Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft?

2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor?

3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set?

4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude?

5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Warm-Up – 2/5 – 10 minutes

Questions / Comments

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft?

2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor?

3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set?

4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude?

5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems

• Two types of induction systems are commonly used in small aircraft engines:

• 1. The carburetor system, which mixes the fuel and air in the carburetor before this mixture enters the intake manifold.

Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems

• 2. The fuel injection system, which mixes the fuel and air immediately before entry into each cylinder or injects fuel directly into each cylinder.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft?

2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor?

3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set?

4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude?

5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems

• The chief disadvantage of the float carburetor, however, is its icing tendency.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft?

2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor?

3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set?

4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude?

5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft SystemsMixture Control

• Carburetors are normally calibrated at sea-level pressure, where the correct fuel-to-air mixture ratio is established with the mixture control set in the FULL RICH position.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft?

2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor?

3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set?

4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude?

5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft SystemsMixture Control

• However, as altitude increases, the density of air entering the carburetor decreases, while the density of the fuel remains the same.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft?

2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor?

3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set?

4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude?

5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft SystemsMixture Control

• During a descent from high altitude, the mixture must be enriched, or it may become too lean.

Questions / Comments

February 5

• 1914 — Lt. J.C. Morrow became 24th and last flier to qualify as “Military Aviator.”

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

February 5

• 1919 — The first regular, daily passenger service in the world is launched at Berlin's city airfield. A German airline operates the new service on route from Berlin to Weimar via Leipzig.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

February 5

• 1929 — Frank Hawks and Oscar Grubb land their Lockheed “Air Express” in New York after a record flight of 18 hours 20 minutes from Los Angeles.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

February 5

• 1949 — An Eastern Air Lines Lockheed “Constellation” lands at LaGuardia, New York, at the end of a flight of 6 hours 18 minutes from Los Angeles, a coast-to-coast record for transport aircraft.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

February 5

• 1951 — The United States and Canada announce the establishment of the Distant Early Warning (DEW), the air defense system that uses more than 30 radar stations located across the northern portion of the continent.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

February 5

• 1962 — A Sikorsky HSS-2 “Sea King” of the United States Navy sets a world helicopter speed record of 210.6 mph, in the course of a flight between Milford and New Haven, Connecticut.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

Questions / Comments

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY

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NO SCHOOL

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Chapter 6

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February 2014

Questions / Comments

Chapter 6 – Aircraft SystemsFAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

Mission: Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft.

Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems.

EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the

student pilot learning to fly.

Today’s Mission Requirements

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• The burning fuel within the cylinders produces intense heat, most of which is expelled through the exhaust system.

• Much of the remaining heat, however, must be removed, or at least dissipated, to prevent the engine from overheating.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• The extremely high engine temperatures can lead to loss of power, excessive oil consumption, detonation, and serious engine damage.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• While the oil system is vital to the internal cooling of the engine, an additional method of cooling is necessary for the engine’s external surface.

• Most small aircraft are air cooled, although some are liquid cooled.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• Air cooling is accomplished by air flowing into the engine compartment through openings in front of the engine cowling.

• Baffles route this air over fins attached to the engine cylinders, and other parts of the engine, where the air absorbs the engine heat.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• The outside air enters the engine compartment through an inlet behind the propeller hub.

• Baffles direct it to the hottest parts of the engine, primarily the cylinders, which have fins that increase the area exposed to the airflow.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• The air cooling system is less effective during ground operations, takeoffs, go-arounds, and other periods of high-power, low-airspeed operation.

• High-speed descents provide excess air and can shock cool the engine, subjecting it to abrupt temperature fluctuations.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• Operating the engine at higher than its designed temperature can cause loss of power, excessive oil consumption, and detonation.

• It will also lead to serious permanent damage.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• Monitoring the flight deck engine temperature instruments will aid in avoiding high operating temperature.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• Under normal operating conditions in aircraft not equipped with cowl flaps, the engine temperature can be controlled by changing the airspeed or the power output of the engine.

• High engine temperatures can be decreased by increasing the airspeed and/or reducing the power.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• The oil temperature gauge gives an indirect and delayed indication of rising engine temperature, but can be used for determining engine temperature if this is the only means available.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• Most aircraft are equipped with a cylinder-head temperature gauge which indicates a direct and immediate cylinder temperature change.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• This instrument is calibrated in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, and is usually color coded with a green arc to indicate the normal operating range.

• A red line on the instrument indicates maximum allowable cylinder head temperature.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• To avoid excessive cylinder head temperatures, increase airspeed, enrich the mixture, and/or reduce power.

• Any of these procedures help to reduce the engine temperature.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• On aircraft equipped with cowl flaps, use the cowl flap positions to control the temperature.

• Cowl flaps are hinged covers that fit over the opening through which the hot air is expelled.

Aircraft SystemsEngine Cooling Systems

• If the engine temperature is high, the cowl flaps can be opened to permit a greater flow of air through the system, thereby decreasing the engine temperature.

Questions / Comments

Class SummaryEngine Cooling

• Carburetor heat is an anti-icing system that preheats the air before it reaches the carburetor, and is intended to keep the fuel/air mixture above the freezing temperature to prevent the formation of carburetor ice.

Class SummaryOil Systems

• In a fuel injection system, the fuel is injected directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the intake valve.

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1

3. List 3 things you learned today.

1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.

2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson.