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Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology Note Guide Unit 6: Evolution & The Diversity of Life Extra Resources Website: http://waa-science.weebly.com
Module 1: Darwin and Natural Selection Vocabulary Term Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of
Species
Naturalist
Speciation
survival of the fittest (as it pertains to Biology)
Key Questions:
1. On which islands did Charles Darwin make observations to create his theories?
2. Were the lifeforms on all of the islands the exact same to each other? Were they the exact same to animals on other parts of the world?
3. Natural selection is a specific mechanism of evolution in which the heritable traits (characteristics) help
an organism do what?
4. Name the five points that are basis of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
Review the kitten example to better understand the significance of the five points of natural selection.
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5. Darwin’s study of finches showed that the birds had variations in their beaks. Why are minor variations
within species important for survival?
6. How did Lyell’s work influence Darwin?
7. How did Malthus’ work influence Darwin?
8. How did Lamarck’s work influence Darwin?
9. What did Darwin and Lamarck disagree on?
10. Why does the world today believe Darwin’s theory and not Lamarck’s?
Darwin and Earlier Scientists (Slide 20) Complete the table below:
Year Scientist Contribution
1785
Theory of the Earth: Earth’s land and rock formations change
over time
1798
Essay on the Principle of Population: If plants & animals had unlimited offspring then a scarcity of resources (food, shelter etc.)
will result. Therefore, the competition for resources helps to
control population growth
1809
Philosophie zoologique: Theory of Acquired Inheritance; traits
are developed through the use and disuse of organs, and they are
passed on to future generations.
1833
Principles of Geology: The Earth has been experience change
since it was born. Mountains, oceans, lakes and rivers are a result
of this change. The Earth is still changing to this day.
1858
Studied plant and animal distribution/similarities
1859
Origin of Species: Species have evolved over the course of many
years from a common ancestor.
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Module 2: Adaptive Evolution Vocabulary Term Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Adaptive Evolution (include an example)
Gene Pool
Genetic Drift
Genetic Drift:
Bottleneck Effect
Genetic Drift: Founder Effect
Key Questions: 1. Complete the statement (slide 9): It's important to remember that only a ____________________ change
in a trait results in adaptive evolution, not a ____________________ or accidental change.
2. Review Question: Are all mutations harmful? Are all mutations beneficial?
3. How do viruses act as a source of genetic variation and thus adaptive evolution?
4. How do alleles and genetic information change during gene flow?
5. How does genetic drift effect genetic variation?
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Sources of Genetic Variation (Slides 11) Complete the table
Source Definition/Description/Cause Example Consequences (slide 18)
Allele
Frequency
Mutations
Viruses
Sexual
Reproduction
Gene Flow
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Patterns of Natural Selection (Slides 21-22 of 25)
Pattern Description (Slide 21) Butterfly Example (Slide 22)
Directional Selection
Disruptive Selection
Stabilizing Selection
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Module 3: Speciation Vocabulary Term Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Species
(as described by Ernst Mayr 1942)
Review: Gene Pool
Reproductive
Isolation
Adaptive Radiation
Convergent Evolution
Key Questions:
1. When do prezygotic barriers occur?
2. What are some examples of prezygotic barriers?
3. When do postzygotic barriers occur?
4. Why is a mule (hybrid animal) considered to be an example of a postzygotic barrier?
5. Will geographic isolation always lead to the formation of a new species? Why or why not?
6. Why do eastern and western meadowlarks not mate even though they may live in the same area?
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Forms of Reproductive Isolation (Slides 9 through 11)
Form Description Example
Geographic Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
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Mechanisms of Speciation (Slides 13 through 16)
Mechanism Translation Definition/Description Example
Allopatric
Speciation
“other country”
Sympatric
Speciation
“same country”
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Adaptive Radiation and Convergent Evolution (Slide 19)
Compare adaptive radiation and convergent evolution. Place similarities in the middle of the section.
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Module 4: Phylogeny Vocabulary Term Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Fossil
Paleontology
Phylogeny
Vestigial Structure (give an example)
Example: Tailbones in humans
Analogous Structures (give an example)
Homologous
Structures
(give an example)
Mass Extinction
Cladistics
Key Questions:
1. Can scientists determine/estimate the age of rocks?
2. Explain the morphological change in horses due to their change in eating habits (went from soft grass in forests to hard grasses in plains)
3. How do scientists use fossils to understand evolution of organisms?
4. What do analogous structures indicate about evolutionary relationships?
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5. What do homologous structures indicate about evolutionary relationships?
6. How does embryology help determine phylogeny?
7. How does molecular biology (studying genes) provide evidence for evolution?
8. Which technique is more reliable in phylogeny – molecular biology or fossil records?
9. What does differences in amino acid sequences tell us about two organisms?
10. What is one of the biggest problems with amino acid sequence method?
11. What is DNA hybridization? How is it used in phylogeny?
12. During which period was the mass extinction of the dinosaurs?
13. During which era was the mass extinction of the dinosaurs?
14. After a mass extinction, what happens to the species that survive?
15. What information is displayed on a cladogram?
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Example of a Phylogenic Tree or “Tree of Life”
Biologists use this evidence to
reconstruct evolutionary history
and create the tree of life.
The tree of life shows the
evolutionary interrelations of
different organisms that
originated from a common
ancestral form.
The ancestors lie in the tree
trunk, while organisms that have
arisen from them are placed at
the ends of tree branches.
Closely related groups are
located on branches close to one
another, indicating a closer
relationship.
Cladogram Example:
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Module 5: The Tree of Life Vocabulary Term Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Taxonomy
Nomenclature
Taxon
Review:
Phylogeny
Molecular Clock
Hypothesis
Key Questions: 1. What are the seven levels in order (most general to most specific) for Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of
classification?
2. What were the two kingdoms that Linnaeus identified?
3. Which two categories make up the scientific name of an organism?
4. The scientific name is always written in italics. Which part of the name is capitalized? Which part of the
name is in lowercase lettering?
5. How were scientists able to distinguish between bacteria and archaebacteria?
6. Linnaeus’s method of taxonomy only had two kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia. Whittaker’s method has
five kingdoms. Why did Whittaker add more kingdoms? What are the four kingdoms that replaced Plantae in Whittaker’s system?
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7. Woese developed the six kingdom system by dividing Monera in to two separate kingdoms. Why did
Woese see this as necessary? What are the two new kingdoms called?
8. What are names of the three domains?
Classification Comparison from Slide 18 Complete the table below.
Three
Domain
Classification
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Six Kingdom
Classification Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell Type
Organization
Cell Wall
Nutrition
Examples