warm-up #33 complete 3-1 section assessment #1-3 on page 65. complete 3-2 sections assessment #1-5...
TRANSCRIPT
Warm-Up #33
• Complete 3-1 Section Assessment #1-3 on page 65.
• Complete 3-2 Sections Assessment #1-5 on page 73.
The Biosphere
What is Ecology?
Objectives
• Identify the levels of organization that ecologists study.
• Describe the methods used to study ecology.
Ecology
• Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
• German biologist Ernst Haeckel based this term on the Greek work oikos, meaning house.
• Haeckel saw the living world as a household with an economy in which each organism plays a role.
Levels of Organization
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual
Biome
Biosphere
Organisms and Species
• the different forms of life on earth, can be classified into different species based on certain characteristics.
Fig. 3-3, p. 52
Insects751,000
Other animals281,000
Fungi69,000
Prokaryotes4,800
Plants248,400
Protists57,700
Known species1,412,000
Ecosystems
• Ecosystems are made up of not only the living organisms (biotic) but the non-living, or abiotic components as well.
• The biotic would be the plants, insects, birds, andhumans.
• The abiotic would be the soil, air, sunlight and water.
Ecological Methods
• Observing• Experimenting• Modeling—ecologists make models to gain
insight into complex phenomena such as the effects of global warming on ecosystems. – Many ecological models consist of mathematical
formulas based on data collected through observation and experimentation.
Summary
• What are the levels of organization that ecologists study?
• What methods do ecologists use?
The Biosphere
Energy Flow
Objectives
• Identify the source of energy for life processes.
• Trace the flow of energy through living systems.
• Evaluate the efficiency of energy transfer among organisms in an ecosystem.
Autotrophs
Organisms that use energy from the sun orenergy stored in chemical compounds to
manufacture their own nutrients
Producers
Heterotrophs
• Organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms
Consumers
Heterotrophsthat onlyfeed onAutotrophs
Carnivores
Heterotrophs that only feed on other Heterotrophs
Scavengers
Omnivores
Heterotrophs that feed on both Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Decomposers
Feeding Relationships
• Energy moves along a one-way path from sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers).
• This flow of energy can be described using – Food chains—simple descriptions, not the most
accurate– Food Webs—more realistic description of energy
interactions.
Food Chains
Food chains simple track ofenergy flow throughecosystem
Grass
Pronghorn
Coyote
Producer
Autotroph Heterotroph
1st Order (Level) Consumer
2nd Order (Level) Consumer
Herbivore Carnivore
Heterotroph
3rd Order (Level)Consumer
Heterotroph
Carnivore
Food Webs
Food Webs offer a more realistic track of energy
flow through an ecosystem
Fig. 3-18, p. 65
HumansBlue whale Sperm whale
Crabeater seal Elephant seal
Killer whale
Leopard seal
Adelie penguins Emperor
penguin
Petrel FishSquid
Carnivorous plankton
Krill Herbivorous plankton
Phytoplankton
CheetahImpala Dung Beetle Vulture
Giraffe
Trees&
Grass Fungi
Wildebeest
Zebra
Hunting Dog
TermitesLion
Hyena
Identify the:
1. Producers
2. Primary (1st Level) Consumers
3. Secondary (2nd level) Consumers
4. Tertiary (3rd level) consumers
5. Herbivores
6. Carnivores
7. Omnivores
8. What elements are missing from this food web?
9. What is one food chain of the food web?
10. How would a toxin sprayed on the producers in which they can’t break it down and it stays in their tissues influence the other trophic levels?
Ecological Pyramids
• There are 3 basic types of ecological pyramids– Energy– Numbers– Biomass
Energy Pyramid Notice the change in the amount of energy that is available as you move up a trophic level
What pattern do you see?
It is referred to as the 10% rule
What happened to all the energy?
Again notice the pattern we saw earlier
Pyramid of Biomass
Size of boxes indicates the amount of biomass
Pyramid ofNumbers
• Shows relative number of individuals ateach trophiclevel.
Summary
• What is the source of energy for all life processes?
• How does energy flow through living systems?• What two ways to we use to describe this
energy flow?• What are the three types of energy pyramids?• How much energy is conserved from level to
level?
Homework
• Read Text 74-84• Complete Study Guide 104-105