vulnerability assessment of climate change induced … · 2019-03-01 · affected. at least 500...

Proceedings on International Conference on Disaster Risk Management,

Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 12-14, 2019

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VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED

FLOODING: LESSON LEARNT FROM A MUNICIPALITY IN THE

PHILIPPINES

A.S.M. Saifullah1, Mario R. Delos Reyes2

ABSTRACT

The municipality of Angono in the province of Rizal of the Philippines is the worst victim of flood for a long

time. This municipality is affected by flood in almost three years interval. The vulnerability of flooding in

this municipality was assessed using Participatory Learning Approach (PLA), FGD, trend analysis; transect

survey, household survey, and weight-based ranking. There revealed a change in climatic factors like

temperature, rainfall and seasonal pattern in the whole Philippines. Heavy precipitation in the wet season

cause overflow of the river and Laguna de Bay of Angono thus, four major lakeshore Barangays

(village/ward) go under water. Among ten Barangays, four lakeshore Barangays are impacted by flooding an

area comprising about 17% of the total land area of the municipality. Children and old people are mostly

exposed to the flooding and adversely impacted by the hazard. Poor people are found more affected than the

rich and middle class. It is also reflected that the poor are mostly victimized due to their location of houses in

the unprotected areas and poor housing. The elevation of the affected area is as low as 0-5 % from the sea

level which is also another cause of flooding. Moreover, the depth of the lake is decreasing due to

sedimentation and cannot hold excess water. Marginalized people located in the low-lying waterfront are

impacted either by the loss of livelihood or lowering of earning during and after the flood period. Almost

76% of the household heads in the area have no alternative livelihood and are the worse victim of flooding.

Health and sanitation facilities are highly impacted by the flood including disruption of potable water supply,

overflow sewerage system; dysfunction of toilets. About 99% of the households experienced different kind

diseases during and after the flooding. Among the affected people, 45% were within 0-14-year age bracket.

Critical infrastructure like health care center, fire and police station, government and private offices,

educational institutes were also impacted during the flood. Loss of agricultural properties, damage in road

networks, buildings, and other infrastructure cause economic drawback instantly and also create a long-term

problem in communication, housing, and food security. Farmers are mostly marginalized; once their products

are lost or damaged due to flooding this community loss their way of livelihood and become poorer. Erosion

of soil in the upland area cause sedimentation in the lakes and lakeshore area, grassland, and vegetation covers

are damaged which later make the area more erosion-prone. In the context of coping capacity, the

municipality has a local disaster management council called MDCC along with MSWDO and BDCC in

Barangays level whose mandate is to take necessary action in pre-disasters, in-situ and post-disaster event.

Local Disaster Coordinating Councils (LDCCs) which include PDCC, MDCC, and BDCC were found with

weak coordination which hinders the proper rescue and evacuation of the flood-affected people.

Keywords: Flood vulnerability; Climate change; Municipality; Philippines

Introduction

Flood is a climate-caused natural disaster sometime described as the excess of river flow that exceeds the

channel that has been specified for it. It can also be described as the very high flow of water overtopping the

artificial or natural bank inundating the entire surrounding area Flood is considered the most disastrous and

damaging and causes more economic loss than other natural or technological disaster (Huang 2008).

Floods are considered by many to be the hazard that affects more people and causes more damage to property

than any other. They are produced by a variety of factors in different parts of the world. Most commonly

these include: overbank flow on rivers and lakes due to heavy precipitation exacerbated in denuded

watersheds by accelerated runoff; urbanization which complicates flooding events by increasing the area of

impermeable surfaces by the encroachment of roads, housing, and other land uses onto floodplains; the silting

of canals and riverbeds or the obstruction of waterways due to improper construction activities; and the

incidence of storm surges in coastal areas that are already experiencing slow acting land subsidence further

1Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and

Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh. 2 School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.



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magnified by rising sea levels. Flood is characterized by its depth, the rate at which they arrive and subside,

among others. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are placed in natural flood plains

of rivers. While flood damage can be virtually eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of

water, since time out of mind, people have lived and worked by the water to seek sustenance and capitalize

on the gains of cheap and easy travel and commerce by being near water. That humans continue to inhabit

areas threatened by flood damage is evidence that the perceived value of living near the water exceeds the

cost of repeated periodic flooding.

