vulnerability and adaptation to climate change situational analysis

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SDC V&A Programme Situational Analysis Stage I Report AFPRO 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Mahabubnagar District (Map 1 and Map2) in Andhra Pradesh State is selected for the programme on “Vulnerability Assessment and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Semi-Arid Areas of India” also called “SDC V&A Programme ”. Mahabubnagar District is semi-arid, drought prone and one of the most backward Districts in Andhra Pradesh State. Duration of the programme is 4 years (2005 to 2009). Program Objective: The core objectives of this program is to secure the livelihoods of rural poor and vulnerable communities by building and enhancing their adaptive capacity to better cope with adverse impacts of climate change and improve their disaster preparedness. Expected Outcomes: To enhance the adaptive capacity of the local communities To improve the delivery systems, especially the extension services To promote multi-level policy dialogues and general awareness to climate related impacts. 1. OBJECTIVES OF THE SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS STAGE – 1 a. Reconnaissance of Mahabubnagar District for identification of potential areas and prioritization for the SDC V&A Programme. b. Collection of secondary information for Situational Analysis – Natural Resources (Agriculture, Water and Energy), Socio Economic, Institutions, etc. c. Identification of NGOs and their area of operation in the District. d. Planning for the Situational Analysis Stage 2 Map 1 Location of Mahabubnagar District in Andhra Pradesh

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Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change, Andhra Pradesh

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Page 1: Vulnerability and Adaptation to climate change situational analysis

SDC V&A Programme Situational Analysis Stage I Report

AFPRO

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CHAPTER 1

II NN TT RR OO DD UU CC TT II OO NN

Mahabubnagar District (Map 1 and Map2) in

Andhra Pradesh State is selected for the

programme on “Vulnerability Assessment

and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity to Climate

Change in Semi-Arid Areas of India” also

called “SDC V&A Programme”.

Mahabubnagar District is semi-arid, drought

prone and one of the most backward

Districts in Andhra Pradesh State. Duration

of the programme is 4 years (2005 to

2009).

Program Objective: The core objectives of this program is to secure the

livelihoods of rural poor and vulnerable communities by building and enhancing

their adaptive capacity to better cope with adverse impacts of climate change and

improve their disaster preparedness.

Expected Outcomes:

• To enhance the adaptive capacity of the local communities

• To improve the delivery systems, especially the extension services

• To promote multi-level policy dialogues and general awareness to climate

related impacts.

1. OBJECTIVES OF THE SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS STAGE – 1

a. Reconnaissance of Mahabubnagar District for identification of potential

areas and prioritization for the SDC V&A Programme.

b. Collection of secondary information for Situational Analysis – Natural

Resources (Agriculture, Water and Energy), Socio Economic,

Institutions, etc.

c. Identification of NGOs and their area of operation in the District.

d. Planning for the Situational Analysis Stage 2

Map 1 Location of Mahabubnagar District in

Andhra Pradesh

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2. METHODOLOGY

1. Reconnaissance field visit

2. Interaction and discussions with various officials in the District

• Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

• Chief Planning Officer (CPO)

• Project Director, District Water Management Agency (DWMA)

• Deputy Director, Ground Water Department,

• Officers at Agriculture Department

• Faculty at the RARS, Palem

• Mandal level officials, MDO, MRO, Statistical officers, Agriculture officers,

etc of the potential Mandals.

• Village level secretaries

3. Interaction and discussion with community members in the villages visited

4. Secondary data collection and analysis

5. Referring the programme document and in consultation with International

Consortium and National Consortium members.

Map 2 Mahabubnagar District with Mandals

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CHAPTER 2

DD II SS TT RR II CC TT PP RR OO FF II LL EE

Mahabubnagar is the largest District in Telangana Region and Second Largest in

Andhra Pradesh State. This District consists of 1553 Revenue Villages, 1347 Gram

Panchayats, 64 Mandals1 and 5 Revenue Divisions. Mahabubnagar District has 13

Assembly Constituencies and 2 Parliamentary Constituencies.

It is located in the semiarid region of India with recurring meteorological drought

(because of erratic and scanty rainfall) and worsened by overexploitation of

meager groundwater resources. This is a backward District with diverse socio-

economic problems like lowest literacy rate, migrations, extreme poverty, etc.

1. LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

The District is located in the Central Part of Peninsular India. It is bounded by

Ranga Reddy and Nalgonda Districts in the North, Nalgonda and Guntur Districts in

the East, Kurnool District in the South. Raichur and Gulbarga Districts of Karnataka

State in the West. In the South Eastern Parts of the District there are hill ranges

extending from North to South, the Hills are mostly Flat Topped. The District is

located between 16 Degree and 17 Degree N latitudes and 77 Degree and 79

Degree E longitudes (see Map 3).

