war of 1812 (11)
TRANSCRIPT
President Madison’s War
Events leading to WarUS shipping was being harassed, and cargo was seized.
Britain required licenses for ships bound for EuropeFrance confiscated cargo from licensed ships
Impressment of American sailors Many British sailors became naturalized US citizens and deserted British vessels and joined American crews.British Navy kidnapped these sailors off American ships and had them rejoin the British Navy
Events Leading to WarEconomic Diplomacy Fails
Embargo Act of 1807 halted all trade with Europe
Embargo was unpopular in port cities, especially in the North
Madison becomes Pres.
Was Jefferson’s Secretary of StateWas author of 30 of the 81 the Federalist Papers (including No. 10 and No. 51)Considered the most important contributor to the ConstitutionAlso the shortest President
Marching to WarNon-Intercourse Act
Forbade trade with France and Britain; • President could reopen trade when either France or
Britain lifted restrictions
Was this successful?
War HawksSome Congressmen favored war, even though it would hurt the east (Clay, Calhoun)Why did the War Hawks want war?
John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun
Henry Henry ClayClay
Benefits of War with Britain
Allow reopening of trade
National Pride
Stop the impressment of sailors
CANADA!!!
Drawbacks to WarNot everyone in the US wanted to go to warMilitary was small
Standing Army was smallMilitia comprised most of our forces, and they did not like to fight outside of their state bordersNavy was quite small - only 16 warships
Britain was a great SuperpowerCould crush us like a bug and we could lose territory that was gained in the Treaty of Paris or the Louisiana Purchase
Declaration of WarJune of 1812 Madison asked Congress for declaration of war
Vote was split along regional lines
War started with Invasion of Canada
Early BattlesUS Burns York (now Toronto)
US figured the Canadians would welcome the Americans and quickly join the US to expel Britain from North America
• Did not happen
Perry Defeated the British on Lake ErieGave the US control of Lake Erie
Britain Blockades the Eastern SeaboardPrevented shipping from leaving
Made the war more unpopular in the Northeast
War at Sea
PrivateersOver 500
Seized over 1,300 British ships
Hurt them economically
USS Constitution
Greatest U.S. warship
More Guns
Faster
Defeated the Guerrière
Oldest commissioned ship in U.S. Navy
War in EuropeApril 1814 - Napoleon was defeated
England can concentrate on us
Aug., 1814 British land troops south of Wash. D.C.
Washington D.C.In August 1814, British Forces Sailed into Chesapeake Bay and capture Washington D.C.They burn the Executive Mansion (White House) and the CapitolMadison and Congress Barely escape
The Burnt HouseThe Burnt House
BaltimoreUnlike D.C., Baltimore was Ready for the British
Militia inflicted heavy casualties on the British
After bombarding Fort McHenry the British abandon the attack
Sept. 13, 1814
Francis Scott KeyWitnessed the bombardment and penned a poem which becomes the National Anthem
Treaty of GhentTreaty was Negotiated in Europe
signed on Dec. 24, 1814 ending the war
The War ended in a stalemate
no party gained or lost any territory
The issue of impressment was not addressed
Faded out on its own
Battle of New OrleansFought after the treaty was signed
But not ratified
Why was New Orleans important?
Trade
Andrew Jackson is sent to defend the city
Had just defeated the Native AmericansPirates and Frontiersman fought alongside US troops
Gen. Jackson
New OrleansBritish land
Get within 7 miles of the city
Rodriquez Canal3,100 men
2,000 untrained, unarmed men to fill gaps
Cotton bales, wagons, etc. serve as fortifications
New Orleans
Jan. 1, 1815British open fire with cannon
Jan. 8 - British launch ground attack•Two tries were made
American victory
CasualtiesBritish
2,100 killed
500 taken prisoner
Americans7 killed
6 wounded
Results of the War
Peace Treaty does little, but…Britain never seizes our ships again
We never go after Canada again
Andrew Jackson will become a war hero and a household name• Run for President?
2nd War for Independence?
If The War of 1812 ended in a tie, why was it important?
Gave the United States a National IdentityWe were able to hold our own against the British
Started us thinking about continuing westward expansion
Ended bad feelings toward the British
Creates a hero in Andrew Jackson and the Western Frontiersmen