The intense and frequency of flooding is increasing all over the world. It is believed that abrupt climatic

change in the last couple of years acting as a driving force for increased intensity and frequency of flooding.

The impact of climate change is quite visible in the Philippines and it is revealed from several types of

research that the mean temperature of the country is increasing, night time temperature is also on the rise,

pathways of intense typhoons are shifting, and the number of rainy days is decreasing. These changes are

pushing the country to climate-related disasters like tropical cyclones, floods, and landslides.

Study reveals that from 1948 to 1991, 869 typhoons have passed the Philippine area of responsibility

(PAGASA, 1992). The country experiences an average of 19.6 typhoons a year in its area of responsibility.

The normal high incidence of typhoons brings in heavy rains when it coincides with the southwest monsoon

occurrence in the months of June to September and causes flooding in most of the areas of the country. Storm

surges accompany tropical depressions and cause extreme flood occurrences. They devastate many low-lying

coastal areas. The floodplains of Agno, Agusan, Bicol, Cagayan, Cotabato, Pampanga and Panay river

systems are highly susceptible to severe flooding (ADB, 1994). Low-lying agriculturally developed and

economically productive lands in Bicol, Central Luzon, Eastern Mindanao, Central Samar, and Northern

Samar regions are also frequently devastated by extreme flooding events (Benson, 1997). According to The

Inquirer ( 2009) on Nov. 5, 1991, issue massive flash floods descended on Ormoc City in Leyte, killing about

8,000 people, including some 4,000 who were never found as walls of mud and water roared down the

mountains, washing away shanties and sweeping people into the sea. In September 1998, more than 900

families living along the Pasig, Pateros, Marikina, and Napindan (Taguig) rivers were swamped by floods

after continuous rains. The floods and high tides submerged 85 percent of Malabon and flooded 26 primary

and secondary roads in Metro Manila. In November 2006, Supertyphoon “Reming” (International Code

Name: Durian) caused widespread floods and power outages, especially in the Bicol region. More than 700

were killed, over 700 others were missing and more than 2,000 were injured. Over 3.5 million people were

affected. At least 500 people died in the wake of Typhoon “Frank” (International Code Name: Fengshen),

which triggered severe flooding in Western Visayas in June 2008. Nearly 400,000 families, or almost 2

million people, were affected. At least 2,500 others were injured. More than 300,000 people, or over 50,000

families, were evacuated. The areas affected by Frank included Iloilo, Antique, Aklan, Capiz, Guimaras, and

Negros Occidental. Aklan’s capital town of Kalibo was covered with mud and was without potable water and

electricity weeks after the typhoon struck. In January, heavy rains spawned by the tail-end of a cold front

caused floods, landslides and tidal surges that displaced nearly 200,000 people in many parts of the country.

Thirty-eight municipalities and 11 provinces from northern Luzon to Mindanao were affected.

Angono, a municipality of the Rizal province of the Philippines known as the art capital of the country and

it is the worst victim of such climate change induced typhoon and floods. On November 3rd, 2000 a huge

flood ravaged the town, which caused loss of lives and damage to properties of community-dwellers along

the riverside and again September 2009 another flood due to Typhoon Ondoy caused huge damage to the

town. It is estimated that total damage to roads, bridges and other public structures due to typhoon Ondoy

was about PhP 452,919,943 ( Rizal,2009). The flood that was caused by Typhoon ‘Ondoy’ in September

2009 and Pepeng in October 2009 gave rise to the specific research. Though the municipality is facing severe

problem due to typhoon and flood there is no vulnerability assessment of flooding. The main concern of this

research is to assess the vulnerability of flooding of the Angono municipality.

Angono Municipality essentially serves as a catchment valley of the runoff originating from the uplands of

Antipolo, Teresa, and Binangonan. This situation is aggravated by the denudation of the forest cover of the

said areas. Due to the loss of vegetation cover surface, run-off becomes more pronounced as vegetation cover

usually assist in the percolation of rainwater throughout the soil. Specifically, coastal barangays of Angono

along Laguna Lake are susceptible to inundation. During the rainy season when the lake water swells, close

to 30% of Barangays Kalayan, San Vicente, Poblacion Ibaba and Bagumbayan become flooded (CDP, 2001).