2. LAND USE PATTERN

Total Geographical area of the District is 18.48 Lakhs Hectares and the land

utilization of this District, as per Agriculture Census 2000-2001, is as follows:

Table 1 Land use particulars

S.No. Type ( Area in Ha.) % age

1 Forest Area 263560 14.2617

2 Barren and uncultivable lands 93798 5.075578

3 Permanent pastures and grazing lands 25447 1.376983

4 Land put for non-agricultural use 78600 4.253187

5 Cultivable waste 111426 6.029461

6 Other fallow lands 158657 8.585215

7 Current fallows 467442 25.29412

8 Total Normal Area of all crops 649066 35.12212

Total Geographical Area of the District 1848026 100

1 Administrative unit in each district, consisting of an average of 20 to 30 villages

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3. CLIMATE

The climate of the District is generally hot. The District summer period is from

March to May. The daily Temperature during the period ranges from 16.9 deg.

Centigrade to 41.5 deg. Centigrade, the minimum temperature during the winter

season i.e. November to January ranges between 16.9 deg. Centigrade to 19.1

deg. Centigrade.

The rainfall in the District is scanty and the South West Monsoon is erratic. Most of

the Rainfall is received during the South West Monsoon. The normal annual rainfall

of the District is 604.56 mm. Out of this, the South West monsoon accounts for

71% i.e. 489.0 mm and the balance is covered from North East monsoon. (see

graph 1)

Map 3 Mahabubnagar District location w.r.t. other Districts

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Photo 1 This farmer of Kosgi Mandal said that he had seen good rains about 14 years back when all the

tanks in his village got filled up, since then he is facing drought

4. GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

The Dharwars are exposed in parts of Gadwal and Makthal Taluka in the form of

narrow bands. They consists of hornblends, schist’s, Traversed by quartz veins.

Almost all parts of the District is comprised of the Granites, except some parts in

Kodangal Taluka in the North and the Purana sedimentaries in Krishna Basin in the

South. The Granites are broadly divided into the Pink and Gray series. There are

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF RAINFALL DATA FROM 1980-81 TO 2002-2003

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

800.0

900.0

1000.0

1980-

81

1981-

82

1982-

83

1983-

84

1984-

85

1985-

86

1986-

87

1987-

88

1988 -

89

1989 -

90

1990 -

91

1991 -

92

1992 -

93

1993 -

94

1994 -

95

1995 -

96

1996 -

97

1997 -

98

1998 -

99

1999 -

2000

2000 -

2001

2001-

2002

2002-

2003

YEARS

NORMAL IN M.M

Graph 1 Rainfall Pattern – Mahabubnagar District

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numerous pegmatite’s and quartz veins intrusive into these granites. The Deccan

Traps occur in small patches i.e., the Northern Portions of Kodangal Taluka, where

in some places the trap has been lateritised.

5. SOILS

The Soils of the District can be classified into three broad groups i.e., Red Soil,

Black Cotton and Chalka Soil or mixed Soils. Major soil group in the district is Red

Sandy Soils.

Type of soil % age

A) Loamy Sand Soils (Dubba) 13%

B) Red Sandy Soils (Chalka) 67%

C) Black Soils 20%

About 70% of the total area is under mixed soils, which do not have water-

retaining capacity. The Chalka soils are predominate in the Talukas of Shadnagar,

Mahabubnagar, Jadcherla, Kalwakurthy and Kollapur. The Dubba Soils are in the

Talukas of Achampet and Gadwal while the Black Cotton Soils, which constitute

20% of the District, are in the Talukas of Alampur and Kodangal.

Photo 2 Patch of rich black cotton soils ~3 feet thick found at Reddy Guda Village, Midjil Mandal

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6. AGRICULTURE

The dry crops are predominant in the District as the Irrigated area is only 15% of

the net area sown. Net area sown: 8.767 Lakhs Hect. and Gross area sown: 9.767

Lakhs Hect. The percentage of areas sown under different crops is a follows:

Table 2 Cropping pattern

Crop Percentage Crop Percentage Crop Percentage

1. Paddy 10 % 2. Millets 28 % 5. Others 9 %

3. Pulses 11 % 4. Oil

Seeds

42 %

Table 3 Major types of crops

Major Food Crops: Major Oil seeds Crops Major Pulses Crops

Jowar

Paddy

Bajra / sajja / pearl millet

Ragi / Finger millet

Castor

Groundnut

Sun Flower

Red Gram

Green Gram

Horse Gram

The net sown area is not more than 50% of the total geographical area. The

district has been declared as one of the 12 drought prone districts of Andhra

Pradesh. Major livelihood in the district includes agriculture and animal husbandry.

