war with mexico reviewed

8/10/2019 War With Mexico Reviewed

1/313Publ

icDomain

/http://www.hathitrust.org/acce

ss_

use#pd

The war with Mexico reviewed / By Abiel Abbot Livermore.

Livermore, Abiel Abbot, 1811-1892.

Boston : American peace society, 1850.

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/miun.abt5234.0001.001

Public Domainhttp://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

This work is in the Public Domain, meaning that it is

not subject to copyright. Users are free to copy, use,

and redistribute the wo rk in part or in w hole. It is possible

that current copyright holders, heirs or the estate of

the authors of individual portions of the work, such

as illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over

these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent

use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained

independently of anything we can address.


2/313

OREVIEWED.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


3/313PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


4/313

MIOR E.

S A N D .

T H I E AM ER IC AN P EA CE S O C IE T .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


5/313

o C on g re s s i n t he y e a r 1 5 0 b

RE A . A M. P EA CE S o c .

i c e o t h e Di s tr l ic t C ou r t o M 1 as s ac h us e tt s .

3 7 co RN I I r I L .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


6/313

d consistingo theH on.S ImroN GREEN L EA , L L .D. theRe .WI L IAMJ EN K S , D.D. andtheRe .BARON

u d ge d t o th e f o l lo w in g wo r t h e Pr e mi u m o F I V E

A R o f e re d b t he A me ri c an P ea ce S o c ie t f o r " t h e

e icanWarontheprincipleso C hrist ianit ,

manship.

o c ie t . .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


7/313PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


8/313

gthisRe iewdemandsaword

anation. Theauthorw asabsentin

bene ito hishealthw henthe

e j udges andhedidnotreturn

cethatdatethe leisurew hich

mnumerouspro essiona lduties

c ar e u l r e i s io n o t h e wo r , a n d

menew materia ls procuredat

entb persona lresearchandthe

ds. F orasessiono C ongresshas

sa w asw ritten w hichhascon irmedandde elopedsomeimportantpo ints. H ence

ngitsconclusionsdownto

cowasshort and measuredon

wa r a r e c o mp a ra t i e l i n si g ni i c an t b u t in i t s le s so n s it i s i ns t ru c ti e a n d in i t s e f e c ts

haracterpow er ul. Todraw

i s t he a i m o t h e Am e ri c an P e ac e

h e wo r w hi c h no w g oe s f o r th u n de r

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


9/313

C E.

greatsocia lwrong li e ido latr ,

m u st f a l l in d u e ti m e be o r e

spe l. Todoubtthisresult seems

ceo Peacehascomeinva in

escane entual f rustratethe

re a to r . M e a nw h il e f o r t he j u s ti i c at i on o t h e hu mb l e la b or s o a n i n di i d ua l o r so c ie t

eration it isenoughtosa , that

andb men. Whenw asthe

e r u nh e ed e d o r t he f a i nt e st e f o r t

a lle lw ithhisbene o lentpurposes

thewriterwillbe ampl

epagessha llcontributetosw ellina

deo publicopinioninf a or

enadeeperabhorrencef orthe

bitrationo thesw ord.

S e p te mb er 11 1 4 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


10/313

) o c o

I C I

* F u

~ : ~ ;

* M * H F

i cF 3< r

H

4

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


11/313

T .

ECTCON TIN U ED. 6 6 - 1

O TH IEWAR..... 2-102

O H U MAN L I E....102-114

DTIIEBATT E- IE D....115-122

IE O THEWA R . . . 122-13

AR IT IE . 1. . 3 -15

ON S . .. . .. . 1 5 - 1 1

1 2 -1 7

O T H E W AR A TH O M E. 1 8 - 1 7

O T H E W VA R AR i OA D. .. 1 7 - 1 7

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


12/313

X i

.1 7-1 9

I N V A I ON A N D A N N E X AT IO N . . 20 0 - 20 3

. 20 4 -2 0

O TH EU N ITEDS TATE ..20 -212

S RETRIBUTION .213-21

2 7

R E. 227. -230

E- IDE. .. 231-240

ECAMP......240-245

DTH EGO PE O CH RI T. 245-254

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


13/313

EN T .

ECTCON TIN U ED... 255-25

TH E WA R. 2 5 - 2 9

O R RA R. 2 9 - 27 7

I lE W O R D . 2 7 7- 2 1

2 1 -2 7

VEN T O TIH EWAPr..2 7se .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


14/313

COREVIEWED.

epo lit icsaremerel thoseo moralit enlarged. -B U R iE.

ed u n de r t he l i gh t o t h e Go s pe l a

erregardedasow ingitschie interestto itsro a lgenea logies oritsblood recordo battles.

rstood thatthePro idenceo God

heriseandf a llo nations. Theactorsinthesceneso thepastha ebeentheagentso a higherpow erthanthe themsel esrecogni ed. " Thehoar

e th e ma p o t h e gr a nd m ar c h o h u ma n it . T o dr a w th e m or a l o h i st o r , t h er e o r e b e co m es o

e o f i c e o n a rr a ti n g it s e e n ts . I i t

in g b e a mp l e " i t b ec o me s a q u e s ti o n

nceto learnw hatthee amplesteach

w hatencouragementtohope w hat

f orthepeople . A ndsincethe lighthas

a e n u po n t he d a r c o n u s io n o l u .1

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


15/313

C TION.

andiscernameaninginthemostperple ingpassages andtraceaguidingclew throughlab rinths

' C rete .

mprehensi euse thusbrie l indicated o ci i landpo lit ica lhistor , theA mericanPeace

b ectthe latew arbetw eentheU nited

thecrucibleo aphilosophlica land

riendso peaceha eo tendraw n

rationsinv indicationo the irhol

sandThuc dides orH umeandRobertson butunhappil the ha enow beenpro idedw itha

e r ho me w h os e f i e ld s o b l oo d a re h a rd l

se w ou n ds a r e st i ll g h as t l f i o m wh i ch t h e

internationa lw ar. A ndnow thethundero arti l le r andtheshrie so thew oundedha ingdied

r ep e at a g ai n i n mo u rn u l r ec i ta t i e

arringhumantongue theangel s

arthpeace goodw illtow ardmen.

edule issuedb theS ociet in

w a s a s f o l l o ws : " T h e R e i e w sh o ul d b e

ncetopo litica lparties andpresent

b ectasw illcommenditse l ; w henthe

didre lectionsha llcome tothegood

d ed m e n in e e r p a rt a n d in a l l se c ti o ns

wa r i n i ts o r ig i n i t s pr o gr e ss a n d th e

ilstoa llconcerned shouldbere iew ed

rist ianit ando enlightenedstatesmanship showingespecia ll itsw asteo treasureandhumanli e itsin luenceuponthe interestso moralit and

enc w iththegeniuso ourrepublicaninstitutions asw ellasw iththepreceptso ourre ligion andthespirito theage - itsbearingsimmediateand

opulargo ernmentshereandthroughthe

mightha ebeena o idediwithbetterresultstobothparties- and hatmeansma andshouldbe

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


16/313

3

pre entsimilare ilsinf uture. Ourso le

seo permanentpeace b turning

alw arningsaga instresortstothesword

t in c t pu r po s e a o we d a t th e o ut s et t o

sanargumentforthecauseo peace

ploughshares anditsspearsinto

orthecultureo humaneandC hrist iansentiments. Withoutf o llowingtheabo e-mentionedordero

rc , itw il lthenbethea im botho

inthisEssa , todraw themora l

nn et e en t h ce n tu r a n d to e m pl o i t a s

f u r ni s he d b o u r op p on e nt s t he m se l e s - i p e ac e h a e a n o p po n en t s - t o s ca t te r t he i l lu s io n s o m i li t ar g l or a n d to r e e a l th e i nc a lc u la b le e i l s o

egreatad antagesf ortheaccomplishmento ' thispurpose inthev er recentoccurrence

o luminouspublicdocuments correspondence andspeeches thenumerousmemoirs s etches and

eandear-w itnessesandactorsinthe

a n d in a b le a n d el o u e nt e s sa s f o r a nd

hhla ebeenla idbe orethepublicduringitsprogress. M3ucho thehistor o theblood-sta ined

ndsungb thead ocateso w ar the

thew orld sbo isterouschildhood w ho

estgi tso the irgeniusuponthose

ereread to

ghtertoathrone

nerc onman ind.

metoe aminethesub ecto w arin

sues todecomposeitsglittering

itsconstituente lements andw hile it is

" t o a rr e st t h e f u g i t i e a t te n ti o n o t h e pu b li a n d co n i n e it t o t he s o le m n le s so n s o P r o i d en c e an d

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


17/313

C TION .

w ho s e pe n i s mo e d b p u ls e s f r o m a

eartoquestionan customs usages

relico barbarism accordingtothe

eptso C hrist andthew holespirit

sthesub ect planandpromise

s t h e f u l i l me n t mu s t re s t wi t h H i m

r erw iththehumblesto hiscreaturesforgood.

thisw ar w ew ouldrise assuggestedinthecircularo theS ociet , f a rabo ethetempestuous

c s a n d th e e t r a a g an c es o z e a lo u s

mers. Wew ouldspea , asmenbound

lj ustice andasC hristiansbow ingto

so C hrist astheultimateauthorit

p u bl i c n o t le s s th a n o p r i a t e mo r al s .

thetimesisheadlongultra ism -theultraismo conser atism asw ellasthato radica lism. Impatiento ha l es men" gothew hole " tousethenationa l

q ua li ication ormoderation. Partiesto leratenoneinthe irran s thatw illnotridethependulumo the irpeculiarnotionstotheutmostpo into its

eandf ormo ' socia lprogress de e lopedinourcountr , predisposesustothisf ierce into lerance.

ourdail li e theearnestenterprisethatis bus allo ertheland thatpliese er tooland

helineso cit intercourse poursf orth

s s i m s e e r r i e r a nd l a e a n d ca r ee r s o e r e e r o c ea n i n t he p u rs u it o w e al t h n a tu r al l

ptv er decidedopinionsupone er

deramomentum thateasil throws

ew ouldguardaga instthisw ea ness.

t h e wo r ds o t r ut h a nd s o be r ne s s. H o w e e r s e e r e ma b e o ur j u d gm e nt o t h e la t e co n te s t be t we e n

Me ico itsha llbeacensurewithin

ndre ligion andthere orecommending

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


18/313

P RE DI P O I N G T O TH E W A R. 5

erema beo reasonandre ligionin

rs anda llthemorese erebecause

esaleandindiscriminateabuse but

ernalprincipleso right. Itre uires

sorstra inedposit ions nof anaticappealsorultradoctrines tobrandthew arinq uestionw ith

n a m . F o r i t s o wn h i st o r i s i ts s u f i c i en t e p o su r e. I t s or i gi n c a us e s p u rp o se s a n d re s ul t s

againstit.Tobe abhorredand

uttoberecordedandre iew ed.