It is revealed from the past experience that often, flood water reaches a depth of about six (6) feet near the

river channels. In the town proper, specifically in the proximity of municipal hall, the water extends about a



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foot deep. Typhoon Ondoy which hit the Philippines in September 2009 caused a huge damage in this

municipality. According to the Rizal Province Government Office, due to the typhoon Ondoy resulted in the

death of 13 people died, 11,959 families affected 1,325 houses partially and 17 houses- fully destroyed. The

provincial government office also reported that the total cost for the loss due to Ondoy is approximately

Philippino Peso(PhP) 51,309,500. The population of the municipality is increasing rapidly and migrant

people are settling continuously around the lakeshore area and the number of households victimized by floods

is rising every year.

The vulnerability assessment integrates the analysis of the conditions and the characteristics of a system that

is exposed to a certain type of natural hazard. It is a concept with multiple dimensions (ecological, economic,

social and institutional) and it represents the degree in which a system can be affected by the impact with a

perturbation or stress factor and its capacity of recovering or adaptation to the consequences of the impact

(Kasperson et al., 2002, Turner et al., 2003). The vulnerability can be defined as “ a human condition or

process resulting from physical, social, and environmental factors which determine the likelihood and scale

of damage from the impact of given hazard” (UNDP, 2004). Hazard is defined as “A potentially damaging

physical event, phenomenon, and/or human activity, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property

damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation” (ISDR, 2002). Vulnerability

quantification model considers vulnerability as the result of the interaction between a potentially harmful

event (hazard) and the system components that are exposed to this event which can be expressed in a formula:

Vulnerability= Exposure x Hazard

So, in vulnerability assessment, exposed components are to be identified and related hazards are assessed.

For the purpose of this study, emphasis is given on social, economic, environmental and institutional

perspectives.

Realizing the frequency and magnitude of flooding in the Philippines and especially in the study area of

Angono Municipality, this study assessed the vulnerability due to floods and exposed components to risk and

hazard caused by a natural disaster like a flood. This study primarily concerns about the assessment of

vulnerability posed by floods and for this Participatory Learning Approach (PLA) was used to focus the

community people’s perception about the flood, its extent, and frequency, causes of the flood, hazard caused

due to floods and exposed resources to flooding. This also has opened a window for the local planers to use

a participatory approach in flood vulnerability assessment and to integrate it in the local development plan.

This study intends to address some question such as, how vulnerable the study area to flooding encompassing

social, environmental and economic perspectives? Likewise, how can vulnerability assessment findings be

integrated into a local level plan to reduce the risk and hazards of flooding? The objectives of the study were

to identify exposed and vulnerable components and their associated risk in the study area;to delineate

vulnerable area along with associated resources and user group; to get the level of institutional involvement

in a probable measure for the reduction of risk and vulnerability; and to integrate these findings into the local

development planning process of the municipality.

Materials and Methods

Study Area

The municipality of located in the Rizal province of Philippines and comprises of four Barangays namely San

Vicente, Kalayaan, Poblacion Ibaba, Bagumbyan are most vulnerable to flooding and for this reason, those

above-mentioned barangays have been chosen for the study. All of these above-mentioned barangays are

located in the lakeshore area and are severely prone to flooding. High population density in this area also led

to dense establishments including commercial, residential, industrial and some extent in the lakeshore area.

The total population of four flood barangays is 31,323 and the total land area is 2.974601 km2. So, population

density is 10,530 km2. Hence population density is high due to the proximity of Angono to Metro Manila the

National Capital Region (NCR) of the country.



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Figure 1. Study area map.

Research Design

The study of flood vulnerability has a wide range of activities to be undertaken, which include flood hazard

and associated risk, exposed components, causes of flooding, aggravating factors, records of flooding and its

connection with a change in climate and this research also intends to address those issues.

