wa2006-792
DESCRIPTION
abaloneTRANSCRIPT
INTEGRATING SEAWEEDS INTO SOUTH INTEGRATING SEAWEEDS INTO SOUTH
AFRICAN ABALONE AQUACULTUREAFRICAN ABALONE AQUACULTURE
John J. Bolton1, Deborah M. Robertson-Andersson1,
Max Troell2, Robert J. Anderson3, Gavin Maneveldt4,
Christina Halling2, AJ Smit5, Trevor Probyn3 & Sue
Peall1
1University of Cape Town, South Africa
2Stockholm University, Sweden
3Marine & Coastal Management, South Africa
4University of the Western Cape, South Africa
5University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
John J. Bolton1, Deborah M. Robertson-Andersson1,
Max Troell2, Robert J. Anderson3, Gavin Maneveldt4,
Christina Halling2, AJ Smit5, Trevor Probyn3 & Sue
Peall1
1University of Cape Town, South Africa
2Stockholm University, Sweden
3Marine & Coastal Management, South Africa
4University of the Western Cape, South Africa
5University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
OverviewOverview
Abalone farming in South Africa
Importance of seaweeds (kelp) as feed in SA abalone farming
Prospects for aquacultured seaweeds as feed
Initiation of commercial multi-trophic integrated aquaculture
Abalone landings in South Africa: Abalone landings in South Africa: 1948 1948 -- 20042004
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Tons
““Abalone farming in South Africa has Abalone farming in South Africa has
developed rapidly and the country is now the developed rapidly and the country is now the
second largest producer outside Asiasecond largest producer outside Asia””..
World Aquaculture March 2003World Aquaculture March 2003
(750 tons produced in 2005)
Durban
Port ElizabethCape Town
Abalone Operations in South Africa
I&J Abalone
Atlantic Fishing
Foodcorp
Farmprops
Marine Growers
HIKAbahowe Farm
Hermanus Abalone
Aquafarm Development
Dezzo Trading
Avuca Abalone
Fish Bay Mariculture
Foster Keith John
Jacobsbaai Sea Products
Blue Cap General Trading
Seige Investments
West Coast Abalone
Port Nolloth Sea Farms
Ritztrade
Really Useful Investments
Wild Coast Abalone
Abalone industry development in SAAbalone industry development in SA
West coast
(kelp beds)
South coast
(no kelp beds)
Kelp harvesting (Kelp harvesting (EckloniaEcklonia and and LaminariaLaminaria))
Photos: RJ Anderson
SA kelp resources (seaweed concession areas)SA kelp resources (seaweed concession areas)
Anderson et al. (2003)
Kelp harvest Kelp harvest vsvs abalone production abalone production ((TroellTroell et al. Aquaculture, in press)et al. Aquaculture, in press)
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Tons abalone
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7000
Tons kelp
Abalone production Kelp as abalone feed (WWt) beach cast (DWt)
Seaweed concession areas and kelp MSYSeaweed concession areas and kelp MSY
187252405010399Totals
112751158155011 (2)
0999519568 (3)
528543486447 (3)
8783389726806 (3)
3546069611655 (3)
Beach cast
(t f wt)
Total Harvest as % of MSY
Harvest(t f wt)
MSY(t f wt)
Concession Area
(MCM Data: from Troell et al. Aquaculture, in press).
