movement for women’s voting rights.
- 1848 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott organized the 1st women’s rights convention (Seneca Falls).
- Largely made up of educated, middle-class women.
The Suffrage Movement
Susan B. Anthony: leading proponent of woman suffrage & women’s rights.
Carrie Chapman Catt: In 1890, helped to found the National American
Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) & was
President of the NAWSA when the 19th Amendment
was passed.
National Assoc. of Colored Women: association to secure rights of African
Americans, including women’s suffrage.
The Suffrage Movement Cont.
Alice Paul
- Mass Marches
- Hunger Strikes
- Used to demonstrate against a government
that did not allow half of its population to vote.
The Suffrage Movement Cont.
- NAWSA became alarmed at Paul’s tactics.
- Paul left the organization & founded the National Women’s Party (NWP)
Alice Paul & the National Women’s Party
The National Women’s Party picketing the White House
Three-Part Strategy For Winning Suffrage
Suffragists tried 3 approaches to winning the vote.
1.) Convince state legislatures to adopt the vote.
- Successful only in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, & Colorado.
2.) Pursue court cases to test the 14th Amendment.
3.) Push for a national constitutional amendment.
The Struggles of Suffragettes
- They were attacked by angry men, arrested & held in prison where they
engaged in hunger strikes & were force fed by their jailers.
Women Win Suffrage!
- Through local, state & national
organization, vigorous protests &
World War I, women finally realized
their dream in 1920.
- The amendment was passed partly as
a result of activism & the contributions
women made to the war effort (WWI) as
nurses, public workers, & factory laborers.
The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote, and was formally ratified in 1920.
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”
Settlement Houses
Hull House
- Jane Addams
- Formed to help immigrants &
the poor “settle into” American
culture.
- Immigrants could take classes & receive childcare.
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on democracy in America.
USHC-3.5: Evaluate the varied responses of African Americans to the restrictions imposed on them in the post-Reconstruction period, including the leadership and strategies of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.
Philosophiball Exercise
African AmericanWhat is the best way for us to get social equality?
(1905)
Whose lead will you follow? Washington Du Bois
Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois
Booker T. Washington &
W. E. B. Du Bois:
The Debate Over
African-American Higher Education
Washington Du Bois
The Establishment of Historically Black Colleges
Booker T. Washington:Early Years
Childhood
- 1856: born into slavery.
- Worked in salt furnaces & coal mines in W. Virginia after emancipation.
Washington as a Leader
- Elevated to a leadership position by hard work & a determination to receive an education.
- Founded the Tuskegee Institute (Alabama) - provided vocational training to Af. Americans who knew only how to farm.
- George Washington Carver (scientist, botanist, educator, & inventor) worked at Tuskegee developing new crops to aid the poor cotton farmers.
Student attending history class at Tuskegee.
- Washington’s experience in the segregated South led him to advocate vocational education & opportunities for employment as more important to the well-being of African Americans than social & political equality. - Washington’s ultimate goal: full equality, but Af. Americans who were too assertive in advocating political & social rights might fall victim to a lynching.
Washington as a Leader Cont.
- Washington pleaded with textile mill owners to hire the hard-working former slaves in his so-called “Atlanta Compromise” speech. - Washington lobbied behind the scenes for greater social & political rights.
- Publicly, he was willing to accept 2nd
class citizenship offered by Jim Crowlaws in exchange for jobs that wouldalleviate the poverty of Af. Americansharecroppers.
Washington as a Leader Cont.
"Cast down your bucket where you are"—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded.”
Washington giving his “Atlanta Compromise” Speech (1895)
- South: Washington’s strategy was acceptable to the white majority, but jobs were not available.
- Southern Af. Americans revered Washington
- Northern Af. Americans criticized his gradualism & “accommodation”.
Washington as a Leader Cont.
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois: “W.E.B. Du Bois”
Early Life
- 1868: Born in the North (MA).
- Regarded as very bright & intellectual at a young age.
- His success led him to believe that he could use his knowledge to empower African-Americans & encourage them to become educated
- First African-American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard in 1895.
- DuBois opposed Washington’s emphasis on vocational education & argued that all Af. Americans should have the opportunity for any education that fit their talents. - He promoted the development of a “Talented Tenth” of well-educated African American leaders – to lead the race & save it from its social problems.
Du Bois’ Viewpoint
- DuBois oppossd Washington’s strategy.
- His pushed his advocacy for full social & political rights for all African Americans through the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Founded 1909
- He edited The Crisis, which was the NAACP’s publication.
- DuBois’s militant rhetoric energized his readers, the growing African American middle class.
- It was less acceptable to the white community.
DuBois Helps to Found the NAACP to Protect Rights
- Both sought to define the best means to improve the conditions of the Af.American community.
