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Laws, policies and trends in a multicultural perspective

Group presentation in SNE4110

Group VUGESK

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Group members

• Ethiopia

• Georgia

• Kenya

• Spain

• Uganda

• Vietnam

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Presentation Outline

• Presentation

• Comments and questions by other groups

• Comments and question by lecturers

• Intermision

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AgendaTime Topic Facilitator

10.20 – 11.05

- Introduction -Each country to present brief information (in alphabetical order by country for presentation: Ethiopia; Georgia: Kenya; Spain; Uganda; Vietnam)-Followed by questions and answers (if any)

All group members

11.05 – 11.15

BREAK

11.15 – 12.00

-Laws, policies and trends in a multicultural perspective -Followed by questions and answers (if any)

All group members

12.00 – 12.15

BREAK

12.15 – 13.15

- National and international commitments and trends- Current status of services and programs for CwDs- Early interventions- International framework for action- Needs

- Discussions, questions and comments

All group members

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Our countries - Overview

• Ethiopia

• Georgia

• Kenya

• Spain

• Uganda

• Vietnam

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Ethiopia

• Ethiopia is Africa’s oldest Independent country. Apart from a five year occupation by Mussolini (Italy), it has never been colonized.

• But the country is better known for its periodic droughts and famine, its long civil conflict and a boarder war with Eritrea.

• Population: 74.2 million (UN, 2005) • Capital: Addis Ababa • Area: 1.13 million sq km (437,794 sq

miles) • Major languages: Amharic, Oromo,

Tigrinya, Somali • Major religions: Christianity, Islam

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Background data• Life expectancy: 46 years (men), 49 years (women) (UN) • GNI per capita: US $160 (World Bank, 2006) • Population growth (annual %) 1.9 • Life expectancy at birth, total (years) 42.5 • Fertility rate, total (births per woman) 5.4 • Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 110.4 • Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) 166.4 • Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months) 71.0• Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 50.6• School enrollment, primary (% gross) 77.0 • School enrollment, secondary (% gross) 27.8 • School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) 2.5 • Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%) 72.8

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Georgia - საქართველო• Population: 4, 474,404 million• Official languages: Georgian

(own alphabet)• Capital: Tbilisi• Annual population growth rate:

1%• Major religion: Orthodox

Christianity• GNI per capita (Atlas method)

(current US$) 1,060. (in 2004)• Life expectancy: women:77

years and men: 69 years.

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Background data• Types of schools: Primary, secondary and tertiary .• Special schools.• Literacy rate: (adults) 98.9% in 1998• Gross enrolment ratio (GRT) 89% in 1989 (These do not include children

with disabilities)• Life expectancy in Georgia: 69 years for men and 77 for women.• No accurate statistical data on the disabled children in Georgia, but several

trends can be indicated. The number of disabled children is on the increase. Congenital diseases account for most of the disabilities( approx. 80%)

• UNICEF registered 10,772 disabled children in Georgia• There is no necessary and reliable information on the conditions of these

children.

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Kenya

• Country : The Republic of Kenya• The government : Coalition• Capital : Nairobi• Population:

34,707,817 ;approximately 10% lives with some type of disability or impairment (WHO)

• Population below poverty line: 50%• GDP rate :5.2%• Unemployed : 40 %• Religion : Christianity, Islam

Hinduism , African traditional religion• Official languages: English and

Kiswahili

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Background data• Total fertility rate :4.91 children born per woman• Birth rate: 39.72 births /1,000 population• Growth rate: 2.57 %• Death rates: 14.02 / 1000 population• Infant mortality rate total :59.26 deaths per 1,000 live births ;male

_6.92, female_56.54• Literacy definition :age 15 and over can read and write; total

population:85.1 %• Education system: 8-4-4• General Data on SNE

– 10% of the population has a disability.– 25% are the school going age.– Out of 750,000, an estimated 90,000 identified and assessed.– 14,614 are enrolled in SNE programs

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Spain• Population: 44 395 286 inhabitants

(2006)• Annual population growth rate:

0,65% (2005)• Area: 506 000 Km²• Capital: Madrid• Political: Parliamentary monarchy• GNI per capita: US $ 27 542