Feed as %age of running costs of the Feed as %age of running costs of the
South African abalone industry:South African abalone industry:
KELP: ca. 11%
ARTIFICIAL FEED: ca. 6%
- mostly ABFEED®:
- (Marifeed Property Ltd., South Africa)
- Formulated feed containing fishmeal,
soya bean meal, starch, vitamins and
minerals
Integrated aquaculture: Growing Ulva and Gracilaria in abalone effluent as feedIntegrated aquaculture: Growing Integrated aquaculture: Growing UlvaUlva and and
GracilariaGracilaria in abalone effluent as feedin abalone effluent as feed
Initial research on south coast, where there is no
kelp (University of Port Elizabeth, now NMMU),
more recently in current project
Our research has shown that feeding cultivated
seaweeds to abalone had a number of benefits:
Increased growth rates,
Improved vigour and stress resistance
Initial research on south coast, where there is no
kelp (University of Port Elizabeth, now NMMU),
more recently in current project
Our research has shown that feeding cultivated
seaweeds to abalone had a number of benefits:
Increased growth rates,
Improved vigour and stress resistance
Seaweed cultivationSeaweed cultivationSeaweed cultivation
Integrated aquaculture: Growing Ulva in abalone effluent as feedIntegrated aquaculture: Growing Integrated aquaculture: Growing UlvaUlva in in
abalone effluent as feedabalone effluent as feed
Our research supports that of a number of
previous studies:
Cultivated seaweed (e.g. Ulva) contains much
higher levels of protein than natural seaweed
Cultivated seaweed is an excellent and value-
added feed for South African abalone
Our research supports that of a number of
previous studies:
Cultivated seaweed (e.g. Ulva) contains much
higher levels of protein than natural seaweed
Cultivated seaweed is an excellent and value-
added feed for South African abalone
Abalone weight (g) on different diets after 9 months (Naidoo et al. J. Appl. Phycol., in press)
Abalone weight (g) on different diets after 9 Abalone weight (g) on different diets after 9
months months ((NaidooNaidoo et al. J. et al. J. ApplAppl. . PhycolPhycol., ., in press)in press)
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-02
Sep-02
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-02
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-02
Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
Apr-03
May-03
Mean wet weight (g)
Mixed diet
Rotation
Fresh Kelp
Fresh kelp + Abfeed
Abfeed
Benefits of a mixed algal diet
KELP ONLY
DIET
MIXED ALGAL
DIET
Growing abalone feed in South Africa? A reality: Wild Coast Abalone (south coast, near East London)
Growing abalone feed in South Africa? A reality: Wild Coast Abalone (south coast, near East London)
Integrated aquaculture: Growing Ulva and Gracilaria in abalone effluent as feedIntegrated aquaculture: Growing Integrated aquaculture: Growing UlvaUlva and and
GracilariaGracilaria in abalone effluent as feedin abalone effluent as feed
Two farms which feed Ulva and
Gracilaria exclusively experienced
that their abalone developed an ‘off’
taste and sulphur-like smell after
the canning process
Two farms which feed Ulva and
Gracilaria exclusively experienced
that their abalone developed an ‘off’
taste and sulphur-like smell after
the canning process
DMSP and DMS DMSP and DMS DMSP and DMS
Trace concentrations of a volatile sulphur compound,
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), were discovered in the Earth's
atmosphere about three decades ago.
The gas was also found to occur in ocean surface waters.
Some phytoplankton synthesize the molecule
dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)
DMS is released by algal cells following death and ‘sloppy
feeding’ by zooplankton.
DMS a naturally produced biogenic gas essential for the Earth's
biogeochemical cycles.
Some algal species contain a high concentration of intercellular DMSP
It is theorized that DMSP may act as either:
an osmolyte (in response to salinity changes),
a cryoprotectant,
An antioxidant in both micro- and macroalgae.
DMS can be formed by the enzymatic cleavage of DMSP to DMS and acrylate, as
well as by the oxidation of DMSP with OH-, oxygen or hydrogen peroxide
Some algal species contain a high concentration of intercellular DMSP
It is theorized that DMSP may act as either:
an osmolyte (in response to salinity changes),
a cryoprotectant,
An antioxidant in both micro- and macroalgae.
DMS can be formed by the enzymatic cleavage of DMSP to DMS and acrylate, as
well as by the oxidation of DMSP with OH-, oxygen or hydrogen peroxide
H3C
C
C
O
OH
C
H3C
S+
HH
H H
DMSPDMS
DMSP and DMS in algaeDMSP and DMS in algaeDMSP and DMS in algae
DMSP and DMS in herbivores DMSP and DMS in herbivores DMSP and DMS in herbivores
DMSP is not produced by animals
DMSP may accumulate in some herbivores following feeding on a DMSP-rich
diet
DMSP is taste- and odourless
Offensive, ‘off’ tastes and smells are associated with DMS
Animals lack the enzyme DMSP-lyase that converts DMSP to DMS
DMS may be produced from DMSP post mortem in animals via:
bacterial DMSP-lyase activity (decay)
heat treatment (e.g. canning)
DMSP is not produced by animals
DMSP may accumulate in some herbivores following feeding on a DMSP-rich
diet
DMSP is taste- and odourless
Offensive, ‘off’ tastes and smells are associated with DMS
Animals lack the enzyme DMSP-lyase that converts DMSP to DMS
DMS may be produced from DMSP post mortem in animals via:
bacterial DMSP-lyase activity (decay)
heat treatment (e.g. canning)
Preliminary investigations Preliminary investigations Preliminary investigations
Papers by Hill et al. (2000, 2004)
Giant clams (which have ‘zooxanthellae’)
developed ‘off-odours’ after death due to
DMSP…
Papers by Hill et al. (2000, 2004)
Giant clams (which have ‘zooxanthellae’)
developed ‘off-odours’ after death due to
DMSP…
Is DMS was detectable in abalone?
