Walter Christaller’s Central Place TheoryOr, the “where and why” of services.

In order to create a working model for services, it is important to determine where they will be located. Different size cities will offer different services.

On a piece of scratch paper, lay out how you think the following are arranged on a map. Use stars and size of circles to designate the size of the location.

1. Major city2. City3. Town4. Village5. Settlement

This is a case where you can use your geometric skills.

Central Place TheoryWalter Christaller developed the Central Place theory to explain the size and spacing of cities that specialize in selling goods and services.

The theory consists of two basic concepts:

1) threshold -- the minimum market needed to bring a firm or city selling goods and services into existence and to keep it in business

2) range -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services Normally, the threshold is found within the range, as the diagram shows.

In 1933, German geographer Walter Christaller, published his Central Place theory (CPT).

This theory basically involved the theoretical distribution of settlements given ideal conditions. He noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant, and around these towns were smaller towns.

Central Place Theory

Central Place Theory

He proposed a model based on an isotropic plane and a universal transport network, assuming that the smaller towns would form hexagons around the larger ones.

These small towns would in turn have smaller villages in hexagons around them, and so on.

What type of a threshold is necessary for a “Sam’s Club”

According to the CPT, where would a Sam’s Club be located?

What size city or hexagon would you find a Target?

Growth of Walmart map

Hexagon?

What hexagon would be required to have an adequate threshold for a large HEB?

What size hexagon would support an Ace Hardware?

Hexagon ?

Would these be found in the same hexagon?

Growth of McDonalds

Can you think of examples from the past in Europe and from the United States today in which the threshold is larger than the range, yet businesses thrive and market towns temporarily come alive?

Itinerant merchants in medieval Europe who would sell their wares in a different town each day or two to "collect" sufficient "ranges" to meet or, hopefully, exceed their "threshold" (market) to keep their business going

In the US, multi-million dollar businesses have insufficient thresholds because the threshold for their products are too small; hence, professional athletic teams and popular entertainers with their high income demands travel throughout the country, increasing their threshold.

In the 21st century, how is this concept being taken to a new level?

Increase your personal “range” and the company’s “threshold”.

A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it.

Central Place Theory

Specialized services (e.g. universities, financial centers) are said to be of high order. Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it, but not vice versa.

Simple basic services (e.g. grocery stores, service stations) are said to be low order settlements.

The sphere of influence is the area of under influence of the Central Place.

The minimum population size required to profitably maintain a service is the threshold population.

Factors affecting a fall in the threshold population are a decrease in population , change in tastes, income, and the introduction of substitutes.

Conclusions That Can be Made About Central Places

The larger a settlement, the farther away a similar size settlement is.

The Range increases as the population increases while the threshold may decrease physically.

The larger the settlement, the higher the order of its services.

Tourist resorts that have a small population but large number of functions.

Deviations to this rule are:

Dormitory towns that have a large population but a small number of functions.

Note that the area represented by a threshold varies with the density of population, while the range is a distance (or time.) In areas with very sparse population, it’s conceivable that some goods won’t be offered at all: the threshold required for providing the service is greater than the range for enough people to support it.

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Rank Size Rule and Primate City

The Rank Size Rule notes the relationship between the ranks of cities and their populations.

For example, if the largest town has a population of x, the second largest town will have a population of x/2, the 3rd largest will have a population of x/3 and so on.

It was advanced by Zipf in 1941

The Law of the Primate CityThe primate city is the largest most dominant city in a region. The degree of primacy refers to the dominance of the largest city over the rest of the country.

Most LDCs (Less Developed Countries) have a high degree of primacy while most MDCs (More Developed Countries) have a low degree of primacy.

Factors that affect high primacy include Having an underdeveloped economy Having an agriculturally dominant economy A rapidly expanding population A recent colonial history

Urban Morphology

This is the distribution of different functions in a city The Bid-rent TheoryThe Bid Rent Theory suggests different functions will bid differently for land in various parts of the city. It suggests the more accessible the site of land, the higher is its value. Bid Rent Theory Diagram Factors Influencing Land ValuesProximity to a secondary shopping center. Local Site Characteristics Government Policy SecurityFunctional Zones Within a CityThe CBD is the central, most accessible, most expensive part of a city The Inner City is the area immediately surrounding the CBD. It has adverse social and economic conditions The Industrial Zone The Residential Zones. These are divided in 3 groups: Low Income: 1st generation immigrants and poorer groups. Middle Income: 2nd generation immigrants, and wealthier groups. High Class Residential: The wealthiest groups

Gravity model is the same as a functional unit – stores or cities

The popularity of a beach can be derived by applying Central Place Theory.Picture a certain length of beach in summer, with a limited amount of sunbathing space. At dawn it's empty, and then slowly people arrive. It is human nature to try to sit as far apart as possible, so as not to be disturbed, but without having to do excessive walking. The first wave of early birds will therefore spread out to equidistant positions. Observations have shown that this typically results in people arranged in a straight line at ten metre intervals along the beach. The next wave of bathers, arriving after the first order bathers have taken their places, will place themselves between the first line but either higher or lower up the beach, forming the classic Christalle triangle/hexagon pattern. Subsequent waves will place themselves in the gaps, forming third and fourth level geometric shapes. Analysis of these shapes will determine the level of beach popularity over the course of a day or season.It must be recognised that certain factors can skew the nice geometric shapes generated by the theory. Rocks, tides, topless girls, hunky lifeguards and noisy children will all have their effect. These can be noted and computer models used to correct for them.