warm humid climate

WARM HUMID CLIMATE

• A tropical climate is a kind of climate typically in the tropics

• Defined as non-arid climate in which all 12 months have mean temperature above 64.4 °F (18.0 °C)

• Cover the largest area of earth (20% of land surface and 43% of ocean surface) - the home to almost half of the world ’s population

South Florida, The Caribbean, Central Africa, Coastal

India, Southeast Asia, North Queensland, Hawaii,

Central America, or most of Brazil.

CLASSIFICATION

Can be divided into 3 major climatic zones and sub-groups :-

I. Warm-humid equatorial climate• warm-humid island or trade-wind climate

II. Hot-dry desert or semi-desert climate• hot-dry maritime desert climate

III. Composite or monsoon climate (combination of I & II)• tropical upland climate

CLASSIFICATION

Type of Tropical Climate

Warm Humid Island Climate

Hot Dry Maritime Desert

Climate

Tropical Upland Climate

Warm Humid Climate

Hot Dry Desert Climate

Composite or Monsoon Climate

CLASSIFICATION

Sub-Group

Found in a belt near the Equator extending to about 15º North and South

Examples: Malaysia, Jakarta, Singapore, Hawaii, US

WARM HUMID CLIMATE

• Air Temperature• Humidity• Vapour Pressure• Precipitation• Sky Condition• Solar Radiation• Wind • Vegetation

WARM HUMID CLIMATE|ELEMENTS|

AIR TEMPERATURE :

• Air temperature is an objective comparative measure of hot or cold air.• At any point near the ground the air temperature is dependent upon the amount of heat gained or lost at the earth’s surface and any other surfaces with which the air has recently been in contact.• It is measured in fahrenheit or celsius or kelvin. Using dry bulb thermometer.

HUMIDITY :• The relative humidity depends as much on the air temperature as on the actual amount of water vapour present in the air. The following situation is likely to arise, if the air is still at ground at 2 m___________________________________________________________________________• Temperature high lower• Relative humidity low higher• Absolute humidity high lower

• A device used to measure humidity is called psychrometer or hygrometer.

VAPOUR PRESSURE :

• Vapour pressure defined as the pressure exerted by a vapour in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium vapour pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate.

PRECIPITATION :

• Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail.

• It is measured using RAIN GUAGE.

WARM HUMID CLIMATE SINGAPORE

• LOCATION: Lies just north of the Equator near Latitude 1.5 deg N and Longitude 104 deg E.

• TEMPERATURE: Diurnal range: Minimum 23 to 26°C and Maximum 31 to 34°C Extremes: Minimum of 19.4°C and Maximum of 36.0°C

• RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Mean value is 84%, During prolonged heavy rain, relative humidity often reaches 100 %

• VAPOUR PRESSURE: Diurnal pressure variation of 4hPa. Maximum pressure usually occurring at 1100 and 2400 Local Time

and minimum pressure occurring at 0500 and 1700 Local Time. Extreme pressures recorded are 1018.0hPa and 1002.5hPa.

SOLAR RADIATION:

• Since Singapore is near the equator, the length of its day is relatively constant throughout the year, and thus so is the amount of sunshine it receives. •Daily sunshine hours are mainly influenced by the presence or absence of cloud cover. •February and March have the largest number of sunshine hours, while November and December have the lowest

Average monthly sunshine hours.

RAINFALL:

Rainfall is plentiful in Singapore and it rains an average of 178 days

of the year. Much of the rain is heavy and accompanied by thunder. The long-term mean annual rainfall total is 2338.5mm .

Monthly rainfall for Singapore (mm) (1982-2014)

WIND:

•Winds throughout the year show a diurnal variation, with lighter winds during the night and stronger winds during the day.

• The strongest winds occur during the Northeast Monsoon in January and February.

• Winds in Singapore are generally light, with the mean surface wind speed normally less than 2.5 m/s except during the presence of a Northeast Monsoon surge when mean speeds of 10m/s or more have been observed.

Average monthly surface wind speed (m/s).

VEGETATION:

Singapore has very little crop-suitable land but otherwise has abundant plant life. Much of the soil in Singapore is clay, although the origins and processes that formed the clay vary by area.

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Thunderstorms are also a very regular phenomenon, occurring on roughly 40% of all days year-round but particularly common during the Southeast Monsoon.

