War of 1812 and its effects

Why?

• Basically, it really was a 2nd war for independence. Get Britain off our back!

• Causes: GB began limiting and restricting our trade with France, Search and Seizure of our boats, impressment, confiscations (ultimately neutral shipping rights), and the Indian menace out West (Tecumseh and his brother)

• War Itself: fought mostly out west and on Great Lakes

Effects of the war• We won some key naval battles and the Battle of New

Orleans…led to respect and national pride• War Heroes: Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison• Indians defeated out West and in the South• Manufacturing increased! British blockade actually helped

us• American/Canadian conflict eventually gets resolved (Rush-

Bagot Treaty-1817)• European war came to end (Waterloo) and finally, the U.S.

was not to worry about getting dragged in and was now free to expand and develop…let’s go West!

• Next generation of leaders emerge (Big 3! Clay, Webster and Calhoun)

• Nationalism!

“Era of Good Feelings”

• Federalist party is dead!– Hartford Convention killed its legitimacy– Monroe is welcomed in New England!

• Country is riding high on national pride• “American System” in place (tariff, bank, internal

improvements)• Short-lived

– Economic panic in 1819 – Criticisms over American System– Missouri crisis

“The American System”post War of 1812

• Renew the National Bank!• Protective tariff

– English were dumping their goods

• Internal Improvements– This was controversial but compromise made some of

it happen– National Road in 1815

• John C. Calhoun was also a big fan of this system– He tried to pass a bill guaranteeing future money for

future improvements, but it was vetoed by Monroe

Crisis with Missouri• By 1819 the country had an equal number of free and slave

states (11)• Missouri was ready for statehood• Most of the settlers in Missouri came from the South (brought

slaves with them)• James Tallmadge (NY) proposed a resolution gradually

eliminating slavery there• The vote in the House was 105-81 (split by North and South)• The senate was a lot closer with some Northerners deciding

they would side with South.• The future was a serious concern for the South as the

population of the North was going to get bigger

Insert Henry Clay and the Missouri Compromise

•Maine in as free state and Missouri in as slave

•All future questions of slavery will be resolved by 36’30”

“...but this momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered

it at once as the deathknell of the Union. it is hushed indeed for the moment. but this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. a geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived

and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it

deeper and deeper”

Who is one of the most important “molders” of the U.S.?

John Marshall

He was the one who gave the Judicial Branch some “teeth”

• He was a wealthy Virginian– Shared Hamilton’s views on property– Deplored democratic excesses, opposed universal

suffrage for men, and the rule of the “unwashed masses”

• Jefferson despised his “twistifications”– Was actually Jefferson’s distant cousin!

What exactly did he do?

1. Established the notion of judicial review– Marbury v Madison

2. Protected Contract Rights– Dartmouth College v. Woodward

3. Strengthened the Federal Gov’t.– McCulloch v Maryland (“Power to tax is power to destroy”)

4. Regulated Interstate Commerce– Gibbons v Ogden

Foreign Policy Develops

• 1819-John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State) negotiates a treaty to get all of Florida (Adams-Onis Treaty) and establishes a line to the Pacific! Yeah!

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)– “The American continents are not to be considered as

subjects for future colonization”– “The U.S. will not interfere with existing European

colonies”– Not really a big deal at the time…more of an ideology

that was developing…had no teeth

Monroe steps down in 1824 and we are ready for a real fight for

president

“The Corrupt Bargain”

“The Corrupt Bargain”

• Political Parties were basically gone by 1824 election

• Jackson v Crawford v Quincy Adams v Clay• Vote turned sectional• Nobody received the necessary votes…

therefore vote goes to the House• Clay allegedly threw support to Adams in

exchange for endorsement in future…he became Sec. of State

“Corrupt Bargain” led to J.Q. Adams to be

president (1824)

•Adams was a big proponent of internal improvements (National University, Observatories, etc.)•Led to birth of 2 parties

National Republicans (Clay and Adams) and Democratic Republicans (Democrats) (Jackson and Calhoun)

•Adams (Like his father) serves only 1 term

Jackson supporters (Calhoun) worked up a plan to get elected in 1828

• Let’s create a tax so BIG that even the North will have to shoot it down and therefore weaken Adams

Tariff of Abominations!!!!!

Jackson was elected in 1828

• Politics of the “Common Man”– 350k votes in 1824 to 2.4 mil in 1840

• Education, newspapers, campaigns contributed to this

• Universal Male Suffrage by 1836– Most states were there in 1828

• Party nominating conventions (no more King Caucus)

• Rise of 3rd parties (Anti-Mason party was 1st)

– Opposed to Adams and his “big government” ways

• Southerners and Westerners joined forces– Jackson and Calhoun

He was classical Jefferson…opposed debt and increasing federal spending•Maysville Road Veto

Indian Removal

• Jackson was an Indian Fighter back in the day– He sympathized with land-hungry whites– Signed Indian Removal Act 1830

• Cherokees challenged this in the courts and WON!– Worcester v Georgia (1832)-Cherokees were independent– “John Marshall has made his decision, now let’s see him

enforce it”– Trail of Tears in 1838

» Blackhawk war in Illinois 1832

Calhoun turns to the dark side

•He is Jackson’s VP

•This Tariff of Abominations compels him to turn to sectionalism and states’ rights•He puts forth the Nullification thesis and gets into a rivalry with Jackson (pro-Fed)

Who is supreme? The States or the Federal Government?

“The Union, next to our liberty most

dear!”“Our Union, it

must be preserved!”

Webster Hayne Debate in the Senate

Liberty an union one and inseparable!

Yeah!Cheer!Cheer!

Here here!

Election of ’32 and the Bank• Jackson v Clay for election of 1832

– Clay decides to make the bank renewal the central issue and it backfires

– Jackson is against the bank and vetoes it and the people support him

– Jackson kills the bank by funding the “Pet Banks” (transferred funds there)

– Jackson issued “Specie Circular” demanded that land sales be made in gold and silver

• Panic of 1837 was the result