WARAY-WARAY MORPHOLOGY:

I. Pronouns

The table below shows the summary of pronouns of Waray-waray.

Nominative Objective PossessiveSingular 1st ʔaku ku akun

2nd ʔikaw mu imu3rd hija nija iya

Plural 1st person (inclusive)

kita natun atun

1st person (exclusive)

kami namun amun

2nd person kamu niyu iyu3rd person hira nira ira

To make a clearer understanding, each pronoun is used in a sentence.

A. Nominative

1. malipajun ʔaku ‘I am happy’2. malipajun ka ‘You are happy’3. malipajun sija ‘S/He is happy’4. maghahamis kita ‘We will clean’5. maglilinis kami ‘We will clean’6. malipajun kamu ‘You are happy’7. malipajun hira ‘They are happy’

B. Objective (Ergative)

1. ginhamisan ku an sulud ‘The room was cleaned by me’*2. ginhamisan mu an sulud ‘The room was cleaned by you’*3. ginhamisan nija an sulud ‘The room was cleaned by him/her’*4. hamisan natun an sulud ‘Let us clean the room’5. ginhamisan namun an sulud ‘The room was cleaned by us’*6. ginhamisan niju an sulud ‘The room was cleaned by you’*7. ginhamisan nira an sulud ‘The room was cleaned by them’*

C. Possessive (Oblique)

1. mahamis an ʔakun sulud ‘My room is clean’2. mahamis an ʔimu sulud ‘Your room is clean’3. mahamis an ʔija sulud ‘His/Her room is clean’4. mahamis an ʔatun sulud ‘Our room is clean’5. mahamis an ʔamun sulud ‘Our room is clean’6. mahamis an ʔiju sulud ‘Your room is clean’7. mahamis an ʔira sulud ‘Their room is clean’

*The sentences are in passive voice to show the objective case of pronouns.

II. Word Formation Strategies

A. affixation

1. prefixing and deletion

The /n/ in the verb prefix pan- is deleted and replaced by a nasal sound when it is followed by the verb which starts with any sounds: /p, b, k, t, d, s/.

a. [p, b] [m]pamatiʔpan-batiʔIMP-greet‘greet’

pamariguʔpan-pariguʔimp-bathe‘bathe’

b. [k] [ŋ]

paŋaʔunpan-kaʔunIMP-eat‘eat’

paŋahujpaŋ-kahujIMP-hew‘hew’

c. [t, d, s] [n]

panaguʔpan-taguʔIMP-hide‘hide’

panalaganpan-dalaganIMP-run‘run’

pa · ‘na · jawpan-sajawIMP-dance‘dance’

d. The /n/ in the verb prefix pan- is deleted and /g/ is replaced if the prefix is followed by the verb that starts with /l/sound.

[l] g + [l]

pagliwanpag-liwanIMP-to put on clothes‘put on clothes’

pagluksupag-luksuIMP-hop‘hop’

2. prefixing

The /n/ in the verb prefix pan- remains /n/ and no changes with any sounds of the verbs which have any initial sounds of /g, h, w/.

a. [g] n + [g]

pangabutpan-gabutIMP-pull out‘pull out’

b. [h,w] n + [h, w]

panhujaŋpan-hujaŋIMP-lean‘lean’

panwadaspan-wadasIMP-shake‘shake’

3. infixation

pinalitp-in-alitp-PST-alitbuy PST‘bought’

4. suffixing

a. ʔapujʔapu-jgrandchild-NSUF

‘grandparent’

b. higdaʔanhigda-ʔanlie on-NSUF‘bed’

c. ʔujasanʔujas-anplay-NSUF‘toy’

B. reduplication

1. partial:

Aside from putting prefix, the present (progressive) and future tense of the verb is formed by repeating the initial syllable of the root word.

a. nagbubunaknag-bu-bunakPRES-initialRED-wash clothes‘wash clothes’

b. maghahamismag-ha-hamisFUT-initialRED-clean‘will clean’

2. full

gawas gawasRED-gawas‘always in and out’

III. Typology:

The Waray-waray language, most of the times, is fusional. Though, it is sometimes identified as isolating and agglutinating. The following data show their distribution.

fusional fusional isolatingʔaku hi hajmi kampaniru

1SG NMK Jaime Campanero‘I am Jaime Campanero’

fusional fusional isolating agglutinatingan ʔakun ʔidad kalim ʔan kag ʔunumDET 1SINGPOSS age fifty linker six‘I am fifty-six years old’

agglutinating fusional fusional isolating fusional isolatingʔigin ʔanak ʔaku ha buŋtu ha General Mc Arthur Eastern SamarPSTPASS BORN 1SINGPOSS NMKR town PREP General Mc. Arthur Eastern Samar‘I was born in General Mc Arthur Eastern Samar’

fusional isolating fusional fusional isolating fusional isolating ʔan ŋaran han ʔakun ʔamaj hi Conrado CampaneroNMKR name NMKR 1SINGPOSS-NMKR father NMKR Conrado Campanero‘The name of my father is Conrado Campenero’

fusional isolating fusional fusional isolating fusional isolating ʔan ŋaran han ʔakun ʔinaj hi Felisa CampaneroNMKR name NMKR 1SINGPOSS-NMKR mother NMKR Felisa Campanero‘The name of my mother is Felisa Campenero’

isolating isolating fusional agglutinating fusional isolatingjana hahani ʔaku naukuj ha NPC Village Tandang Sora Quezon CityADV ADV 1SINGNOM PRES-reside PREP NPC Village Tandang Sora Quezon City‘I am currently residing here in NPC Village Tandang Sora, Quezon City’