This research also emphasizes the integration of the vulnerability into the local level planning. For this

purpose, it was necessary to review the existing planning system of the study area, existing disaster risk

management system and its implementing organizations. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis was done

for assessing the vulnerability of flood in the study area based on the result of a purposive community survey,

FGD, Key Informant Interview (KII). It began with the morphological analysis of the flood-prone area

through review of existing literature, transect survey. Data were collected from primary and secondary

sources. The study was designed to perform in two stages. The first stage of the research included a review

of related literature and collection of secondary data from relevant sources and to collect primary data using

survey, FGD and transect survey.



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Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

The second stage dealt with the analysis of the collected spatial and aspatial data. Participatory Learning

Approach (PLA) was used for gathering primary data. The PLA tools also included three learning approaches:

a) Transect survey: to get complete topographical information of the target area; b) Social Mapping: to

identify risk and resources in the targeted area and c) Mobility chart: to know about people’s shelter at the

time of disaster. Apart from those above-mentioned approaches supplementary tools were used to gather

hazard information from the community such as; Timeline: to remind the community about the extent of

damages by different disasters during the last decade (2000-2009), where did they take shelter, which

institutes they think more effective to help them during the disaster.

Following tools and techniques were used for the vulnerability assessment i. Physical exposure: It includes building, infrastructure, emergency facilities, agriculture etc.

ii. Social exposure: Vulnerable group, livelihood, local institutions

iii. Economic exposure: Direct and indirect loss

iv. Environmental exposure: Loss of natural resources, protected zones, cultural heritage, forest

cover

Results and Discussion

Influence of Climate Change on Flooding

The Philippines has experienced temperature spikes brought about by climate change. It has been observed

that warming is experienced most in the northern and southern regions of the country, while Metro Manila

has warmed less than most parts. In addition, the regions that have warmed the most (northern Luzon,

Mindanao) have also dried the most( Fig.3). It is revealed from several studies that mean temperature over



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the country is increasing and it fluctuates abruptly nighttime temperature is also in the rise, seasons are

shifting and there is also a trend of Changing pathway of intense typhoons( Perez,2008). The record shows

that the largest precipitation trends are about 10 percent during the 20th century. This increased precipitation

over the country has given rise a number of floods over the last decades. A study led by meteorological

department of the Philippines (PAGASA) estimates that a 1-meter rise by 2025 will flood over 5,000 hectares

and displace more than 2 million people around Manila Bay. Sea-level rise will increase the risk of flooding

and storm damage. Waterlogging after heavy rains may also affect infrastructure. It will also enhance the

danger of ground liquefaction brought about by earthquakes and will influence shifts in tidal action in rivers

and bays (Perez, 2001). It is reported that hot days or the frequency of days with maximum temperature above

the mean 1961-1990 mean 99th percentile, warm nights or frequency of days with minimum temperature

above the mean 1961-1990 mean 99th percentile. The abrupt change in climate is causing high prevalence of

typhoon, heavy rain fall and long dry season. The country experiences around 26 tropical cyclones in five

year intervals and 20 typhoons visit Philippines every year and incidence of flooding is higher in the country

than anywhere else (Juanillo,2010).

Figure 3. Map showing disaster risk in different regions of the Philippines, Rizal is in high risk area for

climate disasters (Source: Villarian et al., 2008)

Flood Prone Area in Angono Municipality

It is revealed from the Focus Group Discussion (FGD), transect survey and review of Comprehensive

Development Plan (CDP) and Comprehensive Landuse Plan (CLUP) that four Barangays of the Municipality

are most prone to flooding (Fig. 4). The geographical location that is proximity to the Laguna de Bay makes

them flood prone. The record shows that flood caused by the Typhoon Ondoy in 2008 (International name

Ketsana) 70% of the Barangay Kalayaan, 60% of Barangay Poblacion Ibaba, 75% of San Vicente and 65%

of Barangay Bagumbayan was submerged into water. Participants of the social mapping showed that almost

whole areas of those aforesaid Barangays were impacted by previous floods in the last decade. It is reported

that during the heavy rainfall, the discharges of the Angono River and water flow from upland of Mahabang

Parang barangay over flow in the low-lying Barangays and cause flooding. Community people as well as

Municipal Environment and Natural Resource Officer (MENRO) of the municipality opined that upland of

the municipality is not affected by flood except for some wash down effects. So, the water from heavy rainfall

come towards the lakeshore low-lying Barangays and the over flow of the lake together cause flooding to



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those Barangays. The Angono River network works as a natural drainage for the municipality and collects

around one third of total rainfall water. This river confluences low-lying Barangays and finally drains to the

Lake Laguna. As the river is becoming narrow for encroachment on its course and also loosing its depth, most

of the time it cannot hold excess water and floods low lying banks. So, these aforesaid Barangays usually got

flooded most of the time.

