Warm Up1. The greatest influence of the humanists was in

A. Reform of secondary education

B. Creating the knights templar

C. Medicine

D. Weights and measurements

E. Call to a return to traditions of Middle Ages

PG. 397

2. Which of the following statements about the Magna Carta is NOT true:

A. Affirmed the monarchs are subject to the law

B. Confirmed the independence of church

C. Gave new rights to the peasants

D. Means Great Charter

E. It guaranteed the nobles’ hereditary rights

PG. 402

3. How does feudalism eventually end:

4. Hanseatic League:

5. What is scholasticism:

Chapter 15 Maritime Revolution

• I. Global Maritime Expansion before 1450– A. The Pacific Ocean – Through several thousands of years people

from main lands traveled to island countries– Polynesian culture stretched 2200 miles of

across the Pacific Ocean– Polynesian expansion was planned and was

to set up colonies throughout– B. The Indian Ocean– Indonesians colonized the island of

Madagascar in a series of voyages throughout 15th century

– Arab seafarers established trade routes– Ming dynasty sponsored many voyages

supporting 60 large treasure ships

– Treasure ships carried silk, precious metal, and diplomacy

– C. The Atlantic Ocean– Vikings navigated by the stars exploring

Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland– Few Europeans explored the Atlantic– 1291 Mali attempted ships never returned

• II. European Expansion, 1400-1550– A. Motives for Exploration– Iberian Peninsula needed to expand its

empire– Because of the feuds with the Muslims

they had no trade influence in Med Sea

Leif Erickson

– Italy dominated trade in Med Sea and had no need to expand

– Italy had no incentive to expand, monopoly on silk

– Iberian kingdoms had no share in Med Sea trade, advanced ships and cannons

– God, Glory, Gold: 3 motives of European expansion/exploration

– God – spread their faith to new lands– Glory – want fame and adventure– Gold – search for wealth

– B. Portuguese Voyages– Gained knowledge of gold and slaves– Prince Henry sponsored navigation

schools– His ultimate goal was to find a water route

around Africa to India– Portuguese sailors learned that both gold

and slaves were available on Africa’s west coast

– Navigation technology: New technologies from the Arabs, such as the compass and astrolabe

– Financial return: first slaves, then gold– Fernao Gomes: explored the West coast

(Gold coast) of Africa for Portugal– Bartholomeu Dias: first European to sail

around the tip of Africa looking for a route to India in 1488 – he was forced to turn back due to violent storms

– Vasco da Gama: the first European to reach India by sea

– Brings back a cargo of spice, makes a profit of several thousand percent

Prince Henry

Gomes

Dias

Da Gama

– C. Spanish Voyages

– Christopher Columbus finds funding by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

– His voyages led to Portugal and Spain signing the treaty of Tordesillas

– Treaty of Tordesillas – signed by both Spain and Portugal in 1494 that gives a line of demarcation dividing their new territories

– Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail west around the world in 1519 with five ships and 250 men

– Magellan was killed in a fight in the Philippines against the native people but his men continued on

• III. Encounters with Europe, 1450-1500– A. Western Africa– 15th century Portuguese were welcomed

and profited from trade– Africa gave gold Europe gave Asian goods

and firearms– Kongo had few goods to export so they

relied on slave trade– B. Eastern Africa– Ethiopia freely traded with the Portuguese

because of the hatred both had for the Muslims

– Ethiopia did not make long term trade agreement because they refused to give religious loyalty to the Roman pope

– C. Indian Ocean States– Superior ships and firearms helped

Portuguese control Indian ocean trade– Portuguese use their control to require all

spices be carried in Portuguese ships and ships must purchase passports and pay customs!