Washington
1.) Believed the two races should remain socially segregated.
2.) Believed assimilating & fitting into the “American” culture was the best way for Af. Americans to move up in society.
3.) Saw the importance of higher education, but felt blacks should become teachers (their duty) and/or work in trades (blue collar) instead of confronting whites in their own world.
Du Bois
1.) Thought Af. Americans should seek higher education, preferably liberal arts.
2.) Believed Af. Americans should challenge & question whites on all grounds.
3.) Saw teaching as a calling, not a duty, the “Talented Tenth” should be the primary advocates for black rights
Washington v. Du Bois – Beliefs & Differences
- Schools, neighborhoods & public facilities continued to be segregated in the North by practice (de facto) and in the South by law (de jure). - Af. Americans were most often the last hired & the first fired. - It would be many years before the NAACP would be successful in protecting the rights of Af. Americans in the courts [Brown v Board of Education, 1954] & launch the modern civil rights movement.
Jim Crow & Segregation Continue
- 1862: born a slave, became a teacher & writer.
- Experienced “Jim Crow” first hand (railroad).
- Lost teaching job after writing about Memphis’ segregated schools.
- As a newspaper editor, she launched a lynching investigation after her friend was lynched.
- Devoted her life to an anti-lynching crusade.
- Met with violent reaction & intimidation.
- Forced to leave Memphis.
Ida Wells-Barnett & Segregation
Ida Wells-Barnett Cont.
- Opposed Washington’s strategy, which she called “accommodation.”
- Founding member of NAACP, but left the group because it was not militant enough.
- Campaign against lynching was not successful in her lifetime,
- Did raised awareness of the conditions of Af. Americans.
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up2nd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #9 (14 & 15 Jan)
9.) Most muckrakers believed their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills was to:
a.) formulate a consistent policy of social reform.b.) explain the causes of social ills.c.) devise solutions to society’s problems.d.) make the public aware of social problems.CORRECT ANSWER: D
Key Reform Issues
-Food Sanitation-Food & Drug Safety-Women’s Suffrage-Labor Conditions - Factories-Child Labor -Jim Crow Laws-B. T. Washington’s Views-Du Bois Views-Tenement Living (Cities)-Trust Busting (Monopolies)-Temperance-Settlement Homes-Muckraking Journalism
* Each reform issue will be used only once.
The Push To ProgressivismReform Poster Activity
Small Group Activity
- Your group must include the following on your Progressive Reform Poster:1.) Name of the reform issue (10 points).2.) A catchy slogan to influence the viewer to your point of view. (as specific as possible FOR or AGAINST the reform) (10 points).3.) A color image/logo that represents your reform goal that is logical & influential (25 points).4.) 4-5 bullet statements that describing your reform goal & why the reform/law needs to be approved by the American public & Congress (25 points).5.) Must be clean & neat (20 points).6.) Provide a 1 paragraph explanation of your poster’s intent on the back of the poster paper. Include: (10 points).
- All the names of your group members.- How they contributed to the project.
- Your poster will be displayed on the classroom, so make sure it is a quality product.
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-4:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the industrial development & the consequences of that development on society & politics during the second half of the nineteenth & the early twentieth centuries.
USHC-4.6: Compare the accomplishments & limitations of the women’s suffrage movement & the Progressive Movement in affecting social & political reforms in America, including the roles of the media & of reformers such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Jane Addams, & Presidents Theodore Roosevelt & Woodrow Wilson.
- Many progressives wanted more democracy in society.
“Laboratory of Democracy” in Progressivism
- 3 new reforms were introduced by progressives to force state legislator’s to respond to voter concerns:
– Initiative– Referendum– Recall
Initiative – allows a group of citizens to introducelegislation & required the state legislature to voteon it.
Referendum – allowed proposed legislation to besubmitted to the voters for approval.
Recall – allowed voters to demand a special electionto remove an elected official from office.
- Before 1913, each state legislature chose its own U.S. senators.
- Goal - force senators to be more responsive to the public, progressives
pushed for the popular election of senators.
- 1913 – 17th Amendment ratified.
Direct Elections of Senators
Theodore Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
- Roosevelt grabbed national attention by advocating war with Spain in 1898.
- His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for its role in the Battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba
- Roosevelt returned a hero & was soon elected governor of NY & later McKinley’s vice-president
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders (1898)
- 1901 - President William McKinley was assassinated 6 months into his second term,
- Theodore Roosevelt became the nations 26th president.
McKinley’s Assassination: September of 1901, Buffalo, NY
Teddy Roosevelt’s Rise to the Presidency
The Modern President
- Roosevelt was thrust into the presidency in 1901.
- Youngest president ever at age 42.