About 1.75 Lakhs small farmers and 2.94 marginal farmers are dependent on wage

employment. About 3.20 Lakhs agricultural laborers who are below poverty line are

also dependent on agricultural wage employment.

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Photo 3 A farmer of Reddy Guda Village, Midjil Mandal is preparing the land for sowing

7. LIVESTOCK

Mahabubnagar has large numbers of small ruminants and cattle. The dependency

on small ruminants like sheep and goat is very high. For many farmers, livestock is

an important asset to sell off to cope with drought; therefore, it is an important

resource against vulnerability.

Due to failure of monsoons in the initial stages, fodder shortage is noticed. The

green fodder position in the district has become critical and the grazing facilities

have almost dwindled. Fodder requirement in the District upto June 2005 is 9.47

lakhs MT. The people are found buying fodder in large quantities to meet the

requirement and shepherds are migrating with their sheep to other places.

Table 4 Livestock Numbers

Livestock Numbers

Total White & Black cattle population 27.40 Lakhs

Sheep 11.98 Lakhs

Goats 3.85 Lakhs

Total livestock 19.10 Lakhs cow units

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Photo 4 This shepherd from Wanaparthy area is migrating with his sheep towards northwestern part of

the District as it has rained there - photo was taken near Mahabubnagar town.

8. WATER

One of the important agencies in the district is District Water Management

Agency(DWMA) started in 1995. Each watershed project covers about 500 hectares

and there are 942 such projects sanctioned in the district. Presently the new

watersheds are being carried following Hariyali Guidelines – Involvement of

Grampanchayat, Village Organisation and the Watershed Committee, the action

planning and monitoring is participatory. The status of watershed projects is as

such:

Table 5 Scheme wise watersheds

S.No Scheme Sanctioned completed ongoing

1 EAS 212 212

2 DPAP 463 132 331

3 Hariyali 48 48

4 APRLP 100 100

5 RIDF - VI 119 119

Total 942 344 598

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Table 6 Water Resources

Surface water

Tanks - 6192 nos covering 76513 hect.

Major Projects:

Priyadarshini Jurala Irrigation Project (40200 ac.)

Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme (35000 ac.)

Koilsagar project (4726 ac.)

Proposed:

Nettampadu Lift Irrigation Scheme (2,00,000 ac.)

Kalwakurthy lift irrigation Scheme (2,50,000 ac.)

Bhima Lift Irrigation Scheme (2,03,000 ac.)

Tube wells - 108200 nos covering 109711 hect.

District average dept of groundwater table: 17.16 M

Map 4 Watersheds Distribution

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Photo 5 An open dry well as found in Karukonda Village, Nawabpet Village, the ground water table has

gone down drastically in most parts of Mahabubnagar District.

9. ENERGY

DWMA and DFO social forestry are the important agencies in the district

responsible for promoting Bio-fuel plantations (Jatropha). This is the national policy

adopted for alternative sources of energy and at the same time helping the

farmers. Total Jatropha seed allotted to the district is 1.5 MT. Presently the total

saplings available are 10 Lakhs with DWMA alone. Number of farmers identified are

2,548 nos for planting in 5,897 acres.

10. FORESTS

Forests occupy an area of 2.67 Lakhs Hectares and constitute about 14% of the

total Geographic area of the District. Most of the Forests are concentrated in the

South Eastern parts of the District covering mainly Achampet, Kollapur with small

areas in Wanaparthy, Mahabubnagar and Makthal Talukas. The bulk of the Forests

in the District is comprised of deciduous. The important species of these are Teak,

Maddi, Ippa etc., The availability of Bamboo in the District is formal. The important

sources of Revenue from Forest are mainly from Beedi Leaves, Timber, Bamboos,

Seethaphal and Gum etc.,

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The Wild Life is abundant in the interior and inaccessible plateau regions of

Amarabad. Among the wild animals, the Panther, the Tiger, wild Dogs, hyenas,

Bear are common and of the herbivorous animals spotted deer, Nilgai, Sambar,

Black-Buck, Chinkara, Wild Bear, several kinds of birds, Peacocks, Water Birds,

Cobras and Vipers are also common in these forests.

11. DEMOGRAPHIC PARTICULARS

The District has a population of 35,13,934 of which 17.81 Lakhs are males and

17.28 Lakhs are females. About 69% of the total population lives in rural areas. It

has been estimated that 48% of the people live below poverty line. The Urban

areas of the District is only 156.86 kms, and distributed among 4 towns and 7

major Gram Panchayats in the District. Mahabubnagar town, which is the District

Headquarters, is largest Urban unit in the District, with a population of 1,39,662.

12. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

The district ranks lowest among the literates in the State accounting for only

38.6% of the literacy level. A very disturbing demographic feature of the district is

that a high percentage of population migrate to nearby urban centers in search of

livelihood. This is because of continuous recurrence of drought conditions and lack

of employment opportunities. The worst affected are the children and the aged

because of this phenomena., the agricultural laborers are having no work in many

areas. To arrest migration it is necessary to provide wage employment

opportunities especially of unskilled nature

It is also interesting to note that the worker participation rate among females (i.e.

total female workers to female population) is as high as 45%, which is second

largest in Andhra Pradesh. Most of the female workers are agricultural laborers.

Statistics over a period also suggest that the proportion of agricultural laborers is

increasing over the proportion of cultivators.

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Photo 6 These women have migrated to Mahabubnagar town for work

13. GROUPS / SOCIAL NETWORKS

A pioneering developmental initiative was take-up in the district in promoting Self-

help groups (SHGs) and also forming mutually aided cooperatives societies at

Mandal level in 1980s under the auspices of UNDP which eventually led to a mass

movement of organizing women self help groups around thrift, credit and livelihood

programmes. Subsequently almost all Mandals and the habitations are covered,

with the efforts of DRDA, DPIP, NGOs and other line department programmes in

the District.

• No. of Self-Help Groups 28870

• Total members covered No. 4.33 Lakhs

14. ONGOING PROGRAMMES / ACTIVITIES

Recognizing the level of backwardness in the district a number of developmental

schemes have been introduced in the district by national and international

agencies. Important of them are World Bank supported District Poverty Initiative

Programme (DPIP), DFID supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Programme,

Dutch supported Biotech Programme, Netherlands Govt. Supported APWELL project

etc., A number of government and non-governmental institutions are actively

engaged in the district in promoting peoples participation in a number of

developmental programmes.

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In addition to internationally funded programmes, there are a number of schemes

supported by Government of Andhra Pradesh and Government of India in the areas

of watershed developments, minor and major irrigation, social afforestation,

diversification of agriculture, livestock development, drinking water and sanitation

improvement, primary health, and education etc. In other words, institutional

structure is in place to optimize the benefits of any innovative programme.

As per Government instructions, all works are going on in the district i.e.

Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS), Jawahar Grameena Swarojgar Yojana

(JGSY), DPAP watersheds, Joint Forest Management or VSS, MPLADS, NABARD

works, ZP general funds, PR Roads & Building sector, PR (RWS) sector, Minor

Irrigation, R & B, Housing etc., This district is also selected for National Food For

Work Programme (NFFWP), assuring 100 days of employment opportunity for all

wage seekers in an year. They are paid in food grains (80%) and partly in

cash(20).

15. FORMAL INSTITUTIONS AT VILLAGE LEVEL

• NRM

• District Water Management Agency(DWMA)

• Rural Infrastructure Development

Fund(RIDF)

• NAWAPRA / Watershed Development by

Agriculture Department

• Ground Water Department

• JFM / CFM programmes by Forest

Department

• Agriculture Department / Rythu Mitra or

groups

• Horticulture Dept

• Comprehensive Land Development

Programme / Indira Prabha

• Animal Husbandry

• Fisheries

• Irrigation Dept (Minor / Medium / Major)

• Social

• Dist. Rural Dev. Agency (DRDA) / District

Poverty Initiatives Programme (DPIP) /

Indira Kranthi Patham

• DPEP / Education

• Medical and Health

• SC Corporation

• ST Welfare/Tribal Welfare

• BC Welfare / BC Corporation

• Social Welfare

• Tribal welfare

• Youth welfare

• ICDS / Child Development Programme

• Anganwadi / Women and Children Welfare

• Infrastructure

• Housing Department

• Services

• Civil supplies / Public Distribution sys

• Rural water supply (Panchayat Raj dept.)

• Electricity

• Road Transport Corporation

• Telecommunications / BSNL

• Marketing

• Artisans / Industries / enterprise

• Industries Department

• Handlooms and Textiles

• Various schemes for Artisans

• Other Programmes

• Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods

Programme (APRLP)

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CHAPTER 3

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Considering the size of the district, it will not be possible to cover the entire

district. For the implementation of the programme, only few villages will be

identified. A list of the potential Mandals2 / sites are selected tentatively based on a

set of criteria, and which include the following:

1. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF POTENTIAL MANDALS

2. Located in drought prone and semi-arid areas

3. The need for intervention and the conditions for successful implementation.

4. The response of the local communities in successful implementation

5. Social networks / groups representing women, farmers, water users, etc.,

are formed and active.