P R E DI P O I N G T O T H E W A R WI T H

e n s do n o t th e ir v i s ib l e sp i ri t s

w n to t a me t h es e v i l e o f e n ce s ' T w i ll c o me . ~ * *

er o rc e p re o n it se l ,

he d ee p. - S H A S P E A RE .

asanindependentandso litar e istence. A ll itsfactsma besa id inonesense tobethe

pr e ce d es a n d th e c au s e o a l l th a t f o l l ow s .

muchacha in asanetw or . Itstransactionsdonotobe a law o simplesuccession buto intricatecombination. Thew or ingouto thegreatdesignso

re d b a d i e r si t o a g en c ie s - s o me

rsina lliance. Wecan there ore underritandhistoricall nothingb itse l . Tok now e enone

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


19/313

C E P RE DI P O I N G T O TH E W A R.

ghl , w eneedtok now allnations.

udgment thehistor o man ind

uestdesignationisuni ersal.

strue initsapplicationto the

iew.Tocomprehenditaright

diligentstudentso ' thepastasw ell

e s e s pe c ia l l t h e gr e at q u e st i on s

tioninA merica inthesi teenthand

undertheEnglish orP rotestant and

cf orms andthe irrespecti e issues

enbe ondthethirdandf ourthgeneration thecausesha ebeeninprocesstopredisposeusto

a n d i p r ud e nc e a nd w i sd o m di d n ot

edandtheaggressor toplungeusin

osuddenleap. Thisisnomine

Onbothsides thee lementsha e

t h ro u gh m a n y e a rs f o r t he i s su e s o

thatha emow eddow nran so

eadl bombsthatha ecrashedthrough

n h a e i n m an c a se s b ee n l i n g ru s t a n d

d a s g o ne b ; s o h a e t h e ca u se s t ha t

operationbeenlongaccumulatinginthearsena l sotospea andl ingunused untilthe

siono oneorbothpartieshas summonedthemintoaction.

ause wewouldad erttowhatS ir

ntheB rit ishParliament. " ade elopmento militar ambitionintheUnitedStates " inone

e f e c t o t h e wa r - wi t h Me i c o. T he

istor w il lbeatno losstotracethe

sf ear ulpassion. F orthetimew e

ple w eha ebeennosluggardsinthe

o ldF renchandIndianw arsoccupiedourgreatgrand athers theR e o lutionourgrand

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


20/313


1 1 2 o ur f a t he r s a n d C r ee a n d Ch e ro e e e p a tr i at i on s a n d Bl a c H a w , P a tr i ot S e mr i no l e a n d

irsons. Themartialspirit isa lwa s

gi enthetigertoomuchroomand

heTempleo Peacehasnotremained

al e istence.Thoughmosto

allones thatcircumstancehasnot

ga largeportiono ourcit i ensw ith

t is o n e o o u r ma i m s t h at " i n

ldpreparef orw ar. Thew hole

here isnot probabl , ahouse inthe

longtoaQua eroraN on- resistant

l m us e t o r r i l e . Th e e p e ns e s o

e e n in t im e o p ea ce h a e a l wa s e c ee de d b m an m il li on s t he m a i m um o t he c i i l li st .

e i s ti n g a la r ge p r o e s si o n o m e n

istoha ethe ircountr engaged

er e penditure inthisdirectionisenormousl increased acti eser icecreatesv acanciesandacce leratespromotions andthepri emone o w arisbetter

dustr .

esthoseabo enoted ha econtributedtoaw a enin" Y oungA merica theaspirationf or

a ll iterature w hetherinthef orm

, o r h is t or , a n d wh e th e r im p or t ed o r

thrownthedecisi epreponderanceo

rsca le. R epublicansha ew ished

e u a l to t h e pe r o r ma n ce o a n f e a t

erdared orthatminstrele ersung.

o w ed o n t he f l o or o C o ng r es s b t h e

' thecountr , thatthetimehad

s o m e gr e at t h in g t o l et t h e Ol d

enotthe cowardsorsluggards

upposeustobe. A si itw erenot

l a nd f r o m no r th t o s ou t h t h at t h e

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


21/313

E P RE DI P O I N G T O TH E W A R.

sngtobea leadingpowerintheearth

Brit ishmonarch , inw hichwecerta inl w erenotw orsted w erenotsu f icientwitnessestoour

ingaq uarrelw itharentanddistracted

lcanmanhood asi thegood

g b a n r u p t s t ar i n g w a r - ta e d a n d

Europew eretobepurchasedatthe

edropo humanbloodunrighteousl

ndousagitations thatha esw ept

erthatcontinent thee ampleo

asbeenloudl andcheeringl q uoted

orew orth o thetit leo thebannerrepublic butw hathasbeenq uotedf orim itation f or

s ti i c at i on b t h e ma s se s s tr u gg l in g f o r

hasnotbeenourw ars oursla eries ourinconsistencies butoure ua lrights ourbread

urw ise institutions ourw orld- renow nedenterpriseandindustr andourunri a lledprosperit .

acehassw ollentostil lgreaterinso lencetheprideo countr , a lw a sq uiteacti eenough

ceo thecla imso uni ersa lbrotherhood. TheA nglo - a onsha ebeenapparentl persuaded

hechosenpeople theanointedraceo

edtodri eouttheheathen andplant

onsine er C anaanthe could

a " d e st i n , c o nn e ct e d wi t h th i s

oj u st i y , i n ot t o sa nc ti y , m an a n ac t

tlantic f orw hichbothEnglandand

n a ti o ns c a n be p e rs o ni i e d o u gh t t o

e andw eepsca ldingtearso repentance. Whenthe canproducean Mosaiccommission

i n g o k i n gs t o d i f u s e th e g os p el o

eba onet orthebenignartsand

e d a ge b t h e br u te f o r ce o a n e ar l ie r

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


22/313


timeenoughtoconsiderthe irauthorit . Meanwhile the in uir pressespower ull , a rethese

onmissionariesso immaculate in

e inthe irgreatnationa lideas andso

i r re a li a t io n o t h em t h at t h e h a e

cated" adi ineright tocon uer

G o d s e a rt h A n d wh e n on o n e

t he g u ag e o I r el a nd s w o es a n d

ssionso thef actories co ll ieries ships

d and ontheothershore reca lled

a te d e bt s t h e sl a e r o t h re e m il l io n s

andtheendlesswrongso thenati es

soproudl tread toenumerateno

a lladmit w ithgreatre luctance that

rogenieso theA nglo - a onrace

w i sd o m f i d el i t , o r c on s is t en c , a

appo intedguardiano erthedecrepid

Westernhlemisphere . The ma ,

gh t o m i gh t b u t th a t is f a r f r o m

t. The ma usetheo ldappe.a l

eult imateresorto k ings anda las

b li c s to o b u t so l o ng a s t he h a e n o

n t ha t o c i i l i i n g th e s a a g e a n d

hen the arehe lddownb aneterna lgra itationtothev ulgarle e lo

manandtheSw edec

tsandarms buttherearee enmore

ntheprogresso humanit . H a e

s i t c e nt u ri e s a n d f a i l ed t o l ea r n

thesublimelessonsshewouldteach -

ghteousness greatandhea enl principles

ndsuccess ull presideo ertheprocesseso humanimpro ement It issti l lanunsettled

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


23/313

E P R ED I P O I N G T O T H E W A R .

heC rusades theN ormancon uest orthe

c h Re o l ut i on d i d mo r e e i l o r go o d.

mero adoubtthatthemariner s

printing thesteamboat thera ilroad and

eenministerso goodtoman ind.

ntheC hrist ianlore andthe

w or o thepresentage i w estil l

ambitionandva inglor thathas

o thedead. B utnottodw elllonger

w illcomeupagaininanotherconnection nonecanbeblindtotheprideo raceasoneo the

thehostilitiesin Me ico.

o hashaditse f ect. Hundreds

llthe iro ld-w orldideas unbapti edinto

e ceptitbeaslicense ha ebeentransplantedintothev astregionso theMiddleS tates the

The ha ebeenaccustomedtothe

ope andthe ha esupposedthatthe

eraga ininA merica. F arbe itf rom

nderousspeechaga instouremigrant

w h om h a e s h ow n t he ms e l e s c ap a bl e o

nddischargingtheobligationso

eaddedmuchtothew ealth inte ll igence

radoptedcountr . B utit isw ellk now n

rto theA mericanarm hasconsistedo f ore igners. The ha ebeenw arml commended

readinesstoenlist andespouseour

siasminthecauseo libert , andf ide lit

g e. B u t th e l o e r o p e ac e w il l s ee a t

ir- seeming thedangerouse lemento

uiredduringtheturbulentsceneso the

t ra ns e rr ed f r om t he b an s o t he R hi ne t he

n tothoseo theOhio theMissouri

so theoldwar-encumbered

nd b r o e n i n de e d b u t po s se s si n g an

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


24/313

P R ED I P O I N G T O T H E W A R . 1 1

l i e a r e s e t ou t i n th e r ic h s oi l o

etherthe l i eandbearthe ir

er a n d d i e i s f o r t he f r i en d s o p e ac e

Thegreatv a lle o theWestma

w ar andnothingbutaw ideand

thepaci icprincipleso theGospel

e c t ur e s a n d c o n e r sa t io n c a n pr e e n t ou r

errepublicf rombeingthepro li icseed

d

ance inthe irf ullpower o theschoo lhouseandthechurch a terthef ugit i esthatha egoneinto

e n t im e f o r a r a n d e e l op m en t o

ts.Thetendenciestoph sical

eoruponsomebod , itmatteredlitt le

a ehadtoo littlechec . Thetrue

ensupplantedb as stemo B edouinmora lit inthemindso notaf ew castbe ondthecontro lo ahigh- tonedpublicconscience. Power ulasthe

e d p or t io n s o t h e U n i on h a e b e en i n

a lf orf ieedom andmoralandre ligious

the irsonsha epitchedthetentso

tthetruthcompelsustosa , thatin

ast theC entre thef eudalS outh

therudeWest thegoodprincipleso

o st t h ei r s a o r a n d th e wa h a s be e n

suchresultsasha ebeende eloped

e a rs - t h e An n e a t io n o T e a s a

eredw ar andthedismembermento

causeande f ectho ldtrue inthe

emateria lw orld. Nationsreap

e i n s ob e r f a c t b e en e d uc a ti n g

derabletimef orj ustsuchissuesasha e

e. Ourtreatmentbotho theredman

shabituatedusto" f ee lourpow er

arsenoughha ebeenw agedtok eep

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


25/313

E P RE DI P O I N G T O TH E W A R.

r f o u rt h -o - u l o r at o r h a s in s er t ed

he d e ad l v i r us o w a rl i e p a ss i on . T he

theemigrantsw hoha ebattledw ith

g e f o r t h ei r d om a in s a n d wh o h a e

dingasthe hadli tedupa esuponthe

asbeenbuttooread , underthepromptings

i e m en t t o c on u e r ar m ie s a s we l l as

ow upcapita lsw ithaslitt lecompunction

andS outhha eman nobleand

racter butatruef iiendo e itherw ill

especti e l bew areo Warand

utionsandcustomsatvariancew ithf ree

anreligion.

