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VSD surgical closure : better results justify increased invasiveness Panagiotis Dedeilias, MD, phD, FACTS Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Page 1: VSD surgical closure : better results justify increased ... · Repair of an anterior postinfarction ventricular septal rupture using the technique of infarct exclusion with external

VSD surgical closure : better results justify increased invasiveness

Panagiotis Dedeilias, MD, phD, FACTSEvangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Page 3: VSD surgical closure : better results justify increased ... · Repair of an anterior postinfarction ventricular septal rupture using the technique of infarct exclusion with external

General Statistics

Incidence : 1-3% of MI without reperfusion therapy

0.2-0.34% in fibrinolytic therapy Antman, Anbe, Armstrong et al

0.23% in prim PCI Yip et al 0.17% (APEX-AMI)

3.9% in patients with cardiogenic shock

Male : Female = 3:2 Grenshaw 2000

1 vessel (50%) ,2 vessels (40%), 3 vessels (10%) Gusto-I Circ. 2000

Time course : Bimodal peak = within 24 hours and 3-5 days

Chronic VSR = more than 4-6 weeks

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ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΙΙ

• GUSTO – I (Global Utilization of

Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded

coronary arteries).

• 41.000 ασθενείς με ΜΙ

• Ποσοστό VSD: 0.2%

Greenshaw et al Circulation 2000.

Murday A. heart 2003.

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ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΙΙI

45.000 OEM/χρόνο

90 VSD’s/χρόνο

45 χειρουργείο

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ΘΕΣΗ VSD

• 60% πρόσθιο-κορυφαίο τμήμα δια-

φράγματος.

• 20-40% οπίσθιο διάφραγμα μετά από

κατωτεροδιαφραγματικό ΟΕΜ από

απόφραξη επικρατούσας δεξιάς ή

περισσότερο σπάνια, επικρατούσας

περισπωμένης αρτηρίας.

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Μηχανισμός πρόκλησης

• Οξεία πλήρης απόφραξη μεγάλου αγγείουπου τροφοδοτεί το διάφραγμα μεταυτόχρονη έλλειψη παράπλευρου δικτύου.

• Διολίσθηση μυοκυττάρων, έλλειψη συνδε-τικού ιστού, αποδόμηση υαλίνης μυοκυτ-τάρων, ενζυμική κυτταρόλυση.

David TE: Mechanical Complications of Myocardial infarction 1993; p175

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Από τους επιζήσαντες 35-68% θα

εξελιχθούν σε ανεύρυσμα λόγω

αναδιαμόρφωσης.

Preffer MA, Brawnwald E: Circulation 1990

Page 9: VSD surgical closure : better results justify increased ... · Repair of an anterior postinfarction ventricular septal rupture using the technique of infarct exclusion with external

30% των οπισθίων-κατωτέρων post

MI VSD’S σχετίζονται με ΜR

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L -> R shunt +

Oξεία Αύξηση

Πνευμονικής Κυκλοφορίας

Παθοφυσιολογία

Ελάττωση συσταλτικότητας

LV

Oξεία ελάττωση

Συστηματικής κυκλοφορίας

+ Ανεπάρκεια Μιτροειδούς

― CO

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Διάγνωση

1. Νέο συστολικό φύσημα (90%).

2. Υποτροπή θωρακικού άλγους.

3. Οξεία αιμοδυναμική επιδείνωση.

4. Νέο block.

5. x-Ray: αυξημένη πνευμονική αγγείωση.

6. Swan-Ganz: SATO2 RA-PA (>9%=shunt).

7. Qp /Qs 1.4:1 ->8:1.

8. ECHO + έγχρωμο Doppler.

9. Καθετηριασμός, στεφανιογραφία, κοιλιογραφία.

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ΠΡΟΕΓΧΕΙΡΗΤΙΚΗ ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΣΗ

1. Μεταφορά σε Μονάδα Εντατικής θεραπείας.

2. Τοποθέτηση Swan-Ganz.

3. Ελάττωση SVR και L->R shunt με αγγειοδιασταλτικά εφ’όσον το επιτρέπει η Α.Π. του ασθενούς.

4. Διατήρηση CO με ινότροπα.

5. Χρήση ΙΑΒΡ για ελάττωση μεταφορτίου, ελάττωσηαπαιτήσεων Ο2 από το μυοκάρδιο, αύξηση ροήςστεφανιαίων.

6. Μηχανικός αερισμός αν απαιτείται.

