© IFPEN / IFP School 2014

Sustainable Mobility Technical and environmental challenges for the automotive sector Week 5 – Session 8 – Conclusion Philippe Pinchon Dean of IFP School Former Director of R&D in the field of Transport at IFP Energies nouvelles

W5 – S7 – Mobility of tomorrow p. 1 © IFPEN / IFP School 2014

To ensure a more sustainable human mobility, one of the most important targets of the transport sector is the reduction of airborne pollutants and above all of greenhouse gas emissions. To reach this target, we can use four main levers: People’s behavior In the coming years, the world population will continue to grow, leading to a greater need in people’s mobility. At the same time, however, we expect that, especially in developed countries, people will also adopt more environmentally-friendly modes of transport (walking, cycling, eco-driving, car-sharing) and even reduce their mobility needs through new organizations such as teleworking. Infrastructures The second lever is the improvement of the global efficiency of Transport Systems through the development of infrastructure, public facilities and transport organization. This means: public transport, parking lots, smart roads, electric charging stations, etc… This, however, takes a lot of time and requires large public investment. Energy efficiency of vehicles and powertrains The third lever is vehicle technology, which can be used to improve vehicle energy efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. This MOOC has emphasized the need to improve powertrain technology. Indeed, the automotive industry is investing considerably in innovative internal combustion engines and after-treatment systems as well as in vehicle electrification. Not forgetting other improvements such as reducing vehicle aerodynamic drag, reducing losses through tires or reducing vehicle weight. A significant simultaneous reduction of exhaust pollutant emissions and fuel consumption can be achieved through a combination of all these means. Decarbonized energy To decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the last lever is to increase the share of decarbonized energies. Decarbonized electricity can, for example, be derived from renewable sources (hydraulic, sun, wind, biomass) and from nuclear sources. Biofuels and lower carbon-content fuels such as natural gas are also a means of decarbonizing fuels.

W5 – S7 – Mobility of tomorrow p. 2 © IFPEN / IFP School 2014

To conclude, the transport industry is a heavy industry and these drastic changes are difficult to implement rapidly. Transport users might also be reluctant to change their habits. We are thus entering an energy transition which will last several decades. For example, the International Energy Agency expects transport to remain dependent on oil for more than 90% of its energy in 2035. So it will take time. Technology -but not technology alone- will play a major role and many technological solutions will have to be developed and implemented . This means that the transport industries, and in particular the automotive industry, need to hire new talent, technicians and engineers.