also isaleadingcharacteristico

mingouto thestraitenedlimits

w herehumanbeingsseemtobeh drostaticall compressedw ithinthesmallestpossible limits

tiateatlargeupontheboundlesssa annahso anunappropria tedsoil. A v ast inde inite bute erhauntingambition se i esthenew comer. Theph sica l

ensanaspiringimagination. Territor becomesinw o entoa ll ideaso persona lornationa l

manownshisroodorhistow nship

simpleo nature anda lmoste er

mptstotil lmorethanisj usti iedb

ma pro etruenationa ll , notless

ncessantgraspinga termoreterritor hascharacteri edourpastpo lic . ThegodTerminusisanun now ndeit inA merica . L i ethehunger

f i ct io n t he c r h as b ee n " 5 M or e m or e

w emustcon essthatweha eactuall

heuseso ci i l i a t iononl a minor

on s w e oc c up . W e h a e s t r u c t h e

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


26/313

O TH EWAR. 13

f arf rombeingcontentw iththe immense

M ou n ta i ns a n d th e g re a t Va l le o t h e

andthato theC o lumbiaonthe

edagainsttheboundarieso natureand

nd l i e J e e be l h a e c o e t e dt he ir

o t h e la s t f e w y e a rs h a s wi e ld e d a

thee lo uentspecia lpleadingo

ns andthesel -decei ingj usti ications

cusesha ebeendisco eredf orthis

sw allow in statesandpro inces

e in s ti t ut i on s t h e bl e ss i ng s o c i i l a nd

thee tensiono ourindustrialand

as w eha ethusdisco eredopiates

henthe w ereuneas , andtonicsto

nw henitw asha lt ing. U nderthe

o r t er r it o r , h o we e r a c u i re d w e

nahotandun usti iable in asion

p e ac e h a e e t o rt e d f r i o m ou r n ei g hb o rs m o r e t ha n l ha l a m i ll i on o s u a re m i le s o l a nd

antictothePaci ic acrossthebreadth

ncontinent.

O TIlEWAR. lief indshisf ellowguilt o as in otcoloredli ehisown andha ingpower ' el o: rcethewrong f orsuc haworth t ause

h i m as h i s la w u l p re . - C o wP E R.

uatepublicmenand politicalparties arenotalwa ; openl a owed. Therearesecretso

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


27/313

O TI V E O T H 1 E W A R.

o republicanaswellasdespotic

hnoto thesamenumberore tent.

nethelineo nationalpolic , can

e r re d t h ou g h th e i n e r en c e ma b e

probabil it . Importantdocuments w hichwouldnodoubtthrow greatlightuponinternationala f a irs areburiedinthearchi eso state anda

ationb theplea moreorless

mbarrassthepublicser ice . Weare

mewhatinthedar inreasoninguponthe

t h o u gh o a v e r r e ce n t da t e a n d w e ca n

usionsonl areasonablemeasure

notanirresist iblemathematica lcerta int .

ratedinthelastchapter were

w a r b u t o t h em s el e s t h e w ou l d

tunhapp result. Hencew eloo f or

dpotente lement. Weareread to

paci icsettlemento theOregon

edthew arspirit intoanew channel somethingtothedesireo gi ingeclattoanew administration , somethingtothev aste pansiono ci i landmilitar

w ar somethingtothe interested

aimantsandthe irf riends something

e anscrip somethingtoawidespreadsuspicionandaq uic j ea lous o Europeaninter erence inthea f a irso thiscontinent butw efee lcon ident

mnandincontro ertibletruth

iscerninsla er themain-springto

adthe ideao e tendingthe

so theSouth andthepolit icalpow er

b e en e n ti r el e c l ud e d f r o m t he q u e st i on n o t a sh o t wo u ld e e r h a e b e en f i r ed .

harecordonthispointasw ill

t y e a rs h e nc e w h en t h e pl a nn e rs a n d

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


28/313

O TH EWAR. 15

a epassedo f thestage. F or

mingourstatements w esha llta ethe

ublishedandauthenticdocuments w ithoutre erencetoparties. Weshallthusbe leddirectl to

dabo e.

o r ec o un t t he d e ta i ls o t h e an n e a t i o n o T e a s t o th e U n i t ed S t a te s a s o ur a i m is n o t a hi s to r s o m uc h a s a re i e w o a n i mp o rt a nt p o rt i on o h i st o r ,

Th a t e e n t h o we e r w as r e ga r de d b l l Me i c o as a n a ct o w a r in i t se l ; , a n d wa s n o d ou b t

auses notwithstandinga lldisclaimers thatledtotheactua lcommencemento hostil it ies f or

erw ouldha ead ancedeithertothe

ande haditnotbeenf ortheostensiblepurposeo ' protectingournew l -ac uireddomains.

e ationwasde ised -asopenl

t s st a un c he s t ad o c at e s t o g i e

nstitutionso theSouth. Theclear

t h at s l a e r a n d th e w ar w i th M e i c o ha e h a d a ca u se - an d -e f e c t co n ne c ti o n. H a d s l a e r

therew ouldha ebeennoanne ation andhadtherebeennoanne ation therew ouldha e

ndisputethesepropositions w hen

th ull w e ighedthefo llow ingdeclarationso someo the leadingpo lit icianso theda ? The

grandi ementw asearl broachedand

tthecrediblew itnessesgi ethe irtestimon .

ero theV irginiaC on ention

d in t h at b o d : " N o t h i ng i s m or e f l u ct u at i ng t h an t h e v a l u e o s l a e s . A la t e la w o L o u is i an a r ed u ce d t he i r v a l u et w en t - i e p e r ce n t in t w o ho u rs a t e r it s

itshouldbeourlo t asItrustit

a s t h ei r p r ic e w il l r is e . *

d .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


29/313

M OT IV E O T H E W AR .

rmembero thesamecon ention

n " thattheac uisitiono Te as

heva lueo thepropert inq uestion. *

egisla tureo V irginia in1 32 t

a e s f e l l tw e nt - i e p e r ce n t wi t hi n t wo

asrece i edo thenon- importation

theL egisla tureo L ouisiana. Yet

sitiono Te asw ouldra isetheirprice

as t .

opinionsintheS enateo the

ar l a s M a 2 3 1 3 ; " t h er e w er e p ow e r u l r ea s on s w h T e a s s ho u ld b e a p ar t o t h is U n i o n .

wningasla epopulationweredeepl interestedinpre entingthatcountr f romha ingthe

andthena igatingandmanu acturinginterestso theNorth w eree ua ll interestedinma ing

. +

la e- tradehadf ear ull increased

w ereconstantl a rri ingatHa ana

t h e w r et c he d s on s o A r i ca w h o ha d

ti eso il andtransportedacrossthe

umanshape. P residentH oustonsa id

theCongresso theRepublico

notunconnectedwiththena alf orceo

e c t o t h e A r i ca n s la e - tr a de . I t

hatthousandso A ricansha elate l

do C uba w ithadrsi f gntotrans era largeportionqf thermintothisrepublic. TheB rit ish

suppressiono thesla e- trade w ho

tothetreat o 1 17w ithSpa in

e n s la e - e s se l s ar r i e d i n H a a n a

ee in 1 3 4 f i t i n1 3 , a n di n1 3 5 t h at

dngpage.

n 1 3 2.

dS ession. C ongressiona lGlobe pp. 4 5.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


30/313

O TH EWAR. 17

ousandnegroesmustha ebeenlanded

te d t ha t i n 1 3 7 a nd 1 3 , n o l e ss t h an

negroeshadbeenimportedf romA rica

ccountsratethenumberstil lh igher.

b ad o es w a s co n i c te d o s e nd i ng f r e e

et andse llingthem. TheA lban

ntionsthecaseo onemanw hosentten

orthepurchaseo humanbeings.

nitedS tateshadapalpablemoti etoe posethisin amoustra f ic andsee toe tinguishit

row nsla es. *

ationwasnotsu f eredtosleep but

w ascherishedandde elopedb itsz ea lousanduntiringf riends. Thegreatend too w hichit

bs e r e w a s k e p t di s ti n ct l i n v i e w .

ar o S t a te w r ot e t o W. S . M ur p h ,

o t h e U n i t e d S t a t es i n T e a s i n a l e t te r

g. 8 , 1 4 3 a s f o l l o ws " T h e es t ab l is h me n t i n t he v e r m i ds t o o u r sl a e - ho l di n g S t a t es o a n

nt f orbiddingthee istenceo sla er , andb apeoplebornf orthemostpartamongus reared

preadingourlanguage couldnotf a il

pp e f ectsuponbothparties. I

ition herterritor woulda f orda

h e f u g i t i e s l a e s o L o u is i an a a nd A r a n sa s a n d wo u ld h o ld o u t to t h em a n e nc o ur a ge me n t to r u n

a lregulationso thoseStatescould

dbe a lthiscountr moretobedeploredthantheestablishmento apredominantB rit ishin4uence andtheabo lit iono domesticsla er inTe as. t

o r th e Pe op le p p. 6 9 , 7 0.

e s s i on S e n at e 3 4 1 p p . 21 2 2 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


31/313

M I OT IV E O T H E W AR .

b ectw asrenew ed liesa id: - there

attherew illbean di f erenceo

e-holdingStates andthere isa large

-ho ldingStates w ithv iew ssu f icientl l ibera ltoembraceapo lic abso lute l necessar to

so u th a l th o ug h i n s om e r es p ec t s o b e c ti o na b le t o t he m se l e s . *

, J a n. 1 , 1 4 4 " i T e a s

otheU nitedStates shecannotmainta inthatinstitutionteny ears andprobabl notha l that

M r. U p s h u r S e p t. 2 3 d " S a i n g

hcano f ende enourf anatica lbrethreno theN orth le ttheUnitedS tatesespouseatoncethe

t ic a l an d r el i gi o us l i be r t ( ? i n t hi s h em i sp h er e t h is w i ll b e f o u nd t o b e th e s a e s t is s ue t o g o be o r e

e w ro te o n S e pt . 24 th " T h e

s~ securestotheMaster theperpetual

prohibitsthe introductiono sla es

otherquarterthantheUnitedS tates.

a t e s pr e se r e s a nd s e cu r es t o T e a s t h e

titution andpresentf ormo Go ernment thenw eha egainedallw ecandesire anda lsoa ll

is h es .

nthesideo theconstitutionand

l po litica landreligiouslibertieso the

st S e s si on S e n a te 3 41 p . 2 . t I bi d. p .4 .

a w us o T e a s . " T h e L e g i sl a tu r e sh a ll h a e n o

theemancipationo sla es w ithouttheconsent

w ithoutpa ingtheirow nerspre iousl tosuch

e u i a l en t i n mo n e f o r t he s l a e s s o em a nc i pa t ed "