7. ECHO + έγχρωμο doppler για καθορισμό θέσης καιμεγέθους VSD.

8. Καθετηριασμός στεφανιαίων.

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ΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΕΞΕΛΙΞΗ

Χωρίς χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση

25% καταλήγουν σε 24 ώρες

50% καταλήγουν σε 1 εβδομάδα

65% καταλήγουν σε 2 εβδομάδες

80% καταλήγουν σε 1 μήνα

Μόνο 7% ζουν πάνω από 1 έτος

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1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.00 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

Rupture to death interval (months)

Pro

port

ion s

urv

ivin

g

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Rupture to death interval (days)

Pro

port

ion s

urv

ivin

g

Kirkin/Barratt – Boyes 3rd ed. 2003

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J. Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:100

Outcome and profile of ventricular septal rapture withcardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction

Menon V, Webb J, et al

55 ασθ. Με post MI VSD

Μέσος χρόνος από ΜΙ έως VSD : 7-3 hours

24 ασθ. Φαρμακευτικά, ΙΑBP, κλπ

31 χειρουργείο, υψηλού κινδύνου

Επέζησαν μόνον 7, οι 6 από τους οποίους είχαν υποβληθείσε χειρουργική διόρθωση

SHOCK Trial Registry

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ΜΟΝΟΝ όταν SMOF είναι δεδομένη

ΠΟΤΕ ΔΕΝ ΘΑ ΧΕΙΡΟΥΡΓΗΣΟΥΜΕ;

Α. Murday, Heart 2003

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Μέχρι 1982: 26 ασθενείς με post MI VSD.

2 σταθεροί αιμοδυναμικά, όχι χειρουργείο

6 θάνατοι προ χειρουργείου

3 θάνατοι μετά χειρουργείο

Χειρουργική θνητότητα 17% συνολική θνητότητα 38%

Μετά 1982: 29 ασθενείς με post MI VSD

2 σταθεροί που δεν χρειάστηκαν χειρουργείο

2 θάνατοι σε ασταθείς αιμοδυναμικά που δεν χειρουργήθηκαν

7 θάνατοι μετά το χειρουργείο

Χειρουργική θνητότητα 32%, συνολική θνητότητα 33%

ΧΕΙΡΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΑΜΕΣΑ Ή OΧΙ;

Morell et al Eur Heart 1987

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Επαναγγείωση λοιπών ισχαιμικών αλλοιώσεων

• ΝΑΙ γιατί βελτιώνει την άμεση και απώτερη επιβίωση.

• Πρέπει οι περιφερικές αναστομώσεις να προηγούνται της διόρθωσης του VSD.

• ΟΧΙ μοσχεύματα στην εμφραγματική περιοχή.

Muehrke, Daggett et al, Ann Thorac Surg 1992

Loisance, Lordez Deleuze et al AnnThorac Surg 1991

Cox, Plokker et al, European Heart J, 1996

Jappson, Liden et al, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg Feb 2015

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50

Follow Up (months)

Fre

edom

fro

m d

eath

(%

)

Concomitant CABG

No concomitant CABG

p=0.62

CABG – Yes

CABG - No

36

17

30

15

28

10

16

6

30-Day 12-months 24-months 48-months

Observed mid-term survival based on whether concomitant CABG performed.

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50

Follow Up (months)

Fre

edom

fro

m d

eath

(%

)

Concomitant CABG

No concomitant CABG

p=0.62

Mid-term survival based on whether concomitant CABG performed, adjusted

for unstable angina, current smoking, and total occlusion of infarct related

artery.

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ΙΑΒΡ οπωσδήποτε

Ινότροπα – pGE1, NO

Αντλίες υποβοήθησης LV ή RV

Aποσύνδεση από εξωσωματική

Ενδείξεις τοποθέτησης LVAD

CI <1-8 L /min-m2

LA pressure >18-25 mmHg

RA pressure <15 mmHg

Σ.Α.Π.<90 mmHg

Ενδείξεις για RVAD

CI <1-8 L /min-m2

LA pressure <15 mmHg

RA pressure >25 mmHg

Σ.Α.Π.<90 mmHg

COHN’S CARDIAC SURGERY IN THE ADULT 2013

Page 23: VSD surgical closure : better results justify increased ... · Repair of an anterior postinfarction ventricular septal rupture using the technique of infarct exclusion with external

Principles of repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defects

1. Expeditious establishment of total cardiopulmonary bypass with moderatehypothermia and meticulous attention to myocardial protection.