(2005)• Life expectancy: 75,9 years

(men) / 82,8 years (women)• Mortality rate infant: 4 (per 1000

live births)• Official languages: Spanish. (Also

Catalan, Galician and Euskera)• Religion: 80 % Catholics / 12 %

atheist and agnostics

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Background data• Illiteracy rate: 2% (older than 15 years)• Rate of persons with dissabilities: 9% (3 528 222 inhabitants)• Disability by type:

– Mobility 809 383– Visual 697 778 – Hearing 665 479– Autonomy 561 830 – Learning 335 426– Behavioral 338 519– Speech 190 264– Others 2 921 641

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UgandaPopulation: Estimated over 28 million persons

(2006)2005 27.8million, growing at 3.5

• Life expectancy is 45 – 50 years • Tentative Infant Mortality rate was 80.2 per

1000 live births• Total fertility rate 7.1 (2006)

Source: www.ubos.orgLanguageOfficial language: EnglishOther local language as many as the districtsSign languagePolitical: Establish as the Republic of Uganda

Source: www.nyulawglobal.orgEconomicGNI/capital 250.0 (2005)9.2 million (38%) below the poverty lineReligion: Catholic, Anglicans, Muslims,

Pentecostal and OthersInternational Participation: Uganda has

committed herself on the following United Nations Convention on Human Rights

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Background data• Children less than 15 years of age 49% of the population• Children below 18 years of age 56% of the population• Literacy rate was 65% (10 years and above)

Data on special needs

• Both Inclusive and Special Education• Recognition of sign language as a media of instruction in school.• Persons with disability take more than 10% of the total population• Primary school enrollment of children with disabilities estimates

170,893Mentally challenged (45,425) Visually impaired (40,316)Hearing Impaired (48,354) Physically Impaired (39,049) and Orphaned children (42,802)

• Recognition of sign language as a media of instruction in school.

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Vietnam• Capital: Hanoi • Government: Communism• Population: 84,238 (Mid-2005) • Population growth (annual %): 1.0• GNI (current US$): 44.6 billion • GNI per capita (current US$): 540.0• Life expectancy: 70.3 • Infant mortality rate:17.4 per 1,000

live births• Mortality rate, under-5 per 1,000: 23.2 • 54 ethnic groups: Kinh (Viet): nearly

90%, 53 other: over 10%.• Official language: Vietnamese• Main religions: Buddhism (which

fuses forms of Taoism and Confucianism), Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism.

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Background dataGeneral education in Vietnam• Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group): 100.8 (2003)• School enrollment, primary (% gross): 98.0 • School enrollment, secondary (% gross): 73.5 • School enrollment, tertiary (% gross):10.2• Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%): 94.3 • Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above): 90.3SNE related data (No fixed number)(Survey data of MOLISA)• Number of PwDs (in 2003): ~ 5.3 million(~6.63% of total population)(WHO) Number of PwDs is approximately 10% of the population (~8.3 million)• Nearly 8 percent of Vietnamese households with PwDs, most of which are poor.(MOET) School-aged CwDs: nearly 1 million (WHO): 1.2 million CwDs• ~ 230,000 CD go to school, account for 24.22%[1].• SNE teacher training institutions: 4 universities, 3 pre-education teacher training colleges

and 7 provincial colleges.• ~105 SNE schools/centres, 10 of which changed to SNE resource centres.• ~ 2,500 schools with inclusive settings.

•[1] Monitoring Report on the Implementation of the Ordinance on the PwDs by National

Assembly Committee of Social Issues, June 2006

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One more issue• The effects of the Agent Orange (AO)/dioxin

used by the US during the war in Vietnam. • Over 72 million liters of toxic chemicals in

Southern Vietnam, 44 million liters containing the agent orange composed of 170 kg of dioxin (from 1961 to 1971)– a deadly chemical that causes genetic changes like cancer and birth deformities in the affected people.

• All these can be passed down to the victims’ next generations, again causing numerous severe diseases such as paralysis, mental retardation, blindness, deafness and deformities.

• About 2 million people directly affected by the agent orange and about 200,000 affected children.