WARM HUMID CLIMATE JAKARTA

• LOCATION : Jakarta is located in Indonesia at 6.1745°S , 106.822°E .

• TEMPERATURE : 25°C, Wind S at 8 km/h, 78% Humidity.

• RELATIVE HUMIDITY : The average annual relative humidity is 80.6% and average monthly relative humidity ranges from 75% in September to 85% in January.

• VAPOUR PRESSURE : In Jakarta the vapour pressure is 16-17 mbar . In the lowlands the vapour pressure is about 25 mbar at night

SOLAR RADIATION

SUNSHINE HOURS OF JAKARTA

• The longest day of the year is 12:21 long and the shortest day is 11:38 long. The longest day is 0:43 longer than the shortest day.

At midday the sun is on average 74.2° above the horizon at Jakarta, Java

RAINFALL :•The wettest month for Jakarta is January with an average of 98.2mm of precipitation falling while the driest month is September with 26.0mm falling.

WIND :•The annual average wind speed in jakarta is 4-5 knots.

WARM HUMID CLIMATE COLOMBO

• LOCATION: Colombo lies between Tropic of cancer and Equator Latitude 6°54'N and

Longitude 79°51' E.

• TEMPERATURE: Colombo has a mean temperature of 27.4°C. The minimum and maximum temperatures are 17°C and 36°C. • RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Average humidity of Colombo is 80%. Maximum humidity is received during the month of June. • PRECIPITATION: Average precipitation of Colombo is around 2404mm. Its precipitation is high during the month of October of 300mm.

RAINFALL

• Colombo receives its maximum rainfall during October to

January.

• The climate includes north east monsoon and south east

monsoon.

• May is the wettest month.

HUMIDITY

•Humidity of Colombo is high during the months of November and December.•Sometimes it has a humidity of 90% in the month of May.

SOLAR RADIATION

• Colombo receives much radiation during the months of March and April.• During the months of November and December it is always cloudy. So it doesn’t receive any rainfall

WIND

• Colombo receives high wind from Southwest monsoon.• During the month of October, Colombo receives cyclonic winds.

WARM HUMID CLIMATE – CITIES CLIMATE

COMPARISION

SINGAPORE

JAKARTA COLOMBO

WARM HUMID CLIMATE

AIRTEMPERATURE

Min 19.4°C Max 36.0°C

25°C mean 27.4°C. min 17°C and max 36°C

Max 27-32°CMin 21-27°C

HUMIDITY

Mean value is 84%

average annual relative humidity is 80.6%

Average 80%. About 75%But it may vary from 55-100%

VAPOUR PRESSURE

Vapour pressure is 14.5-16 m bar

vapour pressure is 16-17 m bar

Vapour pressure isAbout 13 m bar

vapour pressure is about 15 m bar

FACTORS

SINGAPORE JAKARTA COLOMBO WARM HUMID CLIMATE

PRECIPITATION

mean annual rainfall 2338.5mm

Average of 1982mm rainfall

Average 2404 mm

Annual rainfall from 2000-5000mm

SOLARRADIATION

Max in Feb and March

Much radiation during Feb and march

Much radiation during March and April

Partly reflected and partly scattered by the cloud

WIND

Normally less than 2.5 m/s max is 10.5m/s

Average wind speed is 4-5 knots.

South-west monsoon.

Typically low velocities About 3m/s

FACTORS

BUILDING DESIGN WARM-HUMID CLIMATE

Provide maximum ventilation and free air movement by large openings. Provide maximum shading of direct and diffuse solar radiation.Avoid heat storage.Use reflective outer surfaces.Use ventilated double roofs.Use vegetation to moderate the solar impact

BUILDING DESIGN IN WARM-HUMID ZONES

Most of the buildings in warm humid climate have slanted roofs to protect from rain

BUILDINGS – WARM HUMID CLIMATE

COMPARISON TABLE OF WARM HUMID CLIMATES WITH OTHER CLIMATES

FACTORS WARM HUMID CLIMATE

WARM –HUMID ISLAND CLIMATE

HOT-DRY DESERT CLIMATE

HOT-DRY MARITIME DESERT CLIMATE

COMPOSITE OR MONSOON CLIMATE

TROPICAL UPLAND CLIMATE

LOCATION

Found in belt near the equator extending to about 15 deg N and S

Ex: Singapore, Jakarta

Found within the equatorial belt

Ex: The Caribbeans, The Philippiness

Found in two belts at latitudes between approximately 15 and 30 deg N and S of the Equator

Ex: Alice, Springs

Same latitude belts as the hot-dry desert climate, where as the sea adjoins a large land mass

Ex: Kuwait, Karachi

Found in large land masses near the tropics of Cancer and Capricon

Ex: Lahore,New Delhi

Mountainous regions and plateaux more than 900 to 1200m above sea-level between the two 20 deg C isotherms.

