vula : gateway : welcome
TRANSCRIPT
�
AMM
ON
IA PLANT
NITRIC
ACID
PLANT
LIMESTO
NE AM
MO
NIU
M N
ITRATE PLANT
hydrocarbongas
steam
steam
amm
onia
amm
onianitric acid
limestone
LAN 29%
N
water
air
air
secondaryair
air
CO
MPRESSO
Rpressuriseshydrocarbongas to 35 atmto reduce itsbulk.
PROD
UC
ERG
AS from coal
as fuel inthe prim
aryreform
er.
PREHEATER
heats gasto 400ºC
—optim
umtem
peraturefor desulf-urization
DESU
LFERIZERSabsorb traces ofsulfur com
pounds(w
hich would poison
catalyst) fromthe gas usingzinc oxidepellets.
PRIMARY REFO
RMER
uses steam, catalyst
and heat from a
furnace to reformhydrocarbon gasinto a m
ixtureof hydrogen andcarbon m
onoxideat 800ºC
. C
H4 +
H2 O
C
O +
3H2
SECO
ND
ARYREFO
RMER
adds air to thegas m
ixture tointroduce nitro-gen and tocom
plete reform-
ing with oxygen.
Temperature
rises to 1000ºC.
2CH
4 + O
2 2C
O +
4H2
WASTE-
HEAT
BOILER
cools gasbyraisingsteam
forprim
aryreform
er.
SHIFT C
ON
-VERTERcatalyticallyconverts car-bon m
onoxidein the gasm
ixture to carbondioxideC
O +
H2 O
C
O2 +
H2
CARBO
ND
IOXID
EREM
OVAL
sectionabsorbscarbondioxideout of thegas m
ix-ture
METH
ANATO
Rcatalyticallyrem
oves residualtraces of carbonm
onoxide andcarbon dioxideby converting themto m
ethanew
hich is inertto synthesiscatalystC
O +
3H2
CH
4 + H
2 O
CO
MPRESSO
RSpressurise airto 35 atm
andprocess gas m
ix-ture to 350 atmgas m
ixture nowcom
prises onlyhydrogen,nitrogen andtraces ofm
ethane.
AMM
ON
IA SYNTH
ESISLO
OP catalytically reacts
hydrogen and nitrogen at 500ºC
and 350 atm to
form am
monia w
hichis condensed by cooling andseparated from
gas mixture
which is recycled until com
-pletely reactedN
2 + 3H
2 2NH
3
AMM
ON
IASTO
RAGE
SPHERE to
which the product
pure liquid amm
oniais sent for storageat -4ºC
.
TURBO
CO
MPRESSO
Rcom
presses large airvolum
e to 3 atm and
is driven by steamturbine and tail-gasturbine.
MIXER
introducesabout10%am
monia
vapourinto airstream
CO
NVERTERS in w
hicham
monia reacts w
ithair w
hile passing throughplatinum
catalyst gauzesto form
nirtrogen oxides.Tem
perature rises to 900ºCand hot gases are cooledby raising steam
4NH
3 + 5O
2 4N
O +
6H2 O
ABSORPTIO
N TO
WERS
absorb the nitrogen oxidesin w
ater to form 18%
strength nitric acid, which
is sent to storage tanks2N
O +
O2 2N
O2
3NO
2 + H
2 O 2H
NO
3 + N
O
NEU
TRALIZERS(first and secondstages) reactam
monia vapour
with nitric acid
to form am
mo-
nium nitrate
solution, 82%strength. N
H3 +
HN
O3
NH
4 NO
3
STORAG
E TAN
Kstores82%am
monium
nitratesolution
EVAPORATO
RSconcentrate theam
monium
nitrate solutionin tw
o stages:first to 96%then to 99%
PRILLING
TOW
ERin w
hich finelyground lim
estoneis added to theam
monium
nitratesolution and them
olten slurry issprayed dow
n thetow
er from a spinning
perforated bucket.
CO
OLIN
GD
RUM
where the
solidifiedbeads of LANare cooledfurther
SCREEN
ING
AND
CO
ATING
DRU
M w
here fines andoversize pills are rem
ovedand anti-cakingagent is added to the LANbefore it is sent to storageand dispatched via aw
eightbelt.