• On 24 July 1998, the Red Cross Society of Vietnam established the Agent Orange Victims Protection Fund to help alleviate the consequences of the agent orange. ((White book of Human rights in Vietnam – MOF)

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EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE, SOCIAL WELFARE, AND HUMAN

RIGHTS Law and Policies

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EducationEthiopia Georgia Kenya

- Ethiopian Education and Training Policy(TGE,1994)- Education Sector Development Program – I & II (MOE,1997&2002) - and several other documents reflect the commitment of the Ethiopian government towards the provision of to primary Education(1-8 grade), and high quality and relevant Education.

•Constitution of Georgia•The State program of Education Reforms confirmed by the Georgian Government in 1995.

•The Law on General Education which introduced inclusive education.

• Law on Universal Primary Education (UPE)• Free and compulsory primary education• Children Act: Articles 28 and 29, _every child has a right to education....It is the responsibility of the government and family to provide education to the child.

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EducationSpain Uganda Vietnam

Spanish Constitution Section. 27

1.Everyone has the right to education. Freedom of teaching is recognized.

2.Education shall aim at the full development of human personality with due respect for democratic principles of coexistence and for basics rights and freedom.

Law on the rights to education

Organic Education Law. (LOE 2/2006 3 May) Section 1.

1.Spanish Educative System is inspired in the next principles:

a)Quality Education for all the students, indepently of their conditions and circumstances.

b)Equality, that guarantees the equalization of opportunities, the educative inclusion and the non-discrimination (…).

•Child Statute: Section 6:11 “ The child has a right to education and guidance.•Constitution: Article 3:1” Persons with Disabilities have a right to respect and dignity and the State and the Society shall take appropriate measures to ensure that they realize their full mental and physical potentials•University and other tertiary institution Act (2001): Section 28 ”… Admission Committee shall take into consideration affirmative action in favor of marginalized groups…”•UNISE Act which establishes the institute for teachers, personnel for SNE.• UPE Policy• Inclusive Education Policy• USE Policy

•SRV’s Consititution 1992. Art 35, Art.59

•Law on the Universalization of Primary Education 1991: Article 1 and Article 11

•Law on Education 1998 and Revised Law on Education 2005: Chapter III. Section 3. Article 58. School for disabled people.

•The Law on Protection, Care and Education of Children (1991) - Article 6

•Ordinance on PwDs -1998:Chapter III. Education for CwDs.

• Prime Minister’s decision: Mobilise CwDs to go to school: 50% in 2005 and 70% in 2010

• Regulations on Inclusive Education for CwDs being finalised.

•Directive 01-2006/CT-TTg by the Prime Minister dated 06/01/06 on Rights to Educational Opportunities for CwDs, a NAP on Education for CwDs developed and to be submitted by the MOET

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Health CareEthiopia Georgia Kenya

• Health policy (September 1993).This policy explicitly states that special attention will be given to the health needs of the family, particularly to women and children•The Ethiopian government had established Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC) to monitor trends of disasters related tofood shortage and other unusual events that needs massive intervention.• The primary principles and intention of the health sector according to the health policy is to prevent likely happenings before it comes to reality

- The Law on Health (Ministry of Labor, Health and Social affairs of Georgia)

•Children Act: every child has a right to health (Article 24 of UNCRC), the responsibility of the government and the parent ---a child with disability should have access to medical care.....

In reality, medical care is as good as long as you can pay.

(Horizon magazine –2006)

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Health CareSpain Uganda Vietnam

Spanish Constitution. Section 41.

The public authorities shall maintain a public Social Security system for all citizens guaranteeing adequate social assistance (…)

Health’s General Law (LGS 14/1986 25 April)

The 1996 Child Statute: Article 35 section 6:1

“The State shall have the duty to have the child examined to find out the type and the extent of the disability as early as possible. The child can then be given facilities to help him/ her live a as normal a life as possible.”

National Health Policy:

Disability Desk in the Ministry of Health

•Decree 55/199/ND-CP (July 10, 1999) -PwDs have the rights to health care, social insurance, the use of orthopedic rehabilitation equipments, financial support and free health care and medical treatment.•In June 2005, the Government decided that all children under 6 years old could be given free health insurance cards.

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SOCIAL WELFAREEthiopia Georgia Kenya

.The constitution, child right convention, the developmental social welfare policy and the Education and training Policy refer to the welfare of children with disabilities.