1 – 2 g of tissue was removed from 5 abalone fed a
mixed (kelp, Ulva and Gracilaria) diet.
Measurement of DMS:
Quantitative conversion of DMSP to DMS through
alkali hydrolysis
DMS analysis via gas chromatography
Is DMS was detectable in abalone?
1 – 2 g of tissue was removed from 5 abalone fed a
mixed (kelp, Ulva and Gracilaria) diet.
Measurement of DMS:
Quantitative conversion of DMSP to DMS through
alkali hydrolysis
DMS analysis via gas chromatography
Preliminary investigations Preliminary investigations Preliminary investigations
Preliminary investigationsFlesh partitioningPreliminary investigationsPreliminary investigations
Flesh partitioningFlesh partitioning
Top o
f foot
foot
EpipodialEpipodial frillfrill
AM BF F
TF
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30
35DMSP (µg.g-1)
DMSP values from various tissue types in mixed diet cultivated abaloneDMSP values from various tissue types in mixed diet cultivated abalone
Preliminary investigations Preliminary investigations Preliminary investigations
TF
F
BF
AM
Top of foot
Epipodial frill
Bottom of foot
Abductor muscle
Diet experimentDiet experimentDiet experiment
5
5
10
10
10
5
20
n
17.0 + 6.40.1 (grac)Gracilaria + Ulva
0.4 + 0.0Gracilara + kelp
0.3 + 0.20Abfeed
87.3 + 24.735.3 + 10.6Ulva
0.2 + 0.1
Diet DMSP
(mmol.kg -1)
0.6 + 0.3Kelp + Abfeed
9.3 + 1.5Kelp + Ulva
+Gracilaria
0.6 + 0.6Kelp
Abalone DMSP
(mmol.kg -1 )
Diet experimentDiet experimentDiet experiment
1087.3 + 24.735.3 + 10.6Ulva
5
5
n
17.0 + 6.40.1 (grac)Gracilaria + Ulva
Diet DMSP
(mmol.kg -1)
9.3 + 1.5Kelp + Ulva +Gracilaria
Abalone DMSP
(mmol.kg -1 )
Values for tridacnid clams are 30 mmol.kg -1 (can be 50–60 mmol�kg–1),
(previously the highest recorded in animals: Hill et al. 2004))
Typical values for fish, crustaceans and other molluscs are below 3 – 4
mmol.kg-1 (Hill et al. 2000)
Values for tridacnid clams are 30 mmol.kg -1 (can be 50–60 mmol�kg–1),
(previously the highest recorded in animals: Hill et al. 2004))
Typical values for fish, crustaceans and other molluscs are below 3 – 4
mmol.kg-1 (Hill et al. 2000)
Depuration experimentDepurationDepuration experimentexperiment
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Time (days)
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DMSP remaining (µg.g-1)
smallest
small
medium
large
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DMSP (µg.g-1)
Wild abaloneWild abaloneWild abalone
> 1 000 g
250 – 750 g
100 -200 g
10 -20 g
Small
Medium
Large
Smallest
To DMSP or not to DMSP?To DMSP or not to DMSP?To DMSP or not to DMSP?
Wild abalone and cultured
abalone that eat seaweed
have levels of DMSP
Is DMS an important
component in abalone for
optimal taste?
Taste tests …..
Integrated abalone/seaweed aquaculture in South Africa: the future?Integrated abalone/seaweed aquaculture Integrated abalone/seaweed aquaculture
in South Africa: the future?in South Africa: the future?
I&J Abalone: Gansbaai
January 2006
120t farm extension
Planning for 50% re-circulation
1.7t of Ulva produced per pond
per two week period
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sweden/South Africa Collaborative Programme (SIDA/NRF)
I & J Mariculture farm
JSP Mariculture farm
Abagold
JSP