warm-up
DESCRIPTION
Warm-up. For thought: How do you get something as big as an oak tree from an acorn?. 1. Mesophyll. 1. Mesophyll. A layer of cells that contain & are responsible for most of the plant’s photosynthesis. chloroplasts. Page 2. Page 2. O 2. CO 2. 2. Stomata. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Warm-upWarm-up
For thought: How do you get something as big as an oak tree from
an acorn?
![Page 2: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. Mesophyll
1. Mesophyll
A layer of cells that contain & are responsible for most of the plant’s photosynthesis
chloroplastschloroplasts
Page 2
![Page 3: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
2. Stomata
Openings in plant leaves that allow for to occur
(CO2) passes in and (O2) passes out.
COCO22
OO22
gas exchange
Carbon Dioxide Oxygen
Page 2
![Page 4: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
The site of Photosynthesis
Double-membrane bound organelle
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Page 2
![Page 5: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
6. Stroma7. Thylakoid
8. Grana
8. Grana
resides in these membranes
Chlorophyll
Page 2
![Page 6: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Photosynthesis: Discoveries
Experiment:1 Seedling in dry soilOnly added water for five years
Results:Plant gained 75 kg
Conclusion:Plant mass comes from water.
Page 3Jan Van Helmont
![Page 7: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Photosynthesis: Discoveries
Joseph Priestly Jan Ingenhousz
Page 3
![Page 8: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Photosynthesis: Discoveries
Microbiologist who observed:
Purple sulfur bacteriaunderwent photosynthesis, but there was a big difference:
Cornelius Van Niel
H2S + CO2 C6H12O6 + S2
Page 3
![Page 9: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Photosynthesis: Discoveries
• Van Niel theorized:
H2O is the source of Oxygen in Photosynthesis.
• How was his theory proven?
Page 3
H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2
H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2O
O
O
O
![Page 10: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pathway of Photosynthesis
On your own, balance this equation:
CO2 + H2O + (Light) C6H12O6 + O2
Reactants must equal Products
1166 6666
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
66
1212
66
1212
1818 1818
Page 4
![Page 11: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thylakoid
Label the image in your notes, and fill in the notes provided
Page 4
![Page 12: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Page 4
![Page 13: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Page 4
![Page 14: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Photosynthesis: The Light Reaction
• are chemical factories powered by the sun.
• Their thylakoids transform light energy into the energy of
and .
Page 5
Chloroplasts
NADPH ATP
![Page 15: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Page 5
The Nature of Light
![Page 16: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• In addition to the wave-like nature of light, light consists of discrete particles called
.
Page 5
The Nature of Light
photons
![Page 17: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Why are leaves green?Substances that absorb light are called
Page 5
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
Chlorophyll absorbs and light, reflecting
pigments
red blue green
![Page 18: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How do plants keep from losing all of this energy?
• A complex of proteins and other organic molecules called photosystems
![Page 19: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Photosystems: Harvest LightPhoton
Transfer of Energy Antenna pigment molecules
Reaction Center Chlorophyll
Primary Electron AcceptorElectron Transfer
![Page 20: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Protein complex
![Page 23: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Protein complex
![Page 24: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Protein complex
NADPH making enzyme
![Page 25: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mechanical analogy for the light reactions
1. Photon excites an electron
2. In Photosystem II
3. ATP is produced during this stage
4. The electron moves on to Photosystem I
5. An electron is excited by another photon
6. NADPH is produced
![Page 26: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ATP Synthetase
• An enzyme embedded in the
• Hydrogen ionsbuild up here:
• ADP & Pi combine to form ATP here:
Thylakoid membrane
thylakoid membrane
thylakoid lumen
stroma
![Page 27: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ProteinComplex
Enzyme
![Page 28: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Summary of the Light Reaction
![Page 29: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
+ ++ +
+ +
ATPATP
+++
+
++
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
2e-4e-
NADPHNADPH
![Page 30: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
To the “Dark Reaction” – or the Calvin Cycle
• The Plant’s Dilemma: The Calvin Cycle uses more ATP than NADPH. How would you create more ATP, and no additional NADPH?
![Page 31: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cyclic Electron Flow
Protein complex
![Page 32: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dark Reaction:An Overview
• The General Formula for Photosynthesis is:
CO2 + H2O + (Light ) C6H12O6 +O2
• Which of these reactants has not been accounted for so far?
![Page 33: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ATP & NADPH are used to convert CO2
into sugarNADPHNADPH
ATPATP
CO2
Sugar!
This is done in a three-phase cycle…
![Page 34: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
STEP 1: Carbon fixation
5-Carbon Sugar (RuBP)
+ CO2
+ the help of Rubisco (An enzyme)
2 3-Carbon Compounds (PGA)
RuBP PGA
![Page 35: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ATP adds a phosphate
NADPH donatesan electron &
removes aphosphate
PGAL is the product
PGAL
![Page 36: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
PGAL
![Page 37: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
That doesn’t add up
• Glucose is a 6-Carbon sugar.
• PGAL is a 3-Carbon sugar.
• How many times must a chloroplast undergo the Calvin Cycle to create one glucose molecule?
![Page 38: Warm-up](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/568146bc550346895db3f0f3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
PGA
PGAL