war of the inner world
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War of the inner world. Where creatures lurk…. …with delicious terror yet form and function so sublime …. …creatures beyond our wildest imagining…. Welcome to: The world of animal science…. …an inner world of war…. ..dwelling within the humble ruminant. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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War of the inner world
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Where creatures lurk…
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…with delicious terror yet form and function so sublime …
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…creatures beyond our wildest imagining…
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Welcome to:Welcome to:
The world of animal The world of animal science…science…
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……an inner world an inner world of war…of war…
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..dwelling within the humble ruminant
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Cellulolytic microbes break down grass
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Ruminant digestion: the most advanced in the solar systemFour compartments to ruminants stomach1. Rumen (pH 7) - fermentation vat - host to microbes
2. Reticulum - mixes, filters large particles
3. Omasum - removes water
4. Abomasum (true stomach) - pH 2 - same as human stomach
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Rumen
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Reticulum
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Omasum
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Abomasum (true stomach)
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Rumen function: Mutualism
• Bugs supply VFA and microbial protein
• Byproducts: CO2, CH4 and NH4+
• Animal supplies 5 star accommodation
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Rumen bacteria
• World population = 6.5 billion = 6.5 x 109
= 6 500 000 000• Bacteria in 1 drop of rumen fluid = 1 x 1011
= 100 000 000 000
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Rumen bacteria
• Cellulolytic - digest cellulose
• Amylolytic - digest starch
• Proteolytic - digest protein
• Acid utilising
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The big issues of animal production
• Methane production
• Antibiotics in feed
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protozoan
methanogen
Methane
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• Defaunation (sweeping Defaunation (sweeping
protozoa)protozoa)
• Ionophoric antibioticsIonophoric antibiotics
• VaccineVaccine
• Fish-oil, tanninsFish-oil, tannins
Methane inhibition
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How much antibiotics do we use?
• Total use: 700 Tonnes per year
• Humans: 250 Tonnes per year
• Veterinary: 50 Tonnes per year
• Stock feed: 400 Tonnes per year
JETACAR report, 1999
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Gram + Gram -
Peptidoglycan
Membrane
Peptidoglycan
Membrane
Periplasm
Lipopolysacharide & protein
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Antibiotics as growth promoters
• Voluntary European ban in 2005
• USA & Australia expected to follow
• Need to find safe alternatives
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Reduce pollution
Improved welfare & production Conserve biodiversity
Reduce antibiotic dependency
Altered rumen fermentation
Less methane
Less ammonia
Bloat control
Acidosis control
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plants
Improveproduct quality
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Is Australian flora antimicrobial on selected
species of bacteria?
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Where the research is at1. Screening Australian plants in vitro
2. Inhibition on pure cultures
3. Molecular quantification -DGGE, Real-time PCR
4. In vivo feed trial
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Questions for the modern scientist
Can we;
• Improve rumen efficiency?
• Reduce environmental pollutants?
• Reduce dependence on antibiotics?
• Maintain consumer-safe production?
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Can we understand the war of the inner world?
• Bioenergetics of animal production• Microbiology• Underlying chemistry• Molecular quantification• Application of science • Careers in animal production
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Why are bugs important in animal production?
• Rumen fermentation• Manufacturing of dairy products• Soil Health• Disease• Silage• Bioremediaton of farm waste
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Silage
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Bioremediation of farm waste
• Recycling animal excreta & crop residues
• Agriculture provides 15% of land photosynthetic biomass
• Animal excreta 1.5 billion T/yr (USA)
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Cheese