Figure 4. Flood prone Barabgays of Angono Municipality

Flood proneness Ranking of the Barangays

Geo-physical feature of the flooding area

Physical feature of the study area has been drawn using secondary information and transect survey and the

social map prepared by the community. It is clear that the flooded area has lower elevation above the water

level of the Laguna Lake. Soil map of Angono municipality shows that Barangay Kalyaan, Barangay

Bagumbayan and Barangay San Vicente have boulevard clay soil and slope ranges from 0-2% and this soil

is also slightly eroded. Soil map of the municipality shows those areas as severely flooded due to their low

elevation and erosion prone soil (Fig. 5). The FGD participants opined that during the rainy season water

coming from the upland area of Barangay Mahabang Parang carries huge sediments. This statement agrees

with the findings of Lee (1997). The dry months (December to March) have an average of 30 mm of rainfall

per month while during the rainy season (June-September) rainfall amount can exceed 400mm in a month.

Lee (1997) noted that this peaky rainfall pattern leads to periods of heavy runoff and soil erosion. Eroded

sediments from uplands drains directly to the Laguna Lake through rivers and drains and on the way to the

lake a portion of the sediments deposit in the river and drains but major portion gets its way to the lake and

deposits there which cause loss of depth of the lake.

Barangays were ranked on the basis of the average of the total weight where Barangay Kalayaan hits the first

rank having average weight 0.60 out of 1. Second worse case is reported as Barangay San Vicente which

scores o.56, and consecutively Barangay Poblacion Ibaba and Bagumbayan ranked 3rd and 4th. These ranks

also comply with the situation that perceived from the report of MSWDO(2009) which also points out

Barangay Kalayaan as worst victim of floods and consecutively Barangay San Vicente, Poblacion Ibaba and

Bagumbayan.

Flood prone Barangays



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Table 1. Weight-based ranking for the flood-prone Barangays of Angono Municipality

Barangay Average score per Barangay

The rise of water

level (Max=1 and

lowest 0.265)

The depth of

water (Max=1

and lowest

0.265)

Duration

(Max=1 and

lowest 0.265)

Average

weight

Rank

San Vicente 0.55 0.55 0.60 0.56 2

Kalayaan 0.55 0.50 0.75 0.60 1

Poblacion Ibaba 0.60 0.45 0.60 0.55 3

Bagumbayan 0.500 0.65 0.44 0.53 4

Flood risk and vulnerability

Flood risk, vulnerability, and sensitivity were assessed using weight-based ranking. FGD participants were

provided with suggestions of weight on the basis of criteria in a format of the table to put weights to measure

exposure and sensitivity of population, places, activities, and infrastructure system. In case of place

agricultural zone was found more exposed and sensitive to flood (Table 2).

In case of population, women are most exposed and sensitive than men to the flooding, While, in case of age

group, children are more exposed and sensitive than other groups (Table 2). In social classes, poor are more

exposed and sensitive to flood than the reach group. It may be because of housings of poor people in low-

lying area. In the same manner, in terms of activity again agriculture was found most exposed and sensitive

to flood. In terms of infrastructure sector, road and other transports were found most exposed and sensitive.