Ex: Addis Ababa, Mexico City

AIR TEMPERATURE

Max: 27-32 deg CMin: 21-27 deg C

Max: 29-32 deg CMin: As low as 18 deg C

Max: 43- 49 deg CMin: 27-32 deg C

Max: About 38 deg CMin: 24-30 deg C

Max: 32-43 deg CMin: 21-27 deg C

Max: 24-30 deg cMin: 10-13 deg C







HUMIDITY

RH remains high, at about 75%Vapour. Pressure: 2500-3000 N/sq.m

RH varies between 55 to 100%Vapour.Pressure: 1750 to 2500 N/sq.m

RH varies from 10 to 55%Vapour .Pressure: 750 to 1500 N/sq.m

RH is steadily high between 50 to 90%Vapour.Pressure: 1500 to 2500 N/sq.m

RH is low throughout the dry periods at 20 to 55%Vapour. Pressure: 2000 to 2500 N/sq.m

RH varies between 45 and 99%Vapour. pressure: 800 -1600 N/sq.m

PRECIPITATION

High throughout the year.Annual Rainfall: 2000-5000 mm per annum

HighAnnual. Rainfall: 1250 to 1800 per annum

Slight and variable throughout the yea.rAnnual Rainfall: 50 to 155mm per annum

Very low Intense and prolonged.Annual Rainfall: 500 to 1300mm per annum

Rarely less than 1000mm.Rain falls in concentrated showers

SKY CONDITIONS

Fairly cloudy throughout the year.Cloud cover varies between 60-90%

Normally clear.Luminance: 1700 to 2500 cd/sq.m



Markedly vary with the seasons.

Normally clear or partly cloud, to the extent of about 40%

SOLAR RADIATION

Partly reflected and partly scattered by the cloud blanket

Strong and mainly direct

Direct and strong during the day

Strong with a higher diffuse component than in desert climates

Alternates between conditions found in the warm-humid and the hot-dry desert climates

Strong and direct during the clear periods







WIND Wind velocities are typically low.Gusts of 30 m/s have been reported

The predominant trade-window blows at a steady 6 to 7m/s and provides relief from heat and humidity

Usually local.Winds are hot, carrying dust and sand – and often develop into dust-storms

Mostly local, costal winds caused by the unequal heating and cooling of land and sea surfaces

Hot and dusty during the dry period.Monsoon winds are fairly strong and steady

Variable, predominantly north-east and south easterlies.Wind velocity rarely exceeds 15m/s

VEGETATION

Grows quickly due to frequent rains.The red or brown laterite soils are poor for agriculture.

Less luxuriant.The soil is often dry with a fairly low water-table

Sparse and difficult to maintain because of the lack of rain and low humidities.The subsoil water-table is very low.

Sparse, not more than some dry grass.The ground and rocks are brown or red

Brown and red barren ground.Risk of soil erosion during monsoons

Green although not very luxuriant during the wet season. The soil may be damp in the rains but dries quickly

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS

High humidity accelerates mould and algal growth

The tropical cyclones or hurricanes with wind velocities from 45 to 70m/s

Dust and Sand-storms may be frequent during certain months.

Dust and sand-storms may occur.The salt laden atmosphere accelerates corrosion

Seasonal changes in RH cause rapid weakening of building materials.Dust and sand-storms may occur

Heavy dew at night.Hail may also occur

REFERENCES:

Koinesberger, Manual of tropical housing and buildingen.wikipedia.orgwww.colomboclimate.comwww.singaporetourism.comwww.jakarta.com/climateGoogle imagesKoppenclassification.org

http://www.colomboclimate.com/

http://www.singaporetourism.com/

http://www.jakarta.com/climate

THANK YOU

warm humid climate

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