2. Transinfarct approach to ventricular septal defect with the site of ventriculotomydetermined by the location of the transmural infarction.

3. Thorough trimming of the left ventricular margins of the infarct back to viablemuscle to prevent delayed rupture of the closure.

4. Conservative trimming of the right ventricular muscles as required for completevisualization of the margins of the defect.

5. Inspection of the left ventricular papillary muscles and concomitant replacement ofthe mitral valve only if there is frank papillary muscular rupture.

6. Closure of the septal defect without tension, which in most instances will requirethe use of prosthetic material.

7. Closure of the infarctectomy without tension with generous use of prostheticmaterial as indicated, and epicardial placement of the patch to the free wall toavoid strain on the friable endocardial tissue.

8. Buttressing of the suture lines with pledgets or strips of Teflon felt or similarmaterial to prevent sutures from cutting through friable muscle.

Source: Reproduced with permission from Heitmiller R, Jacobs ML, Daggett WM: Surgicalmanagement of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture. Ann Thorac Surg 1986;41:683.

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2016 ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Management of

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

The American Heart Association recommends an

urgent closure of the rupture in all patients.

Emergency surgical repair is necessary, even in

hemodynamically stable patients because the rupture

site can expand abruptly, resulting in sudden

hemodynamic collapse in previously stable patients.

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ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of acute heart failure 2013

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2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute

myocardial infarction in patients presenting with

ST-segment elevation –Web Addenda

Early surgery is associated with a high mortality rate, reported as 20–40%, and a high risk of recurrent ventricular rupture, while delayed surgery allows easier septal repair in scarring tissue but carries the risk of rupture extension and death in all patients with severe heart failure that does not respondrapidly to aggressive therapy, but delayed elective surgical repair may be considered in patients who respond well to aggressive heart failure therapy.

Percutaneous closure of the defect with appropriately designed devices may soon become an alternative to surgery.

Page 27: VSD surgical closure : better results justify increased ... · Repair of an anterior postinfarction ventricular septal rupture using the technique of infarct exclusion with external

1. Κορυφαία ρήξη διαφράγματος.

2. Πρόσθια ρήξη.

3. Κατώτερη – οπίσθια.

4. Διαδερμική σύγκλειση.

5. Διακολπική (ΔΕ κόλπος).

6. Δια του RVOT.

ΧΕΙΡΟΥΡΓΙΚΕΣ ΤΕΧΝΙΚΕΣ

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Πρώιμη χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση της μετεμφραγματικής

ρήξης του μεσοκοιλιακού διαφράγματος

Daggett et al, 1977Nonexposed

David et al, 1995Exposed technic

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Surgery of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture: The effect of

David infarct exclusion versus Daggett direct septal closure on early

and late outcomes

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Repain of an anterior postinfarction ventricular septal rupture using the technique of infarct exclusion. (A) The standard ventriculotomy is made inthe infarcted area of left ventricular free wall. An interior patch of Dacron (Meadox Medicals Inc., Oakland, NJ), polytetrafluoroethylene, orglutaraldehyde-fixed pericardioum is fashioned to replace and/or cover the disease areas (septal defect. Septal infarction, or free wall infarction).(B) The internal patch is secured to normal endocardioum with a continuous monofilament suture, which may be reinforced with pledgetedmattress sutures. There is little, if any, reception of myocardium and no attempt is made to close the septal defect.

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Repair of an anterior postinfarction ventricular septal rupture using the technique of infarct exclusion withexternal patching of the ventricular free wall with tailored Teflon or pericardium. (Adapted withpermission from Cooley DA: Repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defect. J Card Surg 1994;9:427).

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Page 47: VSD surgical closure : better results justify increased ... · Repair of an anterior postinfarction ventricular septal rupture using the technique of infarct exclusion with external

Arnaoutakis et al : Surgical repair of post-MI

VSD. Outcomes of the STS database

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Summary of reported clinical experience with surgical repair of postinfarction VSD