- Established himself as a modern president who could influence the media &
shape legislation.
Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”
- Roosevelt’s domestic programs were known as the “Square Deal”.
- Formed upon three basic ideas:
1.) conservation of natural resources.
2.) control of corporations.
3.) consumer protection.
- Aimed at helping middle class citizens.
- Involved attacking wealth & power (corruption) & bad trusts while protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor.
Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”
Trustbusting
• By 1900, Trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries.
• Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits
under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
1. What do the lions stand for?
2. Why are all the lions coming out of the door labeled Wall Street?
3. What do you think the cartoonist thinks about trustbusting? Cite details from the cartoon to support your answer.
1902 Coal Strike
• 1902: 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike for increased wages, a 9-hour work day, & the right to unionize.
• Mine owners refused to bargain.
• Roosevelt called in both sides & settled the dispute.
• Thereafter, when a strike threatened public welfare, the federal government was expected to step in & help
Roosevelt & the Environment
- Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the federal government paid very little attention to the nation’s natural resources.
- Roosevelt made conservation a primary concern of his administration.
Roosevelt was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author John Muir at
Yosemite Park, CA
- Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves.
- He also set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites.
- Established 50 wildlife sanctuaries & several national parks.
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Roosevelt’s Environmental Accomplishments
National Park System
- Roosevelt failed to support overall Civil Rights for African Americans.
- He did, however, support a few individuals such as Booker T. Washington,
W.E.B. DuBois, & Ida B. Wells-Barnett.
Roosevelt & Civil Rights
Teddy Roosevelt’s
Square Deal
Term used to describe the
various progressive
reforms of the Roosevelt
administration
Forced the arbitration of
strikes (like the 1902 Coal
Strike)
Urged Congress to pass laws to regulate industries
Hepburn Act authorized the
Interstate Commerce
commission to regulate discounts
used by RR for bribes
The Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) set sanitation and
labeling requirements for
foods
After reading The Jungle urged the
passage of the Meat Inspection
Act which set meat inspection
requirements
Enforced the Sherman
Antitrust Act & successfully sued abusive
trusts
Established the United States Forest Service & expanded the Park System to
preserve the environment
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up3rd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #1 (18 & 22 Jan)
1.) As part of the “Square Deal” program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all the following except:
a.) control of the common laborer.b.) control of corporations.c.) consumer protection.d.) conservation of natural resources.CORRECT ANSWER: A
- Republican William Howard Taft easily defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan to win the 1908 presidential election
- Among his accomplishments, Taft “busted” 90 trusts during his 4 years in office.
Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s War Secretary
Progressivism Under President Taft
- Republicans split in 1912 between Taft & Roosevelt .
- Convention delegates nominated Taft.
- Some Republicans formed a third party: The Bull Moose Party & nominated Roosevelt.
•The Democrats put forward a reform -minded New Jersey Governor, Woodrow Wilson
Republicans split in 1912
1912 Election
- As America’s newly elected president, Wilson moved to enact his program, the “New Freedom”.
- He planned his attack on what he called the triple wall of privilege:
- trusts
- tariffs
- high finance
W. Wilson U.S. President 1912-1920
Wilson’s New Freedom
- In 1914 Congress enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which strengthened the Sherman Act
- The Act prevented companies from acquiring stock from another company (Anti-monopoly).
- The Act gave unions the right to exist & strike (allowed labor unions to be exempt from antitrust laws).
Clayton Antitrust Act
- Wilson worked hard to lower tariffs, however that lost revenue had to be made up.
- Ratified in 1916, the 16th Amendment legalized a graduated federal income tax.
Federal Income Tax Arrives
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
- Divided nation into 12 financial districts.
- Established a regional central banks in each district.
- Federal reserve banks could:
- issue new paper currency in emergency situations.
- Member banks could use the currency to make loans to customers.
- Could transfer funds to member banks in trouble, saving the banks from closing & protecting customers’ savings.
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
- While the Progressive era was responsible for many important reforms, it failed to make gains for African Americans.
- Like Roosevelt & Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights once in office.
- Segregationists were promoted into government jobs under Wilson.
The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s
Limits of Progressivism
Limits of Progressivism
- World War I limited continued effectiveness of progressive reforms. Little significant progressive legislation passed after war broke out.
- Anti-German propaganda led to the passing of 18th Amendment, establishing prohibition, a longtime goal of reformers.
- Proved impossible to enforce & was repealed (21st).
Progressive Amendments
- 16th Amendment (1913): allowed for an income tax.
- 17th Amendment (1913) provided for the direct election of senators.
- 18th Amendment (1919) made it illegal for Americans to make, sell or import
liquor-prohibition (or temperance).
- 19th Amendment (1920) gave women
the right to vote.