•The Law of Georgia on Social Welfare for disabled people( The Law N 756-11c) covers all aspects of everyday life and in the case of successfully implementation the disabled people of Georgia will be well protected. But there are discrepancies between the law and reality.

• On October 16, 1996 the Parliament of Georgia ratified the Geneva Convention on Social Policy Goals and Norms. One of the priorities of the document is social protection of the persons with disabilities.

•Children Act: every child has a right to health (Article 24 of UNCRC)_the responsibility of the government and the parent ---a child with disability should have access to medical care.....•In reality, medical care is as good as long as you can pay. •(Horizon magazine –2006).•Public Health Act ; Children Act 2001 cap 586 , To promote and provide quality, curative, primitive and rehabilitative health care services to all Kenyan children.

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SOCIAL WELFARESpain Uganda Vietnam

Legal policies related to social welfare for persons with dissabilities are based on the Dissabilities person’s social integration’s Law (LISMI 13/1982 7 April) and on Law of Equalization of Opportunities

(51/2003 2 December).

Also exists a White book for the Attention to persons in a dependence’s situation (23 December 2004)

•Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development – Minister of State for Disability and Elderly.•Local Government Act (2001) provides for Welfare Office- District Rehabilitation Officer.• The Disability Act by Parliament 2006.

-On 30/071998, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of SRV passed the Ordinance on PwDs, coming into force from 1 November 1998. - Followed by the establishment of the National Coordinating Council on Disability of Vietnam (NCCD), on disability issues.-Decree 55/199/ND-CP (July 10, 1999) and Circular 13/2000/TT – BLDTBXH (May 12,2000) of MOLISA-Decree 28/CP (April 29, 1995)

• Decree 25/2001/ND-Cp (May 31 2001) on the establishment and operation of social protection centres.

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HUMAN RIGHTS Ethiopia Georgia Kenya

•.The civil and political rights of the child and right of the child to basic freedoms has been recognized in Ethiopia as a constitutional principle since 1955•.The charter of the transitional government endorsed the universal declaration of human rights•.The transitional government of Ethiopia adopted and ratified the convention on the right of the child following its ratification by the council of representatives and became part of the legal system of the country•.The charter of the transitional government has brought about fundamental changes in the area of basic freedom and human rights.

•Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ratified by Georgia•Constitution of Georgia.• In 1994 Georgia signed the Convention of the Rights of the child•Creation of International Center of Children’s Right Protection (Financed by World Bank)

•- African Charter adopted in 1981

•Disability Act.

•Laws intended as instruments of social engineering avenues have not been explicit in addressing their human rights.This has reduced participation in social, cultural, political opportunities that are available in the country.

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HUMAN RIGHTS Spain Uganda Vietnam

•Spanish Constitution. Section 10.2. Provisions relating to the fundamental rights and liberties. shall be construed in conformity with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international treaties and agreements thereon ratified by Spain. •Exists a Human Rights Office in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs •United Nations’s Framework• Council of Europe:

-The European Convention on Human Rights (1950)

-European Social Letter (1951)

-European Convention for the

Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1987)

-Framework Convention for the

Protection of National Minorities

•The Constitution: –National Objectives and Directive Principles – Article 21 and 35 Affirmative Action

•The Uganda’s Human Rights Commission. •The Equal Opportunities Commission. •The Council on Disability Act (2005)

The Constitution of 1959, 1980 and 1992 all have regulations to protect the rights of PWDs.

On 23 June 1994, Viet Nam's National Assembly passed a new Labour Code with four sections that advocate the employment of PWDs.

On 29 June 1997, Ordinance on PwDs includes 9 chapters and 47 sections aimed at systemizing and institutionalizing existing documents for the rights of PWDs

Vietnam was also among the first countries in Asia to ratify the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990.

BIWAKO

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Similarities & Differences

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Common laws and policies in our countriesLaw Policy

•The Constitution•The Law on Education•The Law on Children – named differently in different countries with the same target group.•Georgia: The Law of Children’s welfare is being prepared (to be finished in 2008)•The legislative documents on the Persons with Disability – named differently in different countries.

–Ethiopia: The Law on Disability.– Kenya and Uganda : PwDs Act– Vietnam: The Ordinance on PwDs–Spain: The Law on Social Integration of PwDs–Georgia: The Law on Social Welfare of PwDs.