Social Vulnerability

Social vulnerability involves a combination of factors that determine the degree to which someone’s life and

livelihood are put at risk’. Social vulnerability scholars examine why types of persons locate in hazardous

places, live in inadequate homes, fail to anticipate, resist, and/or recover from the aftermath of a disaster, and

analyse the economic and social forces that mould and determine these dynamics

Table 2. Exposure and sensitivity assessment

Flood Risk, Vulnerability and sensitivity Assessment

Exposure Sensitivity

Who/ what will be affected? Probability or

likelihood of impact

Possible adverse impact

Population

Gender

Men 0.70 0.72

Women 0.85 0.92

Age

Children 0.95 0.97

Old people 0.95 0.94

Class

Poor 0.77 0.75

Middle class 0.52 0.47

Rich 0.41 0.5

Places

Built up area 0.8 0.83

Agricultural zone 0.93 0.97

Forest/ watershed area 0.75 0.61

Others 0.46

Activity sector ( Local economy and lifelines)

Trading 0.65 0.72



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Tourism 0.65 0.75

Agriculture ( Fishing/ farming) 0.85 0.94

Service-oriented livelihoods 0.75 0.792

Infrastructure systems

Bridges 0.57 0.58

Communications 0.72 0.72

electric power 0.62 0.69



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Barangays San Vicente

Kalayaan Poblacion Ibaba Bagumbayan

Ecosystem

Lakeshore area,

Built-up area Built up area, has the essence of the

urban and rural environment Built up area with dense

settlements Built up area, River

Soil Sanluis clay

Bulevard clay and Antipolo clay Antipolo clay Antipolo clay

Slope 0-18 0-18 0-18 0-18

Land use

Farming, Informal settlements, comprising little

vegetation Fish sanctuary, kankun(Vegetable)

gardening, Duckery, informal settlements

Mixed land use, both residential and

commercial activities.

Mixed land use: housing, health service (hospital, clinic, and drug stores), government offices, commercial establishments (restaurants, sari-sari store), slaughter house, covered court, homestead garden, light

industry,

Major activities Fishing, fish sanctuary, vegetable gardening Housing, business, street vending, transport

educational

activities (schools, college), hospital, restaurant, repair workshop,

Education, health services, light,

repair workshops,

Housing, Use for

commercial purpose

Minor activities Water transport ,

tourism Duckery ,fish sales, junkshops

Education, health services, minor

industries, quarry, cemetery, repair

workshops, eco centre

Informal business sector like

street vending, cottage industry.

Eatery, grocery shops

Vegetable gardening in the

lakeshore area, duckery,

slaughter house

Problems

Sedimentation on coast, solid waste dumping, loss of navigability, overflow of lake water cause flooding

Flood prone, lack of drainage

narrow roads, traffic congestion, car park for commercial and institutional

activities, high density,

Flood in almost all rainy seasons, clogged drains

High land conversion from

agriculture to other uses, lack of

proper drainage, water logging

narrow road, traffic

congestion, informal

settlements, land conversion from

agriculture to settlement,

river siltation,

Opportunities

Dike along the lakeshore for transport and Mass water transport,

power generation, source of water for domestic &

industrial purposes, tourism, fisheries, water hyacinth

can be processed into

Tourism, poultry, small businesses

Serves as central business district in

the municipality, tourism, commercial,

education, health service, job

job opportunity, education,

health service,

A transition zone to rural setting.

open land in lakeshore area

suitable for conservation, land is suitable for

agriculture,

Suggested recommendations

Overcoming problems: Ban on waste disposal

in lake, dredging for navigability, Utilizing opportunities:

introducing methods for making handicraft from water

hyacinth, Revitalizing tourism activities, Utilizing water for power generation and

other

Overcoming problems:

Adequate drainage can reduce flooding, contruct dikes along the bank of river and bay

to control flood, proper traffic meant,

mass transport can be introduced, purchase land or partial rights for open space

Serve as a central business district in the

municipality, tourism, commercial,

education, health service, job opportunity,

Overcoming problems:

Control density,

purchase land or partial rights for open space

Elevation of low area,

Figure 5. Spatial findings of the transect survey

Legend:

Lake

Informal

Settlements Vegetat

ion Duckery House

Academic

institutes Commercial Health service

Water way Traffic



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Age group

In terms of age group of the population, 46% of the total population under age group 0-14 years were found

most impacted by flood. It revealed that this age group comprises infants, children and juveniles. The

participants of the social mapping in the Kahayan covered court temporary flood victims’ rehabilitation area

opined that during the last flood caused by Ondoy in 2009, children were mostly impacted with disease,

injuries and infants were in scarcity of food also. The second most vulnerable group comprises age of 60+

(21%). It is believable that old people are most of time incapable to move to the safer place, going to doctor

for medication, to market for buying daily necessaries. It is also revealed that age group 0-14years old scored

the highest percentage (45%) in terms of susceptibility to disease followed by age group 60+ years in second

position scoring 19% whether 10% for each age group 15-29 and 30-44 were found impacted in health by

flood.