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


32/313

O TH EWAR. 1

( sa ingnothingabouta o lit ion and

ou. *

o . 2 1 1 4 3 i n a l e t te r t o 1M r . 3M u rp h , " w e r eg a rd i t ( a n ne a t io n a s i n o l i n g th e s ec u ri t

th e s tr e ng t h an d p ro s pe r it o e e r p a rt

o t e b c h ap t er a n d v e r s e f r o m t he

t h e ti m e m a n p a ss a ge s o a s i mi l ar

unhassa idt" Ima now right ull andindisputabl cla imtobetheauthoro thatgreat

a t io n , l e t us l o o a t h is d e cl a ra t io n s on t h is

Pa enham theB rit ishMinister

It isw ithstilldeeperconcernthePresidentregardsthea ow alo L ordA berdeeno thedesire

sla er abo lishedinTe as. +

w ro t e to M r . Gr e en c h ar g e d a f a i re s

possible f ortheUnitedS tatestow itnessw ithindi f erencethee f ortso GreatB rita intoabo lish

A nne ation thenundernegotia tion hew rotetotheB ritishMinister onthe27th that

inordertopreser edomesticinstitutions placedundertheguarant o the ir( U nitedStates

e s s i on S e n at e 3 4 1 p p . 2 3 2 4 .

e n at e F e b . 24 1 4 7 p . 3 .

e s si o n S e n at e 3 4 1 p . 5 0 .

thise tremesensit i eness inhisspeech

at o A nn e a ti on M a 1 , 1 a nd 2 0 1 4 4.

al I n te l li e n ce r A M a 3 0 1 4 4 . " G r ea t B ri t ai n

andthataw ish- tosee-sla er abo lishedin

esallthe meanswhichshemeanstouse and

it isacceptable.

ectacle inthenineteenthcentur , tobehold

warw ithMe ico becauseGreatB rita inw ishes-

l a e r i n T e a s .

st S e s si on S e n a te 3 41 p p. 5 4 6 6 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


33/313

O T I VE O T H E W A R .

econstitutions anddeemedessentialto

p er i t . *

e n at e F e b . 24 1 4 7 h e s a i d

e n a t th a t ea r l p e r i od I s a w th a t th e

sintothisU nion w ouldbe indispensablebothtohersa et andours. Isaw thatitwasimpossiblethatshecouldstandasanindependentpowerbetween

houtbecomingthesceneo intrigueo

edestructi eo thepeaceandsecurit

urse l es. Isaw more: Isaw thebearingo thesla eq uestionatthatearl stage andthatit

entinthehandso a f ore ignPow er o stri ingablow atus andthattw oconterminous

iescouldnotco-e istw ithoutone

tuctiono theother. t

e April 1 44 re ectstheideathat

e r o e r t he w h ol e v a s t r e gi o n o

db theS outhernS tates.Itsa s

in someo thepaperso theUnited

e ationo Te asistobeameasuree f ectedb acompromise acondit ionbeingthattheTerritor

i d ed i n to t h re e S t a t es i n o ne o w h ic h

tedwhile it istobeprohibitedinthe

in , mustha eoriginatedf rom

rw a rd s c on e s se d b s o me o t h e ch i e a c to r s in

e r us e g o t up f o r t he s a e o e f e c t a n d wi t ho u t an s u bs t an t ia l f o u nd a ti o n in f a c ts . S e e G e n. S a mu e l H o u st o n s

h e su b e c t p u bl i sh e d in 1 4 a n d hi s s pe e ch i n

, 1 4 7 C o ng r es s . Gl o be 2 t h C on g re s s 2 d S e s si o n.

r on g wa s t he j e a lo u s o f o r ei g n in t er e r en c e

r. Choateusedthislanguageinhisspeechinthe

o A nn e a ti on M a 2 2 1 4 4 " S i r b es id es

glandw ill b treat orin luence induce

rsla es -besidesthis thereisnote enthe

o r t h i s wa r ( b t h e se p ar a ti o n o T e a s f r o m

riend. Thisapprehensionisa ll.

.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


34/313

O TH EWAR. 21

ources andthemeasureproposedw ould

betterca lculatedtode eatthantosecure

e c t o a n ne a t io n . It m i gh t s at i s y

uddispleasetheS outhinthesame

w e f e e l c o n i d en t n e e r r ec e i e t h e

t a te s .

othedeepinterestta enb

t he m e as u re o a n ne a t io n a s d es t in e d to e n la r ge n o t " t h e a re a o f r e ed o m " b u t o s l a e r ,

mthediscussionsbothinandouto

o f e r ed t o t he S e n at e f o r c o n i r ma t io n b P r es i de n t T l e r . I n h is M e ss a ge o A p ri l 2 2 1 4 4

time theS outhernandtheSouthWesternStatesw illf ind inthef acto anne ation protectionandsecurit to the irpeaceandtran uil l it , asw ell

o re igne f ortstodisturbthem. *

t h e sa me v i e w i n h is s p ee c h in t h e

1 4 4 r e po r te d i n th e N a t i on a l In t el l ig e nc e r

n g o t h e A r i ca n r ac e h e s a i d: " T h a t

dStatescannotbediminished but

i w e sh a ll a n ne T e a s i t w il l

a l e t o l et o f t h e s up e ra b un d an t s la e

gus andw ill a t- thesametime impro ethe ircondit ion the w illbemorehapp , andw e

ti y oupenthemupw ithinour

ecomeso thef reenegroes andw hat

na a s e d i n th e S e n a te t J u n e 8 ,

o k e e pi n g op e n a dr a in f o r s la e

o l e n o a d a n ta g e to t h e sl a e h o ld i ng

thehighestad antage. B utitwasnot

st S e s si on S e n a te 3 41 p . 6 .

ession A ppendi toC ongressiona lGlobe

6 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


35/313

M O TI V E O T H E t V A R.

antage nordidittendtothee tension

luence inthego ernment.

o r f r o m T en n es s ee w as f i a n a n d op e n

medebate: " Itcannotbedenied S ir

ssentia ll S outherninitscharacter

en d ed i i t s po l ic i s h er e a t e r f a i t h u l l

theSouthandtheSouthWest bothat

inthemorepeace ulandsecureen o mento certa inpropert , guarantiedtothe inhabitants

e U n i on b t h e so l em n s an c ti o ns o t h e

a , 1 44 a owed that" S la er

l a e r , f o r m th e c on t ro l li n g co n si d er a ti o ns u r ge d i n f a o r o t h e tr e at ( o a n ne a t io n , b t h os e

dinits negotiations.

uthC aro lina ina speechatB a lt imore

l z i t e l ii g en c er O c t. 3 1 1 4 4 s a s :

sired f obrthepurposeo susta iningand

n o s l a e r , - a m o ti e b w h ic h h e

Theinstitutiono sla er w asone

e l t o u s o t h e S o u th i t e wa s o ur

w e we r e to t a e c a re o i t f o r o ur s el e s w i th o ut a n e t r an e ou s i nt e r e r en c e a n d li e w ou l d

suchinter erence. B utw henhe

rr i to r w i th a v i e w a n d f o b r t he p u rp o se o e t e nd i ng s l a e r b e o n d it s p ro p er l i mi t s t h e ca s e

hangedourposit ionf iomthede ensi etotheaggressi e . Werewe w hoboasto ourf ree

blac f lagandgotowarw ithasister

h e in s ti t ut i on o s l a e r ? "

eenin Post April 1 44 too asimilar

c t i n a n ar t ic l e on t h e Tr e at : " I t i s

esentstothepeopleo theUniona

andw hichthe cannota o id. This

oit iono sla er intheSo-uthern

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


36/313

O TH EWAR. 23

northeTerritorieso theU nion but

ntshallde ote itsw holeenergiesto

er ; w hethera llthesisterrepublics

hdesiretoabolishsla er , aretobe

hesupporto thisinstitution.

rtoMIr. Pa enham A pril1 ,

es i n to a l a bo r ed d e e n ce o s l a e r ;

hethertheF reeStatesha edone

claresthatTe asistobeanne ed

ro itsbeingabolishedinthe

ndf ina ll declares: " Thatw hatisca lled

apo lit ica linstitution essentia lto the

n d p r os p er i t o t h os e S t a t e s o t h e U n i o n in

bothAmericanandMe ican

t o a n ne a t io n h o we e r t he m i gh t

sandmodes.

te r o F o r e i gn R e la t io n s in M e i c o w r ot e t o 2M r . Gr e en c h ar g e d a f a i re s t o th e U n i t ed

1 4 4 : t " B u t w he n i n o rd e r to s u st a in

a o i d it s d is a pp e ar a nc e f r o m T e a s a nd

course ishadtothearbitrar acto

o a n i nt e gr a l pa r t o h e r po s se s si o ns a s

f icaciousremed topre entw hatTMr.

eo us e e n t ' i M e i c o sh o ul d b e

erencetothepresentpo lic o the

nitedS tates thereproachandthecensureo nationsoughttobeherrebward.

usl sa id onthe23do thesame

u s t i y t h is A M e i c an i n e r en c e: } " T h e

ct e d to s t at e t o th e M ie i c a G o * 2 t h C on g re s s 1 t S e s si o n S e n at e 3 4 1 p . 5 3.

o u s e o R e pr e se n ta t i e s E . D o e. 2 p . 5 4.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


37/313

M O TI V E O T H E W A R .

T r ea t o A n ne a t io n w as f o r ce d

t h e U n i te d S t a t es i n s el - d e e n ce

e po l ic a d op t ed b G r ea t Br i ta i n i n

ono sla er inTe as. Itw asimpossible f ortheUnitedS tatestowitnessw ithindi f erence

tB ritaintoabo lishsla er inthatterritor . The couldnotbutseethatshehadthemeansinher

ndit iono Te as toaccomplishthe

, u n l e ss p r e e n te d b t h e mo s t e f i c ie n t

i accomplished itw ouldleadtoastate

thee tremetothead acentS tates and

edb Mr.S hannon American

n a l et t er t o S . R e o n t h e Me i c an

1 4 4: " I t ( a n ne a ti on h as b ee n a

longcherishedanddeemedindispensable

t es ) s a e t a n d we l a r e a n d h a s a c c o rd i ng l , b e en a n o b e c t st e ad i l p u rs u ed b a l l pa r ti e s a n d

territor madethesub ecto negotia tionb a lmoste er administrationf orthe lasttwent

betracedtothebelie , genera ll

asw asembracedinthecessiono

e t o t he U n i t e d S t a t es i n 1 0 3 a n d w a s

d b t h e T r ea t o F l o ri d a i n 1 1 ;

t thata largeportiono theterritor

he J f l ississippi andisindispensableto

tantandimportantf rontier. Theha ard

c uponimportantpo ints betweenthe

o the leadingEuropeanpow ers since

as hasrenderedtheac uisitionstill

a et andw el are andaccordingl , hasincreasedinproportionthenecessit o ac uiringit.

d S e s si o n H o u se o R e pr e se n ta t i e s E . D o c.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


