w. schufft: challenges for electrical power engineering ip 2007, pernink challenges for electrical...

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink

Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering


Sunrise or sunset ?


Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts

2. Deregulation of energy markets

3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation

4. Condition assessment for energy system components

5. Developments for energy transport

6. Distributed energy supply technologies

7. Outlook


Factors for the reproduction of the human society


Figures of electrical energy generation (Germany 2001)

Consumption(= generation)

515 TWh (515 109 kWh)

+ 2 % /a(1973)

- per capita 5,9 103 kWh

Total capacity 120 GW

Sales volume 60“ EURO slightly increasing

Investments 4“ EURO slightly increasing


Share of primary energies for electrical energy generation Germany 2004

Nuclear energy 28 %

Lignite (CO2) 26 %

Coal (CO2) 24 %

Oil & gas (CO2) 11 %

Renewable 11 %

60 % of electrical energy generation with CO2-emission.


Primary energy balance for energy generation


Kyoto-Protocol (1987)

Reduction of CO2-emission

Commitment: 1990 – 2010 by 21 %

Internal target: 1990 – 2005 by 25 %

reached: 1990 – 2000 by 15 %

CO2-emission/a: ca. 800 Mio. t (ca. 10 t per capita)Additionally nuclear get-off till 2030,

i.e. 30 % of electrical energy (160 TWh) must be provided by renewable energy sources (or import ?)








7. Outlook


Electrical energy system


Price for electrical energy








7. Outlook


Load profiles- describe the typical energy demand for certain customer groups, in the case the demand cannot be measured

- used for the determination of mains rent

- base for mains operation

There are standard profiles for entire Germany.

Utilities need most exact load profiles.


Example for a load profile








7. Outlook


Average interruption


Investments of the utilities


Questions for condition assessment

- Latest date for replacement (investment) ?

- Optimum maintenance strategy ?








7. Outlook


Development of transmission voltages


380 kV HV cable connection for European capitals


HVDC connections

- HVDC-overhead transmission lines, e.g. in China + 500 kV; 1800 MW via 960 km

- great importance for sea cable links, because HVAC is impossible

- typical voltages 400 ... 500 kV

- conventional oil-paper cable, but research to apply also extruded cables


HVDC-sea- connections in Northern Europe


Future HVDC connections


Tendencies of development- mains are completed- no higher transmission voltages- emphasis in the medium-voltage range

- growing importance of power electronics

Future developments:

- Silicon power switches

- Powerformer (Generator with 200 kV)

- Current limiters by polymeric compounds and liquids

- growing importance of information technologies








7. Outlook


Sun – the future energy source

Incoming solar energy:1,54 1018 kWh/a

World primary energy demand:100 1012 kWh/a (0,006 %)

- Water power- Wind energy- Photovoltaic- Solarthermical

Renewable energy sources are distributed ones !


Wind power in Germany

Installed power ca. 18 000 MW (2005)(30 % of world-wide installed wind power capacity)

Wind power plants with 0,5 ... 1,5 MW power

in wind parks with 5 ... 30 ... 50 MW power

Problems:

- forecast difficult

- storage desirable but until now impossible

- no commitments between wind park owners and utilities


Wind records


Development of wind power

year 2000 2030

Wind power 9 000 MW 42 000 MW, incl.25 000 MW Off-shore

Wind plant power 0,5 … 1,5 MW 5 MW

Rotor diameter 30 ... 70 m 100 ... 120 m

Wind park power 5 ... 30 ... 50 MW 200 ... 1 500 MW


Wind speed distribution


Off-shore wind park


Erection of an off-shore wind plant


Inverter concepts


Transmission technologies


Solar radiation in Europe

Germanyca. 1 000 kWh/m2a

South EuropeCa. 1 800 kWh/m2a

Sahara:

ca. 2 500 kWh/m2a


Fluctuating photovoltaic energy


Concept for short-time storage


Renewable energy management


Heat and power couplingNuclear power plant Grafenrheinfeld

Pel = 1 345 MW, = ca. 35 %

Cooling power: 2 100 MWEquivalent heating powerof a big city !

Conclusion:

- Heat cannot be distributed economically over long distances.- Heating power must be generated decentralised, electrical energy becomes a „waste product“ of electricity generation.- Heat generation will determine future energy politics mainly.


Energy consumption in Germany

30 % of the final energy consumption of private customers is used for heating and warm water generation !


PEM fuel cell (PEM – Proton Exchange Membran)

Electrical power: 212 kWHeat power: 240 kWOperating temperature: 75 °CDimensions L/W/H: 7,3 m / 2,4 m / 2,7 m

ηel = 34%ηtot = ηel + ηth = 76 %

- high-efficient, clean, low-noise- optimised partial load behaviour


Energy generation today


Virtual power station - energy generation tomorrow








7. Outlook


Blooming landscape

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