Housing

The concrete made houses are more resistant to wind, water and other type of forces which can cause harm

to the structure. Most of the people who lost their houses in floods were found to have poor housing which

was mostly made of bamboo and wood. Most of the houses specially the informal settlements were found to

have very poor in structural condition. Community people in the Barangay Bagumbayan informed that about

80% of the informal settlements in lakeshore area of the Barangay were washed away during flood of typhoon

Ondoy in 2009 and even houses made of concrete were also partially damaged.

Livelihood

It is revealed from the survey that 83% respondents’ livelihood is impacted by flood. It is important for the

community people to have secured livelihood. During social mapping in Barangay Poblacion Ibaba

community people shared that most of the tricycle driver got their tricycles damaged, fishing folk lost their

nets and boats; vegetable farmers lost their vegetable garden and could not restore the previous livelihood

within 6 months of the disaster. Alternative livelihood is also an indicator for assessing vulnerability. It is

evident that if the individual has two sources of incomes one can support if another is impacted. If primary

source is affected then secondary source can help. So, individuals who have only one source of livelihood

been at risk.

Physical Vulnerability

Settlements exposed to flood

When respondents were asked about the mostly exposed establishments’ type, 45% opined regarding

residential establishments followed by 41% commercial establishments (shopping centre, market, sari sari

store etc) and industries (small and medium scale), 10% health establishments (Hospital, clinic, diagnostic

centres, day care centres) and 4% educational institutes. About 5,541 buildings are present in the flood prone

barangays of Angono municipality (GIS data, 2004). Most of the buildings are for residential purposes and

rest are meant for institutional and commercial purposes. It is observed that in the built up area height of

water was 4 feet and all the buildings were to the level of roads. So, any rise of water level could inundate

those buildings (Table 3).



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Table 3: Buildings exposed to flooding in flood-prone Barangays of Angono (Source: GIS, 2004)

Name of vulnerable Barangay No. of Buildings in the flood-prone area

San Vicente 2,312

Kalayaan 2,250

Poblacion Ibaba 418

Bagumbayan 561

Total no. of buildings 5,541

Road networks

It is revealed from the existing data in CDP (2004) that the four flood-prone barangays have 25 roads

connecting different sub-divisions and the total length of that road network is around 10.5 km. Key

Informants, as well as community people, informed that all the roads were underwater during flood due to

Ondoy in 2009 and usually these roads inundate with an elevation of the water level of Laguna Lake or due

to heavy rainfall. Record shows that last devastating flood due to Typhoon Ondoy in 2009 damaged huge

infrastructure in the Municipality of Angono.

Critical facilities

Critical facilities are defined as those structures from which essential services and functions for victim

survival, continuation of public safety actions, and disaster recovery are performed or provided. Shelters,

emergency operation centres, public health, public drinking water, sewer and wastewater facilities are

examples of critical facilities. According to 89% respondents, some critical facilities were impacted. Among

those 25% mentioned that health care centres were impacted by flood followed by 20% educational institutes,

19% police and fire station, 15% govt and private offices, 11% historical places.

Economic vulnerability

Angono enjoys a location quotient of plus 1 in these sectors when compared to the economic structure of the

Philippines. Relative to the economic structure of Rizal province, the town similarly specializes in agriculture,

fishery and forestry, and manufacturing.