Institution

Massachusetts General Hospital

Papworth Hospital

University Hospital

Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital

Glenfield General Hospital

Evangelismos General Hospital

Texas Heart Institute

The Toronto Hospital

Southhampton General

Cedars – Sinai

Mid America Heart Institute

St. Anthonius Hospital

Green Lane Hospital

Hospital Cardiologique du Haut – Lévèque

CHU Henri Mondor

City

Boston

Cambrige

Zurich

Osaka

Leicester

Athens

Houston

Toronto

Southhampton

Los Angeles

Kansas City

Nieuwegein

Auckland

Bordeaux

Créteil

Year

2002

2002

2000

2000

2000

1999

1998

1998

1998

1998

1997

1996

1995

1991

1991

N

114

25

54

16

117

14

126

52

179

31

76

109

35

62

66

Hospital

mortality

37%

48%

26%

38%

37% (30 day)

50%

46%

19%

27%

32%

41%

28% (30 day)

31% (30 day)

38%

45%

5-y survival

45%

-

52%*

-

46%

-

-

65%*

49%

-

41%

-

60%*

44%

44%

Reference

184

185

186

187

188

189

124

190

121

191

192

193

194

35

195

* Value estimated from published graphical or tabular data.

Note: Series with less than 10 patients were excluded from the table.

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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 105 15 20

Years

1/12

2/12

1

3

5

10

20

% Survival

67%

59%

57%

53%

45%

23%

4%

Years after hospital discharge

Surv

ival

Time-related survival after repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defect at the MassachusettsGeneral Hospital (MGH, n=114). Note that the horizontal axis extends to 20 years. Circlesrepresent each death, positioned on the horizontal axis at the interval from operation to death,and actuarially (Kaplan-Meier method) along the vertical axis. The vertical bars represent 70%confidence limits (± 1 SD). The solid line represents the paramertically estimated freedom fromdeath, and the dashed lines enclose the 70% confidence limits of that estimate. The table showsthe nonparametric estimates at specified intervals.

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109876543210

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Years

1

2

5

10

15

% Survival

91%

87%

70%

37%

17%

Years after hospital discharge

Surv

ival

Survival in patients who were discharged after repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defect(MGH, n=72). The horizontal axis is expanded and represents the time from hospital discharge todeath. The depiction is otherwise similar to to figure.

(64)

(52)

(41)

(35)

(21)

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250

200

150

100

50

088/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Total cases

Total deaths

Percentage

Tota

l n

um

ber

of

case

s

Hosp

ital m

ort

alit

y (

%)

Incidence and mortality of surgical closure of ventricular septal rupture in the UK (1988-1999).Optimal management of acute ventricular septal rupture.

A. Murday Heart 2003, 1462-6

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ΧΕΙΡΟΥΡΓΙΚΗ ΘΝΗΤΟΤΗΤΑ

ΜΕΤΕΜΦΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΗΣ ΡΗΞΗΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΓΓΛΙΑ

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131211109876543210

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

1/12

1

5

10

15

% Survival

62

57

44

32

23

Years since repair

Perc

ent

surv

ival

(61)(35)

(26)(21)

(18)(16)

(13)(10)

(7)

(5)(4)

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Ανεξάρτητοι παράγοντες κινδύνου/θανάτου

1) Προεγχειρητικό καρδιογενές shock: OR 5.7, P=0.0008

2) Ταχεία επιδείνωση απο τη διάγνωση: OR 6.0 P=0.008

3) Χρόνος μεσολάβησης απο MI->VSD vs VSD-> Surgery

OR 2.0 P=0.008

4) Προυπάρχουσα στεφανιαία νόσος

5) Εναπομείναν μεγάλο VSD ή υποτροπή VSD

6) Νεφρική ανεπάρκεια

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1. Cardio SEAL

Διπλή ομπρέλλα από νιτινόλη επικεκαλημμένη

με DACRON που κλείνει σαν όστρακο.

Landzeberg ML, et al: Semin thorac

Cardiovasc. Surg 1998;10:128

2. Amplatzer septal occluder

3. Rashkind duble umbrella

ΔΙΑΔΕΡΜΙΚΗ ΣΥΓΚΛΕΙΣΗ

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Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Defects:

Towards a New Treatment Algorithm?

Simon Maltais, Reda Ibrahim, Arsène-Joseph Basmadjian, et al

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ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑ

Συμπερασματικά η μετεμφραγματικήρήξη του μεσοκοιλιακού διαφράγματος ανκαι εμφανίζεται σπανιότερα απ’ ότι στοπαρελθόν αποτελεί μια επιπλοκή που έχειυψηλή θνητότητα και νοσηρότητα καιπρέπει να αντιμετωπίζεται χειρουργικά μεπροτεραιότητα.

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ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩ ΠΟΛΥ