•The national policy for providing special needs education

–- In Georgia, the policy only deals with special schools.–- Vietnam is finalizing the policy.

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Different laws and policies in our countries

Country Law Policy

Ethiopia

X.The development and social welfare policy 1996 declares that protecting and ensuring the healthy development of children deserves special attention

Georgia X •Deinstitutionalization policy

Kenya X

Spain -The Law on Elimination of Physical barriers (15/1995 30 May)

The Law on Rights to Education (8/1985 3 July)

-The Law for the patrimonial protection for disabilities persons (41/2003 18 Nov)

White book for the Attention to persons in a dependence’s situation (23 December 2004)

-European Letter of Child’s Right (Resolution A 3-0172/92)

-Green book for the Accessibility in Spain (29 October 2003)

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Different laws and policies in our countries

Country Law Policy

Uganda

•University and other tertiary institution Act (2001) Section 28”… Admission Committee shall take into consideration affirmative action in favor of marginalized groups…”•Parliamentary Elections Statute (1996)•The Local Government (amended) Act 2001•Uganda Traffic & Road Safety Act (1998)•UNISE Act (1998)•The Uganda Communication Act (1998)•The Land Act (1998) Section28

XVietnam Ordinance on PwDs concerning all the

related issues of PwDs, which is implemented and reinforced by legal documents and instruction.

Directive by the Prime Minister on Strengthening the implementation of policies concerning PwDs taking into consideration of current socio-economic development status (dated 09/01/06)

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Adaptation of laws and policiesReasons for why we should adapt any of the laws in each

other’s country

Ethiopia Law on inclusion

Georgia Georgia has no policy on SNE/Inclusive Education

Kenya Law on Social Welfare

Spain Law on Protection for PwDs

Uganda Law on Compulsory and Universal Education

Law on Social Welfare

Vietnam Law on Social Welfare How to reinforce the current laws is the most urgent and more important?

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SERVICES AND PROGRAMES

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Common services and programes in our countries

•Advocacy and lobbying

•Early Intervention Service

•Special Education services and programs

•Habilitation and Rehabilitation

•Training teachers in SNE

•Community-based training program.

•Vocational Training

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Services and programs in each countryEthiopia •.Adult Literacy

•.Vocational Education Training Program•.Medical Services for disabled person•.Physiotherapy-orthopedic•.Pension service•.Educational assessment resources Services•.Rehabilitation and Habilitation•.Human Rights Society

Georgia •State Program: Attestation of Georgian Pedagogical Staff. (Financed by World Bank)•Deinstitutionalization program (the pilot project)•Introduction to inclusive education( from 2002 by UNICEF)•2006-2010 Program of Cooperation between UNICEF and the Government of Georgia, launched 11 April, 2006 targets the most vulnerable children in Georgia and will support the implementation of adequate social policies and structures to address their needs.

Kenya HIV/ AIDS campaign program,

National Malaria Control Programmes,

Reproductive Health Programme (family planning);

CBR and other NGO Programmes for PWDs

Immunization services;

Habilitation and Rehabilitation services;

Educational Assessment and Resource Services (EARS)

Guidance and Counselling

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Services and programs in each countrySpain Committed for Social Protection.(2000)

National Action plans for the Social Inclusion (2005-2006)

Communitarian Action Program Against Social Exclusion (2002-2006)

National Program against Social Exclusion (2005-2006)

Programs for the Universal accessibility for persons with disabilities.

Early Interventions Services.

Rehabilitation and Integration Services.

Services for the Professional Formation of Persons with disabilities.

Programs for the Work Integration.