Loss of in Household level

It is revealed that 47% of the households lost cost of properties amounts 25001-35000 PhP, followed by 17%

lost properties of 5000-15000 PhP, 12% lost properties of 15001-25000 PhP, 10% o of the Households lost

property of 35001-45000 PhP, whereas 2% opined that the cost of their lost and damaged property would be

worth more than 60,000 PhP and only 2% did not loss and property during the last flood. The output of the

survey also shows that last flood in 2009 damaged property of 97% of the households in the flood affected

barangays of the Angono municipality (Table 4). Out of which 25% got damaged of their appliances like TV,

Fridge, and other electronics while 58% of the household respondents opined that their Utensils and furniture

got lost or damaged due to flood and 14% of the respondent’s houses were washed away by the flood water.



Page | 343

Table 4. Cost of damage in household level due to flood

Estimated cost of loss (PhP)

Type of impact Percentage Range of Cost Percentage

No economic impact 3.8 5000-15000 17

Low direct and/or indirect costs 19.0 15001-25000 12

Low direct and high direct costs 48.6 25001-35000 47

High direct and low indirect costs 16.2 35001-45000 10

High direct and high indirect costs 12.4 45001-60000 9

Total 100 60000+ 2

None 3

Total 100

Agriculture

The highest ratio of tropical cyclone damage to agricultural output was 4.21% in 1990, followed in 1988 by

4.05%. Typhoon damage rose to more than 1% of GDP in 1984, 1988, and 1990 (at 1.17%, the highest). The

decline in production and productivity will possibly threaten the country's food security (PTFCC, 2010). Due

to rapid urbanization agricultural space and activity in the municipality of Angono is shrinking day by day

but still there are some spaces along the lake shore area which is used for vegetable gardening, rice cultivation,

duckery, fisheries (specially the Laguna Lake) and for some piggeries.

Environmental Vulnerability

In this line, HH respondents were asked about the impact of flood on environment in their neighbourhood.

Forty one percent (41%) of the respondents claimed that there was overflow of garbage in the street, whereas

31% of the respondents stated that water got polluted due to flood. Followed by 24% opined about the

mudflow which cause sedimentation in the Laguna Lake as well as block water flow of the river. Only 4% of

the respondents opined that vegetation cover was destroyed by flood. It was observed during the transect

survey that this area has small and scattered vegetation cover and the occurrence of flood cause loss of

vegetation again. Due to the absence of sufficient vegetation cover incidence of erosion was also severe.

According to Williams and Kaputska (2000), environmental vulnerability can be seen as “the inability of an

ecosystem to tolerate stressors over time and space”. Villa and McLeod (2002) stated that environmental

vulnerability can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic vulnerability is related to factors internal to the

system (ecosystem health and resilience), to the system (present exposure and external hazard).

Conclusion

Municipality of Angono is the worst victim of flood in the Province of Rizal for long time. It is observed that

this municipality is affected by flood in almost three years interval. The change in climatic factor is observed

as change in temperature, rainfall and seasonal pattern in the whole Philippines. Trend shows that there is an

increase in prevalence of flooding with change in climate. Heavy precipitation in the wet season cause

overflow of river and lake of Angono and four major lake shore barangays go under water. Among total ten

barangays, four lakeshore barangays are impacted by flooding and area comprise about 17% of the total land

area of the municipality. Data analysed from 1960- 2008 shows that the frequency of flooding in the

Philippines is increasing rapidly with the change in climate. With the increment of flooding, the magnitude,

damages and extent of flooding also spreading. Trend line analysis shows that the last flooding in 2009 in the

Municipality of Angono was more severe than those previous ones. It is revealed from the study that children

and old people are mostly exposed to the flooding and similarly adversely impacted by the hazard. Poor

people were found more affected than the rich and middle class. It is also reflected that poor are mostly

victimized due to their location of houses in the unprotected areas, poor housing which cannot resist against

strong floods. The elevation of the affected area is 0- 5% which is also another cause of flooding as the lake

water get swell for heavy rainfall. The overflow of water is influenced by loss of the depth of the lake due to

huge sedimentation. Marginalized people living in the hazard area are impacted either by loss of livelihood

or lowering of earning during and after the flood period. Survey output shows that 76% of the household

heads in the area have no alternative livelihood. People who do not have alternative livelihood are worse

victim because if only one way of livelihood is affected then there is no any other option for the victim to

cope with the changed situation. These loss of livelihood increase more poor people which finally give rise

to poverty in the country.



Page | 344

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