38/313

O TH EWAR. 25

ationwaslostinthe S enate b a

b u t wh e n i n 1 4 5 t h e mo d e o a n ne a t io n b J o i nt R es o lu t io n o t h e S e n at e a nd t h e hI o us e o R e pr e se n ta t i e s w as u n de r d eb a te a o wa l s e u a ll b o ld w er e

e r v i e ws o i t s wa r me s t f r i e n ds . I

t d e on l a f e w o t h e mo s t e p l ic i t

o u th C ar o li n a m e mb e r o t h e H o u se o

uired duringthediscussion: * " Would

onsenttodi ideTe asintotwoS tates:

d on e n ot - s l a e r t o b e ad m it t ed i n to

otheS outh w hile f ree laborw ascon inedtotheportionw hichborderedonMe ico . Wouldan

s Wouldhecuto f hisow n

heenergieso thesla e-holdingcommunit ? I an S outhernmanassentedtosuchaproposit ion

o l or a k n a e : a f o o l n o t to p e rc e i e

a e i p e rc e i i n g it h e d id n o t re s is t

r l a n d s a id i n t he S e n at e :t " T h e

thecountr isendangered andi

ow f o r r ea s on s s uc h a s th e se t h in y o u

ow nq uietl underit Willthe

togoadandw aruponthesensit i e

A ndtow hatmustitsassaultsine itabl lead Wearenow inaminorit inbothhouseso

f act onthisq uestion. R estorethe

da llw il lbesa e. TheSouthdoes

achupontheNorth noonedreads

w eneedpow ertode endandprotectourse l es. Ithasgrow nintoama im thatthebest

stobepreparedf orw ar. Thebest

thistobeabletoprotectherse l . The

gressionalGlobe 2 thC ongress 2dS ession

p. 233.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


39/313

E M I OT IV E O T H E W A R.

restored abo lit ionistsw ouldthenlet

ngagitationwoulddie itsnatural

ns sir Iamw arrantedinsa ing

o p r es e r i n #g d o me s ti c t ra n u i ll i t , , w e

a n sa s s a id i n t he s a me d e ba t e in t h e

T e a s s ho u ld n o t be a d mi t te d t h e

tbedepoptulated. Itmightbetrue that

asw ouldchangethe loca lposit iono '

butthatwasamatterv er immaterial becausethe irrelationtotheUnionandtothego ernmentw ouldstil lcontinuethesame. A llthecottonra ised

bera isedw ithinourow ncountr , and

amef ee lingsandinterestsw ithourse l es.

o u is i an a m a de t h es e r em a r s : f " T h e

posed inandouto C ongress onthe

etuatesla er , andaddtothe

heSouthernStates. S uchanopposit ion proceedingf romsuchsources f orsuchpurposes

l o n h is m i nd i n f a o r o a n ne a t io n .

thehonorinparttorepresentw asa: 3

esla eq uestionasan otherinthe

esupposedthathecouldlistenw itb

attac s madeontherightso propert

pposeameasureca lculated inhisopinion

andtopromotethepermanenit

t h e na t io n "

ono Ala 23 1 45 q uotedwithi

anA merican w hohadlate l been

ngratulatedtheeditorsonthesuccess

ngressiona lGlobe 2 thC ongress 2dS ession

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


40/313

O TH EWAR. 27

a s g i i n g th e S o u t h so n a ti o na l a g ua r an t

theabolit ionists.

s th e -A nn e a ti on o T e a s in o l e d us i n

e ighbors orN w asapre lim inar toopen

stitutiono sla er inourcountr implicatedinthesameunhapp results. F orthatthe latterw as

e f e c t th e f o r m e r i s e p l ic i tl s t at e d

rations w hichw emightmultipl

notnow pronouncinguponthef itness

aconnection butw esimpl state itas

n ti a te d b t h e be s t au t ho r it . T o h a e

stor , inchaptersontheantecedent

so theMe icanWar w ouldbe to

nother asabsurdas" actingthepla

e pa r t o H a m l e t om i tt e d.

estionhasnotonl beenaccessor to thew arthroughanne ation butita lsoacteddirectl

heranceo itsow nulteriorpurposes.

orth w itnessestothestand.

ea sthus:* " Besides e er

c o a c ud e e r d o ll a r sp e nt t h er e

tiono territor , w hichmustw iden

ernenterpriseandpow erinthef uture

lbetoread ustthew holeba lanceo

c s o a s to g i e u s c on t ro l o e r t he

ernmentina llt imetocome. I the

e l es theda o ourdepressionis

e r .

uponabill introducedb Mr.

t no t p as s ed t h at s l a e r s h ou l d be e c l ud e d f i o m t he t e rr i to r t h at m i gh t b e ac u i re d f r o m lM e i c o M I r. H i i l l ia r d o A l ab a ma s a id : t " T h a t ge n tl e me n

chshouldgo ernthemhere i

p . 1 24 . t I b id . p .1 2 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


41/313


42/313

O TH EWAR. 2

hecountr ; nothingbutsla e labor

l t h at r e gi o n o c o un t r . I h a e n o

eWestwill resisttothedeath.

edissol edonthatq uestion.

issippi demandedintheH ouseo

b . 4 1 4 7 : " A n d ar e w et o t el l a

a D a i s a Y e l l a P ri ce a P il lo w a nd a

th e rn g e nt l em e n o f i c er s a n d so l di e rs w h o

unteered andshedthe irblood anddissipatedthe irtreasure w horepresentmill ionso sla eho lders

o r t h at m a b e a c u i re d h as b e en p u rc h as e d at s o f e a r u l a c os t t h e ; o r t he i r wi e s o r t he i r

ends orre lati es sha llnotgouponthe

people it andcult i a te it andbuild

e s a nd t h ei r c l i l dr e n N o s i r t h e

o u t h e S o u th w i ll h a e h e r ri g ht s

atemainta ined inli emanner

derstocarr the irsla es andho ldthe ir

r ie s c on u e re d f r o m M e i c o: - " T h e ca s e o o u r re c en t l - a c u i re d t er r it o r f r o m Me i c o

e m ar e d . Th e e e n ts c o nn e ct e d wi t h

wellk now ntore uirea longnarrati e . Itw asw onb arms andagreatsacri iceo men

th i n t he c o nt e st p e r o r me d h er f u l l

t , a n d ea r ne d a f u l l s h ar e o m i li t ar

h e r f u l l s h ar e o b l oo d f r e e l , a n d

sh a re o t h e e p e n s e h a s e i n c e d a

nd b ra e r , a nd i I w er e to s a e e n

reo both I w ouldnotgobe ondthe

how e er tonosuperiorit ine ither

talcircumstances w hichga ebothits

. 6 , 7 .

J u ne 2 7 1 4 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


43/313

O T I VE O T H E W A R .

morefa orableopportunitiesf orthe ir

ne t h ei r d ut n o bl a n d hi g h co u ra g e

ommonattributeso ourpeople .

sttocloseaterritor thusw on

n d le a e i t o pe n e c l us i e l t o t he

r e t h e na me o f r e e so i l i o n e ha l

bee cludedandtheotherha l should

t w as w o n b t h e j o i n t e p e ns e a nd

a l l I s t h e g re a t la w t o be r e e r se d - t h a t

ul d be e u al l e n o e d b a ll "

er a bl w as i t a rg u ed b M r . Di o

e na te F e b . 2 , 1 4 : * " W he n th e wa r

enced w ew erechargedw iththe intentiono ac uiringterritor w ithav iew tocarr ingsla es

enied. Werepelledthe imputationasdo ingin usticetoourmoti es. Y et inthev er

hago ernmentf orthatterritor ,

thepurpose iscon essed. Whether

mentw asawareo thisimputation I

henegotiationw ithMr. Trist the

swishedustostipulatenotto carr

or w hichwasproposedtobeceded.t

w hom w eha ebeenaccustomedto

p. 11.

tatessha llcompromisethemsel esnotto

p a rt o t h e te r ri t or w hi c h th e m a a c u i re b

narieso theMe icanC oml7a issioners A ug. 24

r. B uchanan S ept. 4th mentionsthatthis

n thatthecommissionersassuredhimthat

tepeopleo theUnitedS tatestopartw itha

r inorderthatthe In uisit ionshouldbeestablishedinit theproposa lw ouldnotawa engreaterabhorrencethan

icob theprospectthatsla er w ouldbe introducedinan territor partedw ithb her thatheassuredthem

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


44/313

O TH EWVAR. 31

e d v a n u is he d in t he f i e l d d ri e n f r o m

dtoma epeacew ithusa lmostonour

edtocedeaportiono the irterritor ,

s l a e r i n to i t . S i r I a s h o w

ethew orld l ibera landenlightenedas

man indtheprincipleo humanlibert asoneo the ina lienablerightso ourrace i w ew ere

ties "

statementso C a lhoun andothers

at t h e S o u th w o ul d n ei t he r h a e e m ba r e d

canw ar hadthe supposedthatthe

ecomef reeterritoriesandstates. A s

a n d no t a h is t or o t h e wa r i t i s su f i c ie n t. t o g i e a s p ec i me n o t h e la r ge a m ou n t o d o cu me n ta r e i d en c e e i s ti n g up o n th i s su b e c t.

ore shoc ingasthestatementis

ati e landasw edo w hilew erecord

paramountcauseandmoti eo the

thoutdoubtorcontro ers , w asterritoria laggrandi ement underthedominiono domestic

na lsla e- trade. Thiscause f irstad ocatedb a f ew anda terw ardsentanglingthenation

o T e a s f r o mM e i co a nd a nn e e d it

Thiscausecarriedthesw ordinits

omPaloA ltotoB uenaV ista andf rom

o ' M e i c o. Wa r h as i n f o r me r

o i t s c a pt i e s b u t i t r e s e r e d t o th i s

h e wo r ld i t s ch i e e p l oi t o s e e i n g to

r w it h t he m p ro b ab l o n s la e r c o ns i de r ed i n i t- e l ) b u t th a t th e h a d er r on e ou s i mp r es s io n s o s l a e r a s i t e i s te d n t h e U n i te d S t a t e s a n d th a t he c o ul d n ot a c ce p t th e n ew t e rr i to r o n

w ase cluded noti itsv a luew ere increased

i n a cd d it i on l t o th a t c o e r ed a f o o t th i c a l l o e r z w i t h p ur e

opped. 30thC ongress 1stSession S enate

9 , 3 15 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


45/313

OR WA R .

r e ed o m w hi c h it h a d co n u e re d i n to

a n d o s p re a di n g o e r n ew p ar a ll e ls o

nationa lin usticeandeterna lw retchedness.