– Portuguese break Italian monopoly on pepper

– Portuguese captured Swahili city states in 1505, Goa in 1510, Hormuz in 1511, and Macao in 1557 to stamp their dominance on trade

• Best ships on the sea were caravels• They were small, fast, and sturdy• Made with triangle sails it was easier to catch

the wind • Most boats of the time had square sails

making it hard to sail at an angle

– C. The Americas– Spanish built empires in Americas– Arawak people were killed by Spanish and

put into slavery– Spanish believed they were spreading

Catholic religion through Americas.– Hernan Cortez’s impact on Aztecs– Conquistadors = Spanish conquerors of

the Americas– Had incredible success due to guns,

horses, and disease

– Hernan Cortez arrived with 600 men to take on the Aztec empire

– Other Native American groups joined them since they hated the Aztec

– Around 1520 Cortez defeats the Aztec empire

DO NOT WRITE

• Never, perhaps, was an enterprise so great, undertaken with so little regard for its difficulties and dangers. A force of between 600 and 700 men, only thirteen of whom were musketeers, with only ten field pieces, and two or three smaller pieces of cannon, were all the means at Cortez" disposal, to effect the conquest of the then extensive Empire of Mexico, when in 1519, he landed on its shores. Montezuma sent Cortez rich presents, but objected to his visiting the Capital. But Cortez had resolved upon seeing the Emperor in his palace, and was not to be daunted by opposition.

DO NOT WRITE

• Having founded the town of Vera Cruz, and burned his ships, so that his troops could not return, and must therefore conquer or perish, Cortez, with a force reduced to 400 Spaniards on foot and 15 horse, but with a considerable number of Indian followers, lent him by dissatisfied chiefs dependent on Montezuma, marched upon the Capital. Overcoming the Tlascalans, a brave people on the way, who after became his firm allies, and taking fearful vengeance on the city of Cholula, where by Montezuma's orders an attempt was made to massacre his troops, Cortez, on the 8th of November 1519, reached the City of Mexico,

– Francisco Pizarro’s impact on the Incas:– Pizarro took the new Inca emperor

prisoner and killed him although they received lots of gold for ransom

– He then conquered the Inca empire– By 1550 Spain controlled northern Mexico

and the western part of South America

DO NOT WRITE

• After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima (which he called Ciudad de los Reyes, which means "City of the Kings"). Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches.

• Dear Royal Highness,• I am writing to you from Panama. The time is right to

strike the Inca Empire.• The Inca are powerful, their territory stretches more

than 2,500 miles north to south, and 500 miles east to west. But they are weakened by the bitter struggle between the half brothers, Huascar and Atahualpa, who both want to rule. You’ll remember the death of Huayna Capac five years ago divided the empire.

• Also, the Inca have the most power of any Native American nation in the Western Hemisphere. They have made a network of stone roads connecting all the kingdom together, which makes communication swift, and these roads will make traveling for my army easier.

• My plan is to take about 180 men with firearms from here in Panama to Peru. Once there, I plan to take Atahualpa prisoner and make him head of the empire. That would make me the real ruler of the Inca Empire.

• So, King Charles I, that is my plan. I will let you know how it goes.

• Your Humble Servant,• Francisco Pizarro

• Drop in population among the Native Americans caused by forced labor, starvation, and disease– European diseases caused much death to the

native populations who lacked immunity to such diseases, such as smallpox

– Haiti went from a population of 100,000 when Columbus arrived to only 300 by 1570

– Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million to 3 million• Decreased by 30% in the first ten years

following contact with the Europeans– The Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in

1492 to 2 million by 1600

Warm Up1. Two important navigational technologies, the magnetic compass and the

astrolabe,

A. Were invented by Henry the Navigator

B. Were invented by Christopher Columbus

C. Were of Italian origin

D. Were held by an exclusive English patent

E. Were of Chinese and Arab origin

2. What two nations began a maritime revolution that profoundly altered the course of world history?

A. England and France

B. Portugal and Spain

C. Germany and Russia

D. China and Japan

E. Greece and Italy

3. Why did the Portuguese begin to explore?

4. Conquistador means:

5. First Amerindians to come in contact with Spanish:

6. Treaty of Tordesillas divided New World between:

7. First explorer to reach southern tip of Africa:

8. First explorer to reach India by sea: