W. Ripl : 1

Control of Watercycle- and matter-flow by Vegetation, approaches for

a sustainable Ressourcemanagement

W. Ripl

W. Ripl

2

Attenuation of an energy-pulse to the mean

So urc e : Hild m a nn 1993 Einlk1e .c d r, 26.9.94

te m p e ra ture

04 2

34

tim e

m e a n

m e a sure d te m p e ra ture

e ne rg y p ulsee .g . sune ne rg y

a tte nua tio nb y e .g . e va p o tra nsp ira tio n,c o nd e nsa tio n

d e via tio n o f m e a sure dte m p e ra ture fro m m e a n

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3

Structures and distributes processes by means of the dynamic Structures and distributes processes by means of the dynamic medium water in landscape medium water in landscape

It controlles the atmosphere with respect to its process It controlles the atmosphere with respect to its process dynamics,dynamics,composition und distributioncomposition und distribution

It controlles mechanical and chemical processes close to the soil It controlles mechanical and chemical processes close to the soil surface and distributes thereby organisms, it eliminates surface and distributes thereby organisms, it eliminates randomness, minimises material flows, and increases sustainable randomness, minimises material flows, and increases sustainable developmentdevelopment

It controlles temperature- and moisture patterns in space and It controlles temperature- and moisture patterns in space and time as a niche for all organismstime as a niche for all organisms

Nature as a dynamic energy- dissipative process

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4

Processor properties of water

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5

Dissipative Ecological Unit (DEU)

ZKS4_a.cdr, 28.06.00

process contro lm atter cycle

water as transport, reaction and cooling agent

detritus

destruents consum ers

producers

energy

Source: R ip l & H ildm ann 1993

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6

BO 1

PB

BO 2

AT1

AT2

SB1

SB2

SA1

K-D

Wo

lter,

TU B

erli

n, F

ac

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bie

t Lim

nolo

gie

. Dig

erf_

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dr,

26.0

1.00

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0 00 0,5 0,5150 5010050 0

8.000

6.000

4.000

2.000

100

years b.p.

zoneloss on ignition

g/m2 year g/m2 year g/m2 year mg/m2 year mg/m2 year

10.000

total P extr. Ca extr. Mg extr. K

Postglacial development of Lake Trummen (Sweden). Yearly deposition according to G. Digerfeldt (1972)

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7

Efficiency and selfoptimization in nature (ETR-concept)

Dissipative structures are the optimized materialized answers to energetic interaction problems far from thermodynamic equilibrium

The efficiency criteria (closed localized material cycles related to irreversible linear material flow) determines sustainability of dissipative structures

Periodically moving water in nature, metabolizing cells, reproducing organisms, coenotic structures competing for sustainability and selfoptimizing ecosystems are dissipative structures in different fractal organization levels

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8

Thesis 1

Nature is under stable conditions with respect to space and pulsed energy a recursive selforganisation process,

a steady development of sustainable dissipative structures such as organisms in interaction with their environment is the result.

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9

Thesis 2

Process distribution and -coupling in space and time determines the “irreversible” material flows to the sea and thereby sustainability and the ageing of the landscape

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10

Thesis 3

Material flows were dramatically increased by men induced interference with the energy flow, the watercycle and the vegetation.

Material flows in nature consist of chargeflows in

rivers and groundewater, emissions, immissions and erosion

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11

Thesis 4

The quality of the necessary functions of nature can be estimated by the spatial distribution of evaporable water in the landscape observed in the temperature distribution at the land surface.

The quality of ecological functions can be measured by satellite imagery on the one hand, on the other hand by the distribution of runoff and the material flow from the catchments measured as waterflow and irreversible charge flow.

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12

Thesis 5

The vegetation cover in feedback with the watercycle is the most important energy processor in the landscape

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13

W. Ripl

14

Comparison Virgin forest and small meadow nearby

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15

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16

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17

W. Ripl

18

Theoretical basis for thermal efficiency

m ean tem perature

increasing efficiency = minim al temperature deviation

- temperature deviation

decreasing efficiency = maximal tem perature deviation

m ean tem perature

wkgd_T, 14.9.95Source: m odified from H ildm ann 1993

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19

Irreversible matter losses by precipitation and run-off in different landscape types

K-D W olter, TUB - L im nologie; Transp_1.cdr, 11.12.00Source: R ip l 1995

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20

Development and Desertification of Landscape after glaciation had ceased

Water cycle, matter budget and temperature balance

h i s t o r 3 a . c d r 2 0 0 1 0 8 1 0 , C h r i s t i a n H i l d m a n n

2

°C

t

4

°C

t

6

°C

t

5

°C

t

3

°C

t

1

°C

t

W ide o pen wa ter cycle sho rta fter g la cia tio n

Sho rtcircu ited wa tercyclelo w p ro ba b ility fo r successio n

W a tercycle destro yedso il dep leted o f nutrients a nd m inera ls

W a tercycle o pened up ; m a tter lo sses; retentio n o f m a tter still in wetla nds M a teria l lo sses m a xim ized