.

eq uestionhadbeenputtoC ongressbe orethe

dtheiractualcon lict nottenv otescouldha e

usef orthew arwithMe icounderthee istingstateo things. -WEB TER .

this war howe eritmightbe incidentall droppedb incautiouslipsorpensin theardor

anon mousnew spaperarticle w asy et

a ow edinthedocumentso a

.Moreplausiblereasonswereassigned.TheU nitedS tateswererepresentedasthein ured

w arw ascla imedtobeaw aro

indicationo nationa lrightsandhonor

andaspectatormightha esupposed

peoplew asindanger andthatnothingbutthemostenergeticmeasurescoulda ertthe impendingruin. Butw ef ind now thesmo ehascleared

te m en t i s o e r a n d we c a n v i e w th i ng s

thatw hatw erea llegedasreasons

c o p r o e t o h a e b e en b u t wi n d

icandgoodmeno a llpartiesin

didnotatthetimeregardthemasworth

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


46/313

. 33

u l c on s e u e nc e s. T h e r e ce i e d t he

w isestandbestinthef ieestcountries

esoonw eighedinthebalances and

t he v o t es a nd v o i ce s o a m a o r i t o t he

A mericanLegisla ture . The w ere

t h ei r p la u si b il i t b t h e pr o gr e ss o t h e

w hichpeacew asmade andthe

u e nt p o li t ic a l hi s to r ; a n d th e n o w

o impartia lhistor con icted condemned andsentencedto-oto" the irownplace.

' timeandimportance o theseprete tsf orwar wasthenon- ul ilmentb Me icoo her

t h e ci t i e n s o t h e U n i te d S t a t es f o r

eirbusinessandcommerce.

econsideredinother connections

ef o llowingcondensedstatementb the

n w illa f orda llthenecessar in ormationtoma eourargumentinte ll igible : Itma beproper inthef irstplace toobser e thatthe

s ti c e in c a se s o t h is k i n d o r t he l o ng

o r t h e m h a e n o t ge n er a ll p r od u ce d

s long-protractednegotiations

edto . Thishasbeenstri ingl the

tates. Thecla imso GreatB rita in

u r ed b t h e tr e at o 1 7 3 w er e n ot

ear1 03 anditw asonl subse uentl to thaty earthatthecla imso theU nitedStates

mttedin17 3 w eresatis ied. The

o s l a e s c ar r ie d a wa b t h e Br i ti s h

op en v i o la ti on o t he t re at o 1 1 4 w as

mnit pa idtil ltheyear1 2 . The

f ordepredationscommittedinthe

1 3 w e re n o t se t tl e d an d p ai d f o r t il l t he

ecasespeacew aspreser edb

ce.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


47/313

OR WA R .

icanindemnities thesub ect

oncebe oreC ongress notw ithout

easuresshouldberesortedto.

malone isin estedthepow ero declaringw ar uni orml declineddo ingit.

nteredintoonthe11tho A pril

U n i te d S t at es a nd M e i c o b v i r t ue o

ionw asappo intedf orthee amination

ecla ims. Thepow erso thecommissionersterminated accordingtothecon ention inF ebruar , 1 42. Thetota lamounto theA mericanclaims

so n a m ou n te d t o $ 6 , 2 1 6 0 5 . O

1 4 0 we r e al l ow ed b t h e co mm i ss i on a f u r th e r su m o $ 9 2 , 6 2 w as a l lo w ed b t h e co m mi s si o ne r s o

r e e c te d b t h e Me i c an c o mm i ss i on e rs

theumpire andcla imsamountingto

ad n ot b ee n e a m in ed .

d a t ed J a n ua r 3 0 1 4 3 g r a n te d t o

er d e la f o r t he p a m e nt o t h e cl a im s

b v irtueo w hichthe interest

madepa ableonthe30tho A pril

pa lo theaw ardsandthe interestaccruingthereon w asstipulatedtobepa idinf i ey ears in

entse er threemonths. Thecla imantsrecei edthe interestonthe30tho A pril 1 43 and

eagento theUnitedS tates

arcircumstances gi enarece iptf or

ri l a nd J u l , 1 4 4 b e o r e th e

b M e i c o t h e pa m en t h as b e en

dS tatesanddischargedtothecla imants.

asconcludedatMe icoonthe

1 4 3 b t h e pl e ni p ot e nt i ar i es o t h e tw o

hichpro isionw asmadef orascerta ining

nw hichnof ina ldecisionhadbeen

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


48/313

. 35

4 4 t h i s c on e n ti o n wa s r at i i e d b

itedS tates w ithtwoamendments

otheGo ernmento Me ico butrespectingwhichnoansw erhase erbeenmade. Onthe

4 a t r ea t w as c o nc l ud e d b t h e Pr e si d en t w it h T e a s f o r t he a n ne a t io n o t h at r e pu b li c t o th e

re a t , t h ou g h no t r at i i e d b t h e

w ocountriesinanew position and

egotia tions. Itw asonl onthe1st

t h at C on g re s s pa s se d a j o i nt r e so l ut i on f o r

l thattheUnitedS tatesare j ustl

nit f o rthe in uriesdonetothe ir

o re t he a nn e a ti on o T e a s t he re w as

ecuringthatindemnit ; andthatthose

h e h a d b e en a j u s t ca u se f o r w ar w er e i n

causeo thatinw hichw earenow in o l ed. *

f romwhich andf romothergeneralk nowledgeonthesub ect nodoubtpossessedb our

thef o llowingconclusions:

b usonothernations though

otdeemedsu f icientcauseso w ar.

properw ar-ma ingpower hadrepeatedl declinedresortingtoarmstoco llectthesedebtso

t h e co n du c t o M e i c o c o ns i de r in g

w ould upontheq uestiono indemnities comparenotun a orabl w iththato Englandand

o Te asw asthechie causeo

h e r en g ag e me n ts b M e i c o.

o c l ai m s pr e e r re d a n d th e * P e ac e w it h M e i c o p . 2 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


49/313

F O R WA R .

w edb theumpire leadstothe

a t ma n o t h em w er e f r a ud u le n t a n

ta inedb ane aminationo themindi idua ll aspublishedinthereportsanddocumentso the

esedi f icult iesw ereassignedasthe

w ar s u b s e u e nt l , y e t a t f i r s t b o t h in

ecuti eandthe legisla ti ebranch

noe plicitdeclarationw asmade w hen

t h e in d eb t ed n es s o ] M e i c o to t h e

ndf idereasonf orf ighting.

here usalb Me ico in1 45-6 ,

as E n o E t r ao r di n ar a n d Mi n is t er

oreside inthatR epublic. Thew hole

a i r is r e co r de d i n th e j o u rn a ls o t h e da ,

Go ernment andneednotbetediousl repeatedhere . Themainf actsarethese andthe are

a rt . A t e r th e p as s ag e o ' t h e j o i n t

a t io n o T e a s i n M a r ch 1 4 5

n3IinisteratWashington demanded

dhome. InS eptember thePresidento theUnitedS tatesmadeproposalsf orrestoringa

weenthetwocountries. The

r ep l ie d t ha t t he f e l t de e pl i n u r ed

mmissionerto" settle thepresent

g to t h e Te a s q u e s ti o n p r o i d ed t h e na a l

menacingattitude insighto V eraC ru ,

neb theUnitedS tates. Mr.

an a w as a p po i nt e d En o E t r ao r di n ar

ar . H earri edinthecit o

4 5 a n d le t t h e co u nt r a b ou t t he 1 s t o

a s n ot r e co g ni e d b t h e Me i c an G o e r nm e nt a s w as a l le g ed o n t he i r pa r t b e ca u se h e c am e as a

e s si o n E e c ut i e D o cu m en t s N o . 2 1 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


50/313

8 7

notasaC ommissioner. B utachange

trationf iomthehandso ' thepaci ic

ew arli eParedes w hlichoccurredin

atobstacletothesuccesso hismission.

a te s h o we e r i t w i ll b e f o u nd t h at

snotf ina ll re ecteduntila ter

erethrownopenb theordertoGen.

tiono o f enceontheeastban o ' the

t D e c. 2 7 1 4 5 t h at o n t he 2 1 st

r e c e i e d f i o m P e na y P e na h i s

e i n g th e f o r m a l an d u n u a l i i e d r e u s al o t h e Me i c an G o e r nm e nt t o r ec e i e m e i n th e

m commissioned. Thisletterw as

uthoritiesatWashinogton until J an.

t he re o re c ou ld n ot h a e b e en t he b as is o t he

t e n d a s b e o r e o r d e ri n g Ge n .T a l o r

territor ontheR ioGrande. Mr.

tl i n a l et t er t o M r. S l i d e ll o J a n .

ah i s de s pa t ch e s o t h e 27 t h an d 2 t h o D e ce m be r w er e r ec e i e d o n th e 2 3d i n st a nt . +

w aso erturned andParedescame

a ir s on J a n. 3 1 4 . S t i l l t he re w as h op e

eadministration o negotia tinga

M I r. S l i de l l a t J a l ap a h a d le t te r s

e i c o w hi ch s po e " c o n i de nt l o h is

ga e i n o r ma t io n o i t t o th e D ep a rt m en t .3 0 th C o ng r es s I s t S e s s io n H o u s e o R e pr e se n ta t i e s E e c ut i e

: " Thedela hasarisenso lel f romcerta indi f icult iesoccasionedh thenatureo thecredentia ls. S eetheL ettero

de l l D e c. 1 , 1 4 5 . S e e h is l e tt e r al s o to t h e

c. 1 1 1 4 5 .

e s s io n H o u s e o R e pr e se n ta t i e s E e c ut i e

p . 3 2.

dp. 6 2.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


51/313

F O R WA R .

e theU nion theo f icia lorgan

0 1 4 , t h at l e tt e rs h a d be e n re c ei e d t o

f r o m Mr . S l i d e ll t h at h e h ad n o t th e n

t h e Go e r nm en t i n hi s o f i c ia l c ap a ci t ;

edhisreception.

chananw rotetoMr. S lide ll " I

identto instructy ounotto lea ethat

ha emadeaf ormaldemandtobe

go e r nm en t . *

r M r . S l i d el l h ad s t at e d th a t hi s

ahad" noty etbeenconsidered "

new ministero f ore ignre lationsasone

tobe" decidedl f a orabletoan

a llquestionspendingbetw eenthe

1 th l morethantwomonths

-ordero J an. 13th thattheA merican

r andMinisterP lenipotentiar w rote

edhisdecidedre ectionb the

andthathehaddemandedhispassports. Onthatv er da Gen. Ta lordatedhisdespatchto

a t " E l S a u c e 1 1 m i le s f r o m C o rp u s

c o ur s e t h us f a r i nt o a d is p ut e d te r ri t or , a s

-easternboundar indebateaf ew

w eenEnglandandtheUnitedStates or

and54~ 40 onthePaci icslope

ntso theU nitedS tatesareseenb

enpushedf orw ardindependentl o

ectiono lMr. S lide ll. I thede eat

l c au s e o w ar a n d no t a p re t e t a n

o j u s ti y w h at h a d be e n al r ea d d o ne

e s s i on H o u s e o R e pr e se n ta t i e s E e c ut i e

p . 6 4 . t I b id . p .5 0 .