6. Presence of a number of developmental programmes

7. Major irrigation programmes are not being envisaged in these Mandals3

8. Opinion of the district level officials

9. Local institutional arrangements including the presence of active NGOs etc.

10. Infrastructure existing

11. Accessibility

2. PRIORITISATION OF POTENTIAL MANDALS

The potential Mandals were prioritized using the Secondary data (See Annexure -

1, 2 and 4) and also keeping in view the nature of the programme i.e., This is a 4

years programme - very short duration (need to select an appropriate area and

should be able to achieve results). Based on existing insights and experiences

specific sites in the District are being selected. The criteria to identify and select

includes 1. Manifestation of climate hazards vis-à-vis Water, Agriculture and

Energy (biomass-livestock, etc) 2. The social organisation at village level 3.

Presence of local partners.

For prioritizing the Mandals, 0 to 3 scores were given classifying the Mandals into 4

classes for which the following parameters were considered (See Annexure 3).

2 All the potential Mandals have been visited by Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, Lead Consultant along with

1. Mr. K. Siva Prasad and Dr. V. K. Reddy (24-25 May 2005), 2. Ms. Sulabha Mahajan (6th TO 8th June

2005), 3. Dr. V. K. Reddy 18th June 2005 3 Except that some parts of Kalwakurthy and Nagarkurnool would be benefited if proposed Kalwakurthy

Lift Irrigation scheme is completed.

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Agriculture

• % Net area sown to total cultivable area

• % total cropped area to Geographical area

• Food crops

• Small farmers(<1.23 hect)

• Marginal farmers(1.24 to 2.46 hect)

Water

• Rainfall

• Tube wells net irrigated

Energy (Biomass – Livestock)

• Cattle

• Buffalo

• Sheep

• Livestock

• % of Pastures

Literacy

• % of Literacy total

Access to loans – Service of financial institutions

• Average Loan amount per person availing

Physical Access

• Access (from highways and District head quarters)

NGOs

• NGOs access (Based on the discussions with secondary stakeholders)

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Table 7 Prioritization of potential Mandals

Rank Mandal Rank Mandal

1 Farooknagar 7 Amangal

2 Kondurg 8 Wanaparthy

3 Balanagar 8 Nagarkurnool

4 Midjil 8 Kalwakurthy

5 Nawabpet 9 Jadcherla

5 Kodangal 10 Boothpur

6 Bijinapally 11 Kosgi

6 Bomaraspet 12 Ghanapur

Map 5 NGOs working on NRM based programmes and their spatial distribution

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Map 6 Potential Mandals identified in Mahabubnagar District

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3. SELECTION OF PROJECT VILLAGES

There are three models emerging they are:

Model 1: Selection of a cluster of villages in only one Mandal.

Model 2: Selection of two Mandals and few villages in each Mandal.

Model 3: Selection of few villages in one Mandal and Satellite villages (only one

village each from 2 or 3 other Mandals)

Table 8 Emerging models for selection of villages

Advantages Disadvantages

Model 1 Area of operation, Delivery

systems, capacity building,

Knowledge Dissemination-

Automatic Weather Station

(AWS), Knowledge Centers

If the officials change or non-

cooperative, People are not

adaptive, case studies / learnings

would be few.

Model 2 Comparative advantage, risk of

failure would be less.

Access, delivery systems, capacity

building

Model 3 Results would be better and

chance for comparison more, case

studies would be more

Cost of capacity building at

secondary level would be more,

more efforts for better delivery

systems at higher level.

Further discussions are needed on these emerging models or there could be some

other practical model4.

4 Suggestions needed from International and National consortium members.

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CHAPTER 4

WWAA YY FF OO RRWWAA RR DD

Situational analysis stage – I has provided insights into emerging challenges for

selection of project villages in Mahabubnagar District for the SDC V&A Programme.

It also forms the basis for planning and completion of the following tasks

immediately:

1. Finalization of Mandal/s5, identification of the programme villages and planning

for participatory situational analysis.

2. Collection of any other appropriate secondary data

3. Study of existing NGOs and selection for local facilitation

4. Identification of the status and gaps in the implementation of various NRM

programmes, and thereby identifying the capacity building needs6.

5. Identifying the scope for convergence of various programs at District, Mandal

and Village level.

6. Identification of members for formation of District level and village level

committees.

5 This would be based on the inputs from Capacity Building Workshop at Hyderabad - 28th to 30th June

2005. 6 Along with MANAGE

Report by: Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, Lead Consultant, AFPRO, Hyderabad, AP.