walls: materials, location, load bearing, non-load bearing while we are primarily concerned with...
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Walls: Materials, Location, Load Bearing, Non-Load Bearing
while we are primarily concerned with interior walls, it is easy to understand some fundamental aspects of any vertical
construction
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within interior wall construction there is a wide range of materials and construction techniques used to build walls.
an interior vertical surface can be categorized as:
wall: a general term for one of the sides of a room or a building, connecting the floor and the ceiling, or roof.
partition: an interior non-load bearing wall
screen or panel: a prefabricated building component that is typically broad and thin
NOTE: all physical objects must bear their own weight, and therefore are ‘load bearing’, structural elements.
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wall construction
• walls are built in a variety of ways, including:• simple materials stacked up, one upon the other, to create a vertical
element/wall. a simple brick wall is an example of this.
• a skeletal system, or framework, that becomes the structure of a wall, typically used as a base for a finished surface of other materials. wood stud framing is an example of this.
• a pre-fabricated system, such as a panel system, that can be assembled to create both the supporting structure, and the finished, interior, exterior, or both, surface of a wall.
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walls:construction vs. finish
• the construction of a wall may be a separate and different matter from the finished surface of a wall.
• in an interior environment we see the finished surface of a wall, or a partition, or a screen.
• what we are seeing may, or may not, be a reflection of how the wall is actually constructed/built.
• some materials used to build a wall reflect directly the way the wall is actually built, while some materials we see as the finished surface are only that, just a finished, top layer, surface, that conceals the structure beneath.
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• nearly any material can be used to build a vertical surface, but the characteristics of the materials used will strongly influence the physical, visual, and emotional character of that surface.
• some materials have powerful physical, visual, and
emotional qualities.
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• Materials with strong visual and physical qualities:
• brick, stone, wood, steel, ceramic tile, glass blocks
• any material that is produced as 'units' typically used in large numbers within one visual field.
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Masonry: a term used to describe things made from brick, block, or stone
• masonry construction often requires the use of mortar, a cementitious material made from water, cement powder, and fine aggregates (typically sand)
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As with other construction materials, bricks are 'named' by their orientation/location
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brick construction, and brick walls in particular, are a substantial and
beautiful world of design possibilities.
• brick walls are constructed using individual bricks as a construction unit. by accumulating many individual bricks, used in a variety of orientations, and in possible color variations, walls of stunning visual character can be designed.
• brick walls have historically been designed and constructed in particular patterns.
• some of these patterns are: english bond, flemish bond, running bond, stack bond.
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running bond, common bond,stack bond, english cross bond
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archesan arch is a structural form
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brick wall construction
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Concrete block: a masonry unit material
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concrete block (cmu)
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concrete block foundation wall construction
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glass block: a 'glass masonry unit' typically 4” thick, and hollow
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glass blocks are hollow, and offer fairly good insulation
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glass blocks are manufactured in a variety of textures and levels of clarity
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solid glass bricks are also manufactured. these are very different from hollow glass blocks.
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Expressing Material Characterversus concealing character
• Materials can be used in ways that express their fundamental character, or materials can be used in ways that conceal their fundamental character.
• good designers generally use the specific qualities of specific materials to make their work visually expressive.
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‘fake’ materials, like a stage set, is an illusion. used excessively fake materials reduce our ability to understand the
built environment around us.
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pre-fabricated, engineered, wall panel systems:a residential exterior wall, a highway barrier wall
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Concrete: Cast in Place or
Pre-Cast (in a workshop)
• Cast in place concrete
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Pouring ‘Placing’ Concrete &
Finishing ‘Floating’ Concrete
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Formwork made of plywood,braced with 2x4 ‘kickers’
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Pre-Cast Concrete
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Concretethis is a concrete table and chair!
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SHAWNESSY LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT STATIONCalgary, Alberta
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Pre-Cast Concrete Shells
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concrete wall panels:cast on the ground, tilted up, connected to adjoining panels
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raised wood panels:wood panels fitted together to cover the entire surface of a wall:
there is a wall ‘structure’ under these finished panels
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cherry raised panels
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stiles with raised panel: stiles with flat panel:flat panel with applied molding:
beaded board wainscotting
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Solarcrete: The wall consists of a core of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam
insulation that is surrounded by steel reinforcing bars. This core is then encased in pneumatically applied fiber reinforced concrete.
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a prefabricated metal wall panel system: can be applied over a variety of existing wall conditions and materials
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metal panels: formed using machines that press, bend, perforate
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entire buildings can be built using components that make up a system
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panels used in a ‘kit of parts’
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an aluminum panel product called ‘alucobond’
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aluminum panel system that can be applied over an existing building wall
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aluminum panel systems used to make curved form enclosures
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the beautiful italian hilltown of san gimignanobuilt in the 1300’s
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stones stacked upon stones:marble blocks on top of bricks.
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very simple construction technique that yields a timeless, enduring, construction
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logs can be used whole, to construct walls. wood logs provide very good insulation from cold weather.
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if the logs are not cut very precisely, the spaces between must be filled with ‘chinking’ which today is often a synthetic elastic product.
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stone is used today more as a surfacing material than as an actual construction, load bearing, material. stone can, nevertheless, be used to make
entire walls. here is a ‘dry’ stone wall made using no mortar.
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stone is shaped, or used as found. found stone is calledfieldstone, or rubble. regular, even cut stone is called
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ashlar: cut, regular shapes