~ Ib i d. p . 12 3 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


52/313

8 9

w ouldatleastha edictatedthatthe

besoundeduntiltheMinisterhad

co u nt r a n d th e E e c ut i e h a d ti m e

oreC ongresstodecidethequestiono

proceedingcannothebetterstated

r . Ga l la t in : " Y e t w h en M e i c o re u s ed t o r ec e i e M r . S l i d el l a s an E n o E t r ao r di n ar a n d

theU nitedStatesshouldha e

beentheaggressors thatwe

now ledged asw ellb thepractica llaw o nationsasb commonsenseandcommonj ustice tobetantamounttoadeclarationo w ar andthe

hpatiencetil lthef ee lingse cited

subsided. *

ere ore

ec e i e a n E n o i s n ot a c co r di n g

a j u s t ca u se o w a r u n ti l a t le a st e e r

hausted.

o theA mericanarm thatledto

w ereorderedwithoutspecialre erence

o.

usa ltorece i eMr. S lide llw ere

in o l etw ogreatnationsinw ar the

beensubmittedtothedecisiono the

dS tates theninsession andauthori edb theC onstitutiontodecideprecise l suchquestions.

ereasonassignedatthebeginning

M e i c o ha s p as s ed t h e bo u nd a r o

asin adedourterritor , andshedA mericanbloodupontheA mericanso il. H ow ampl thisreason w henclose l in estigated bearsthecharactero aprete t w il lbeshow nindeta il inchaptersse enthandeighth

eadersonthequestiono boundar .

p . 5 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


53/313

O WAR .

A R .

w e wo u ld a w a e n t h e d es i re f o r p ea c e in t h e bo s om o

udrenderA merica in incible inbattle -w enmulst

enationf orthede enceo itsrightsanditshonor

e pe o pl e t he r e al s t at e o t h e f a c t s a n d b g i i n g

measuresw eadopt. - IR. A L E-N, inS enate

, 1 4 5.

da tow itnessthechangeo the

n t im e o p e ac e p re p ar e f o r wa r " i n to

e n m or e q u e s t io n ab l e mo r al i t , " i n

w ar. B ut f rom acare ule aminationo thedocumentsre latingtotheA nne ationo

uences ando theleadingnewspapers

meansusedtoactuponthepublicmind

out wecannota o idtheconclusion

icow asearl anticipated desired

thosew hounderstoodbuttoow ellhow

uldbek indledinthehearto the

nedf orthew arwerebutpretences co eringulteriordesigns w hichitwouldnotdoat

hichha e induesuccession a llcome

h ei r n a e d d e o r mi t b e o r e th e

sm e mb e rm e nt A n ne a t io n o n e wt e rr i to r ie s t h e e t e n s io n o S l a e r , t h e do m es t ic S l a e T r ad e

A distinguishedstatesman w ith

r it c h ar a ct e ri e d t he w a r as a " w ar

tcanpre entitf romoccup ingthatposit iononthepageso candidandimpartia lhistor ?

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


54/313

A R . 41

not" ; withoutboo " onthissub ect letusin estigatesomeo themeansb whichtheball

thepretencesb w hich- itscrushing

da teritbegantoro ll.

T e a s w as v i r tu a ll a n ne e d i n

clango armsresoundedthroughtheWest

a ea lread seenthatpo liticianso

the identit o anne ationandw ar.

el ensue and w ea anddistractedasMe icow as therewasno immediate li e lihoodo

thealthewound.A paci ic

erinthatrepublic andmuchwas

ncil ia tor po lic . S uchw erethev iew s

n r ec o rd o m a n o t h e f r i e n ds o a n ne a t io n a s w el l a s o i t s de t er m in e d op p on e nt s .

a iled. A nendea orseemedf orthwithtobemade to irritate ratherthantotran uil l i e our

ssouthwardbristledwitharms.In

t o A nne ationwasunderconsideration assuranceshadbeenmadetotheTe anauthorit ies b

t h at d u ri n g th e n eg o ti a ti o n an d s et t le m en t o d i f i c ul t ie s T e a s s ho u ld b e d e e n d e d b t h e na a l

t h is r e pu b li c i n c as e t he c o nc e i e d

us i n te n ti o n o i n a s io n a n d th e

tB ut in1 45 thetonebeganto

etoo f ence. A ssoonasthe J o intR eso lutionsw ereacceptedb theTe anL egisla ture andbe ore

ationcouldbeper ected stepsw ere

T e a s t o re c ei e a n d on t h e pa r t o

sendtroops ostensibl tow ardo f

pe ec h in t he I . S . S e na te F e b . 1 , 1 4 7. A ls o

s Ba nn er J u l 1 , 1 4 7.

M e ss a ge t o t he S e n a t e M a 1 5 1 4 4 w i t h th e

n t s 2 t h C on g re s s 1 s t S e s si o n S e n a t e 3 4 1

.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


55/313

O WA R.

c o. A f o r mi d ab l e na a l f o r c e o n i ne

in t h e Gu l ; a s u a dr o n wa s d es p at c he d t o th e P ac i i c c oa s t a n e p e di t io n p r o e s se d l s c ie n ti i c i n i ts a i ms b u t f o u n d ca p ab l e a t e rw ar d s o b e in g

instrument w ase uippedf orC a li o rniaandOregon andapplicationstoenteritw eremore

rece i ed . Inaw ord a llthee lementsbegantomustertheirtempestuouspow ers andbrew

thepress m ight enginef orw eal

t to o o t e n it s v a s t i n l u en c e t o f i r e th e

countr men. Inthesummero

hree longserieso essa sappearedin

a ladministration re lati e toourdi f icult iesw ithMle ico andcharacteri edb abe ll igerenttone

ng. Thedistantva lle o theWestw as

o w a r s. T e a s a lr e ad s n u f e d t he

acti it re ignedinthebarrac s

a r ds o t h e co u nt r . T he s i gn s o t h e

a en andthewondernow is that

hatw eremadeforw ar duringthe

b od s ho ul d ha e b ee n ta e n b s ur pr is e

. T h e w ho h a d wa t ch e d th e f i l l i n g

renotstartled w henthespar w asapplied tow itnessitse plosion.

hs f romv ariousj ournalso that

mpero thetimes and w henwe

erpresshasan almostboundless

ngande pressingpublicopinioninthe

we h e si t at e t o be l ie e s i nc e e f e c ts m u st

chsentencesasthese read copied

mperaments repeatedf rommouth

little toprecipitatetheco ll isiono

o n J u n e 14 1 4 5 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


56/313

R . 43

a. U nion April 1 45 hastheseremar son" ourF oreignrelations: " AMe ico pron cucianme to-lo ingMe ico threatenstheU nitedS tateswithall

actualw ar i thePresidente ecutes

ss andthee pressedw illo his

ico tornasshe isb domestic

ob ectistorobitspoorandsu f ering

al s o w a r wi t h a f r i e n dl n a ti o n

ormeroccasions w ecannothe lp

andresources andreco llectinghow

edb aggressiontocon uerherterritor , andf reeherensla edpopulationf romtheirpett t rants.

c o on t h e Gu l , T a mp i co a n d Ve r a

b o u r c r ui s er s i n a f e w d a s s a il . H e r

reopenandde ence less andan

Te asw ouldbepa idinitsroutb the

longitspath andthego ld j ew els

o M o nt e u m a w o ul d r ew a rd i t s ad e n tu r ou s a ss a il a nt s w hi l e it p a id t h e de b t o i t s co n u e st .

wouldta epermanentpossessiono

hichwouldthusbeaddedtoourterritor

outhsea.

th e re o r e be w ar e h ow f a r s he t e mp t s us b

nguage.

ashington Ma 10 1 45 hasthe

ernmento theUnitedS tateshas

uenceo thehostiledemonstrations

o t o d es p at c h a po we r u l s u a dr o n to

o pr e e n t or r e si s t an w ar l i e m o e me n ts . T he n a a l f o r c e i n t he P ac i i c i s o c o ur s e a p pr i e d o t h e po s tu r e o a f a i rs . T ro o ps h a e b e en a s se mb l ed

tier read toactascircumstancesma

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


57/313

ION O WA R .

h o we e r a r e pu r el a n d e c l us i e l

Me icoshouldcommencehostil ities

onour side.

a 14 1 45 hasane tractf roma

ew Orleans: " A rew egoingtoha e

c o . . .. a r i s al l t he t a l h e re a s

nc e i e . T he r e ar e m an b r a e f e l lo ws

oustoshow the irmettle. C ontinues

- S oundbutthetrumpet andthere

enoughf romthev a lle o theMississippia lone too errunMe ico andsubdueC ali o rnia.

wantingasingleregularsoldier

tw ent - thousandvo lunteers.

o Ma 24th q uotedintheWashingtonU niono Ma 31 1 45 discoursesthus:" Me ico

thatw illnotdissol ethebondso anne ation itma result inaddit iona lanne ation andthat

er estobew ellw eighedinMe icobe orew arisresortedto . Insuchaw ar itw illbef oundthat

ainedb Whigsasw ellasDemocrats.

4th onMe ico intheUnion

T h e o t he r n at i on s o t h e ea r th m u st e i th e r

eran w hichshecla imsamongthem

ber ethose law so thego ernment

ar i l a n d ch e er u l l s u bm i t. W e h a e

l resorttothosemeasureso coercion

thecaserenderednecessar ,

ecompelledhertoredressthe

rpetrated andtoobe thatlaw

Werethiscourseuni ersa ll

se l w ouldgrow richerandhappieras

2d predicts " Themarcho the

onw ard. The mustintheendaccom

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


58/313

AR . 45

eadingf arandw idethegreatprincipleo se l -go ernment andw hosha llsa how f arthe

e r t he f r i en d l s e tt l em e nt o t h e gr e at

tw illsecurethepeaceandw el are

n. Itcannow bedone anditshould

orwhocanarrest thetorrentthat

est TheroadtoC ali o rniawill

a themarcho ourWestern

brethren a lso are loo ingtoward

w ithmuchmore interestthanthoseo

o o w i ll r a is e t he c r o W e st w ar d h o

a n o t h em m a n o w op p os e a nn e a t io n y e t l e t Ca l i o r ni a b e th r ow n op e n to t h ei r a mb i ti o n

the irpopulationw illro llw estw ardl

paw arningvo iceaga instthisw arcr . ThustheCincinnatiGa ette inre erencetothe last

mr s : " W e f e e l a s w e f e a r t h e s p ir i t o

Itbodesnogood it ise il. Ho

t h e Mo n te u m as a n d th e mi n es o

n to b e in g 2 0 0 0 0 v o l un t ee r s A , s o

h , i n t hi s v a l l e , t e em i ng w i th

gr a nd i e me n t - o m a d an d m ad d en i ng

s e l i s h an d b ur n in g t hi r st o p o we r - o

o c o n u e st i n i ts w or s t an d m os t

w ouldruleasamastert rant sw eeping

a s s ur e a s it l i e s d e so l at i ng t h e ho p e o

ee. L eta llpartiesshunthisspiritas

etthecountr smite itdow ninits

hatmanhoodbesmittenuntodeath b

breath.

o Ma 24 1 45 sa s:" Weare

thatarrangementsha ebeenmadeto

ationo themo ementso theMe

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


59/313

O N O W AR .

be lie edthatourgo ernmentw illbe

cursionso Me icantroopsintothe

e i o us l s t at e d to b e t he t e rr i to r ' W e st o t h e N u e ce s . " )

o J unellth ad isesthat" the

ouldcollecttheirown v olunteers and

cansf romtheirborders. I the

ecrossedtheR ioGrande itw ouldbe

earherow ncon inesatonce thanwait

ourregulars. Weha ardnothingin

w ouldbethedecidedpre erenceo our

adunderstood indeed thatsuchw as

theTe ans i theMe icansshould

nthecountr betweentheR ioGrande

n o t me a n to s a t h at i t h e Te a n s

ngtothemsel es w eshouldsu f era

rlegit imateso il assoonasherC ongressandherC on entionha erati iedourpropositions.

une o J une7th sa s:" Weha e

b t h is a r ri a l t o t he e f e c t t h a t t he

oncentratinga largeforceontheR io

ow ar incaseTe asshouldagreeto

r ma n t st a te s f u r th e r t h at t h e f e e l i ng

ho r ou g hl w ar l i e t h e ta l i s o

w ithMe ico i shew ishesit.