(Ministry of Work and Social Services and National Institute of Social Service)

Uganda Rehabilitation programs (CBR) by government and NGOs

Immunization campaign program by government mainly

Conventional/ In-service training for the teachers/ other personnel in special needs

Educational Assessment Programs decentralized

Vocational Training/ resettlement package scheme

Adult Literacy program (FAL)

Vietnam - Social assistance in their communities or social protection centres (Assisting PwDs with living allowances)-Community-based rehabilitation centres and provide training for families with PwDs. -People with severe disabilities receive orthopedic rehabilitation operations.-Education: inclusive/semi-inclusive and special schools.-Vocational training-Job creation for PwDs

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Early intervention services

Ethiopia .Pre and postnatal services to expectant mothers

.Immunization

.Family planning program

.NGOs Activities

Georgia Prenatal and postnatal services for expectant mothers

Family planning program

NGOs activities

Kenya Educational intervention services

Medical intervention

Rehabilitation;

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Early intervention servicesSpain White book for the Early Intervention:

Early intervention in Spain includes intervention in 3 different areas (Health / Education / Social services) and its main objective is the treatment of special needs education the sooner as possible for these children that present some barriers to learning and development and for these who could be present this barriers.

This services are based in some basic principles:•Dialogue, Integration and participation.•Equalization of opportunities, universality and public responsibility.•Coordination of work between the different intervention areas and personnel training

Early intervention services works on three different levels: Diagnostic; Treatment and Evaluation

Uganda •Health sector, early intervention has been directed to the six killer diseases with the majority of parents actively participating.•In education, this terms is interpreted on individual basis favoring the “haves”

Vietnam -- Yes, mostly initiated and implemented in term of project and run by INGOs.- Community Based Rehabilitation through the network of Primary Health Care network is a channel to provide early intervention in Vietnam. 40 provinces have carried out CBR activities reaching the needs of many persons with disabilities at the grass-roots level. CBR suits Vietnam as it involves not only medical rehabilitation but also social and educational aspects which make it efficient and cost-effective.-Include early diagnostic, identification of ability and needs of CwDs and their families and implementing early intervention.

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Standard Rules for Equalization of Opportunities Country Known

individuallyTranslated Considered

Ethiopia Yes Yes On the process of implementation

Georgia No Not in official document

No

Kenya Not much yes Some traces of it

Spain No Yes On the basis of this Rules, Spain formulated the most of its laws and policies.

Uganda Yes Yes to a greater extent

They are the basis on which many policies and laws on disability are debated and formulated

Vietnam Not much in term of investigation and study or application.

No Not mentioned in any Reports related.

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Salamanca declaration Country Known Translated Considered

Ethiopia YES YES Being Implemented

Georgia No Not in official documents

No

Kenya YES YES Being Implemented

Spain YES YES With this declaration Spain started a new special needs education’s policy.

Uganda YES YES Being Implemented

Vietnam Yes Yes Yes. Acting as the framework for initiating and developing inclusive education in Vietnam. However, it has been active at policy making level (marco-system)

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Needs of each country Ethiopia .Promoting the awareness of the society

.Improving the number of qualified personnel in SNE

.Improving the quality, equity, and quantity of Education

Georgia Awareness about SNE (Inclusive education) in the society.

Training of teachers and experts

Usage of psychologists and other specialists for consultation

Social security of teachers

Parental involvement

Accurate statistical data dealing with disabled children

Laws dealing disabled people in every sphereThere are no adequately trained teachers.

Alternative forms of special schools or boarding schools do not exist.

Few children can receive adequate medical treatment. For the vast majority of the children such treatment or special facilities are not available.

There are no adequately trained medical staff.

Kenya Clear and reliable data on children with special needs;

Adequate tools, equipment and skills in identification and assessment of children with special needs;

Qualified staff;

Appropriate infrastructure;

Awareness creation on disabilities, and the importance of Early childhood education

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Needs of each countrySpain • Disabilities persons’ protection Law.

• Promotion the inclusion in society.

Uganda Advocacy and LobbyingResources – Qualified and committed teaching and non teaching staff

Infrastructure

Support staff and Assistive devicesParental support and involvementEarly intervention/ Assessment

Vietnam -Coherent and consistent among the related legal instruments and policies; - - Awareness raising should be improved and reinforced especially in the issue of importance role played by education for CwDs.-Teachers and curriculum for CwDs in inclusive settings.-Capacity building of health care, medical treatment and rehabilitation - Management and use of resources, including monitoring work, need to be improved to enhance coordination, effectiveness and transparency;-Finally accessibility in term of physical, educational and social.

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Group process • Members having too much to give, and therefore becoming

difficulty to define “very brief”• High spirit of cooperation and the desire to accomplish the

task.• Division of tasks and later mini-presentation of at one’s

country’s information

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Thank you!