Structurizing o f la ndsca pe

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21

ETR an ecological concept based on the energetics of water

Water in interaction with solid surface leads to sorting processes according to energetic dissipative properties (particle size, dissolution equilibria)

stagnant water leads to conservation of structures (achievement of equilibrium)

high and random water dynamics at liquid-solid interfaces lead to erosion of structures (increased mechanical and chemical interactions)

optimized dissipative structures are dynamic metabolizing structures at lowest energy flow density

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22

The dissipative water cycle

g ro und wa te rg ro und wa te r

Ne um ünste ra g ric ulture

fo re stry

a g ric ulturefo re stry Ne um ünste r

ve g e ta tio n,susta ina b lea g ric ulture

a nd fo re stry

ve g e ta tio n,susta ina b lea g ric ulture

a nd fo re stry

ve g e ta tio n,susta ina b lea g ric ulture

a nd fo re stry

Ne um ünste rHa m b urg Ne um ünste rHa m b urg

Ha m b urg Kie lNe um ünste r Ha m b urg Kie lNe um ünste r

broa d open wa ter c yc le short c irc uit wa ter c yc le

re g io na lsc a le

e .g .c a tc h-m e nta re aStö r

lo c a lsc a le

e .g .Ne u-

m ünste r

na tio n-wid esc a le

e .g .No rth

G e rm a ny

Hild m a nn, FG Lim no lo g ie 9/94Wa kre i2e .c d r, 15.9.94

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23

Indicators for sustainable and non-sustainable water cycles and landscapes

0.3

0.6

0.9

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Lo_pr_1e.cdr, 94, 05.07.00

soil w ater tab le

soil w ater tab le

discharge [l/m ²/m onth]

tim e

tim e tim e tim e

tem perature so il surface

Natural ecosystem

D isturbed ecosystem

m inera liza tion zone

m inera liza tion zonedischarge

tem perature so il surface

losses

losses

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Climatic function dry field – wetland ( Pokorny 2001)

HEAT FLUX5 - 10 %

DRAINED FIELD LAKE, M EADO W, FO REST,LANDSC APE SATURATED WITH WATER

REFLEC TIO N5 - 15 %

REFLEC TIO N5 - 10 %

HEAT FLUX

5 - 10 %

HEAT

60 - 70 %

EVAPO TRANSPIRATIO N

70 - 80 %

DAILY INPUT O F SO LAR ENERG Y6 kWh.m

m a x e ne rg y flux800 - 1000 W.m

-2

-2

EVAPO TRANSPIRATIO N10 - 20 %

HEAT5 - 10 %

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25

1200 ha Biodynamic farm Brodowin

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Brodowin RGB Composit July 1989 TM5

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Brodowin July 1989 Kanal 6 TM5

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28

Present environmental politics: regulation by threshold values

Gre

nzw

erts

teue

rung

Ad m in_ 1.c d r, 18.11.96Wo lte r & Rip l unp ub l.

a irwa te r

fixa

tion

of t

hre

sho

ld v

alu

es

sec toria l view

rea lity

dec ision m a king

le g isla tio n

le g isla tio n

so il

regula tion by lega l lim itsnot spa c e a nd tim e a d justed

m onitoring long

fe

ed

ba

ck,

ine

ffe

ctiv

eg

ap

be

twe

en

de

cis

ion

ma

king

and

re

alit

y

higha dm inistra tiveeffort

EU

fa rm e r a nd fo re st m a na g e r

m unic ip a litie s

c o untrie s

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29

Future target related regulation (holistic approach)

KD W olter, TU Berlin - L im nolog ie , Adm in_2.cdr, 06.02.01

highresponsib ility

W olter & R ip l unpubl.

air

w ater

functionalunderstanding

holistic viewpatternrecognition

fixing ofboundary conditions

soil

target-regulation towards sustainability,space and time related

areal m anager

leg islation, adm in istration

short, efficientfeed back

lowadministrativeeffort

decision makingnear reality

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30

What are Natures ecological services for a sustainable society?

The dissipative water cycle, evaporation and precipitation and its thermostatic function in the catchments

The atmosphere in its composition, its distribution and its dynamics

Soil fertility at dynamic conditions. Soil as the dynamic interface between vegetation and the minerogenic substrate under the local water-cycle conditions

The selforganizing plant cover as the efficient protector of habitat stability