J une23d con esses:" Wearef orpeace

lepeace. Weareforw ar i the

countr demandit. Thisisourtrue

nt i n T 71 e U T i o n o J u n e 9 t h w r it e s:

rcountr rangw ithapplauseo the

n t o. I t w a s a N e w O rl e an s v i c t o r , s o

ncerned andw asuni ersall regardedas

no thebrie butgloriouscontestshe

f reedom.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


60/313

R . 47

e e e r ti o ns o i t s op p on e nt s o p en

af igureo speechtosa , thatA nne ationisathing o thepast. Itssubstancew asobta inedin

eTe anpeople . The areaboutto

w h en t h is g r ed t A me r ic a n q u e st i on w i ll p r oc e ed s t ea d il a n d i t i s ho p ed a n d be l ie e d p e ac e u l l t o i ts

thisma notbe. MIadnessissometimes

a s u po n m an a n d i i t b e tr u e th a t

cutablew isdom f irstde inentsthepeople

itma bethatthetimeisnotdistant w henthebannero f reedomw illf loatonherhil ltops

icobethecampinggroundo anA mericanarm .

une o J une24th sa s:" We

moroursel es ( thatthego ernment

sontheS abinetoad anceupon

elthemenacedirruptiono theMIe icansupontheterritor o Te as ) butw emustsa thatw e

marchingtowardstheRioGrande

rtero thehabitablew orld.

ha d j u s t re t ur n ed f r o m Me i c o w h er e

nipotentiar , ina lettero J ul 2d

c re t ar o S t a te w r it e s: " W h il e i t

tthesedra ts( theonesthathadnotyet

icango ernment andthatincluded

ntingto$ 275 000 w illbepa idb i ie ico sosoonasherf inancia labilit iesw illenablehertodoso

turerelationso thetw ocountries

e d in g i i n g y o u a n a s su r an c e th a t th e

lbepa id untilthedi f icultiese istingbetw eenthetw ocountriesaref ina ll ad usted orour

tstrongmeasures inordertocoerce

cew ithhertreat st ipulations.

J ul 1 th q uotesf romtheMissouriE positor ane tractf romaletterdatedat Taos N ewMe ico:

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


61/313

N O W A R .

A n ne a t io n i s sp r ea d in g l i e a

de lN orte andrattl ingthedried

* * *

dMV Ie icansarema inglargepurchaseso landuponthestreamsrunningintotheR iodel

andanticipatingA nne ation. E Go ernorA rmi o isstirringupandconcentratingaround

ectingMe icandomination andw ill

o ing.

etchedinacommunicationtothe

: " 4 0 0 0 mi l it i a an d 2 0 0 0 re g ul a rs i n

aand1 500regularsinotherparts o

a rs 2 5 0 0 0 v o l un t ee r s = - 3 4 5 0 0. Wi t h

dmarch. Goa-head thew ord and

nesstoguide.Passthe RioGrande.

orcetomainta inthecapturedplacesin

pourlineo communicationw ithour

ndw ith30 000menad ancedirect

s h ou l d be t a e n " e t c.

u gu s t 1 4 5 M a o r -G e n. G a in e s

heGo ernoro L ouisiana w ithout

id f r om t he S e c re ta r o W ar f o r 2 0 00

ererece i edandsentontothef rontiers. Themilitar spiritwasrampantinthecapita lo the

WarDepartmento theUnited

e o u n us u al a c ti i t a r ms w e re

chede enonthesacredda o rest

itted manned andcommissioned and

n. Gainesre iew edthetroopsin

. Gen. Patterson o Philade lphia

f erhisser icestothePresident to

eers. l ion. R . M. J ohnson e V ice-P residento theU nitedStates ina lettertothePresident dated

h i ms e l a n d t h eb r a e K e n tu c i a ns f o r t he

hingsf a ith ull recordedinthe

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


62/313

A R. 4

od andarethe notsigni icantfacts

w a r T h e mo e me n ts o G e n. T a l o r

erl copiedintoa llthe journa ls.

eptupane citementduringthe

1 45- - , f a orableto -w arli l epreparations andtra iningthepeopletobef amilia rw iththe idea

e cr h a d be e n lo u d " A l l o O r eg o n

r f i t - o ur f o r t , o rf i gh t " a nd al l

triotisrm w aseasil turned -w henthe

oanotherchannel andthe. sw orddrawn

ado Engiand. Thecon lictburstupon

a t l as t a n d to o m l an b s u rp r is e

hecourseo publica f a irsmore

dha eanticipatedf rom suchcausesas

noperation thever resultsw hich

c t on 3 1 e i c o o ' t h es e w ar l i e r u mo r s

e lldescribedinthef o llowingarticle :

12 1 4 , sa s " E tractsf iron the

publishedintileV eraC rusano spera

A m er i ca n t ro o ps o d e ta c hm e nt s o t a . rt i es o f o r t o r f i t s o ld i er s r e co n no i te r in g a nd s p i n g ou t t he

o ementso theUnitedS tates

e ersinceGen. Ta lorhasbeen

d m uc h al ar m f e ar a nd j e al ou s , i n th e

an s . Th e s e em t o b e ho u rl e p e ct i ng

troopsa leabouttomaIrchupon

ponthatplace andthence perhaps to

therso the ircities.

too intheU nitedS tates amonggreat

w as probabl , buttoocorrectl

ntencesbelow emanatingf rom

politicalcities.

a uneo J anuar , 1 4 , sa s " Be

on( pronunicre ntoo Paredes w hat

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


63/313

OT 9 Oh-THEWA R

sthatourre lationsw ithMe icoshould

stateo doubt ulpeace.

er o thesamedate said " Wehope

il lpromptl f o rceourMAle ican

o thespirito con uestinthe

people w iththee tendedmeans

dinessb landandseatocarr

essf romalmosta llquarterssounding

w eareastonishednotthatthe

une pectedl , butthatitw asso long

assignedf orthewar asthe

ms andthenew oneo boundaries the

anA mericanState andthere ection

e i c o b u t t he h a e a l re a d b e e n

e w ere how e er betterca lled

s o w ar . T he c l oa e d t he d e si g ns o

d stimulantstonationalpride in

moulderso publicopinion. B utthe

edisposedourcountr mentowar

thatmo edallthechie agents

emises w eha ea lread la idopenl

eratethetremendouscrisis torouse

guinar sentiments andpourf orth

ico ha ebeenindicatedinthis

es w eproposeto" countthe

pastimeinarms asitrespectspropert , l i e anda lltheelementso humanprosperit and

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


64/313

R P EA C E. 5 1

DEN DIN G O ' TIH EWARARGU MEN T

ea t i mp r o e m en t s in 1 1 t t ' o a I t h r e r is o n e I wi s h

ph , thedisco er o aplanthatwouldinduceandobligenationstosettle the irdisputesw ithoutf irstcuttingone

nwillhumannaturebesu f icientl impro ed

t hi s " F R A I X.

us d i f i c ul t ie s e i s te d b et w ee n t he U n i t e d

e i o us l t o t he a d a n ce o G e n. T a l o r f r o m t he N u e c e s to t h e Ri o G ra n de y e t n o do u bt w a r

rted hada llpartiesconcernedbeen

t l e bl e ss i ng s o p e ac e t h e gu i lt a n d

a n d th e n ec e ss i t o f i n al l r e so r ti n g to

hesw orditse l couldsettlenothing. W ehadbeeninasgreatstra itsbe ore andhadcomeout

heddingonedropo humanblood.

eculia rl e asperatingcaseo

merce * y ethadnottheU nited

r ie a n ce s o t h is k i n d to a d u s t wi t h

s a t th e c lo s e o t h e wa r s o N a Y e t s o l a te a s A ug . 5 1 3 , G e n. J a c s o n sa i d in a l e tt e r to G o .

e e S o u ld M e i c o in s ul t o ur n a ti o na l f l a g i n a d e ou r t er r it o r o r i nt e rr u pt o u r ci t i e n s in t h e la w u l p ur s ui t s

hem b treat , thentheGo ernmentw ill

l t a n d se e r e pa r at i on f o r t he i n u r . B ut i t

enceso thisk indha ebeencommittedb

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


65/313

T F O R P EA C E.

oughtitnecessar toma etheappea lto

dthatthisw asacaseo v io la tedso ere ignt andtrespassupontherightso A mericancit i ens

negotia tedw ithEngland butaf ew

di f i c ul t a f a i rs g r ow i ng o u t o t h e " C a ro l in e " a n d th e " P a tr i ot T W ar " a n d th e s to r m- c lo u d o d a ng e r

hatitw asacaseo de erredpa mento ac now ledgedcla ims y etF ranceow edusmoreand

ndw eboreandf orbore andw hen

u l u rg e nc w e ob t ai n ed t h e mo n e , o u r

ticesuddenl congea led andw eha e

erw hatweha erece i edtothe indi idua lcla imantsf brdamages Grantedthatitw asa

icultquestiono boundar l ines sti l l

e in d r o n " t h e tr e at o W a sh i ng t on " a n d th e n eg o ti a ti o ns o O r eg o n b w h ic h o ur l i mi t s

orthf romtheA tlantictothePaci ic.

rr i to r , a n d th e s ch e me s o a n ne a t io n a n d th e p ur p os e d e t e ns i on o s l a e r a n d th e s la e

hsameresultsinourMe icandi f iculties

a s t er l i n ac t i i t " h a d a e r te d a n

rita in somightitha ea erteda

co.N e erwasaf inerargumentsuppliedtothecauseo peace asdemonstratingthesuperiorit

e o w ar t h an i s a f o r de d b t h e

stw ithMe ico . Ne erw astherea

bitiono thetruththatwhatthead ocateso w arca ll" thenecessit " o hostil it ies isanecessit

o r a t l ea s t o t h ei r o wn e a g ge r at i on

oundationinnationalhonor rightl

sm trul f e lt .

sadmirable lettertoL ordA shburtononthesub ect

dmoretosettle thatq uestionthanahundredbattles

D nr . DE WE ' S P E AC E Ar Dn Tn r , M

war with mexico reviewed

Documents